Self-assembly of supermolecular species directed by hydrogen bonding and aromatic π-π stacking interactions

A new Cu(II) trimers, [Cu3(dcp)2(H2O)8]. 4DMF, with the ligand 3,5-pyrazoledicarboxylic acid monohydrate (H3dcp) has been prepared by solvent method. Its solid-state structure has been characterized by elemental analysis, thermal analysis (TGA and DSC), and single crystal X-ray diffraction. X-ray crystallographic studies reveal that this complex has extended 1-D,2-D and 3-D supramolecular architectures directed by weak interactions (hydrogen bond and aromatic π-π stacking interaction) leading to a sandwich solid-state structure.

Etiologia e quantificação dos agentes causais de manchas foliares na cultura do trigo nas safras 2008 a 2011

A cultura do trigo é uma das opções mais importantes para cultivo na safra de inverno. Entre as doenças foliares a mancha-amarela da folha, a mancha marrom e a septoriose são citadas como as mais frequentes em trigo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar e quantificar os fungos fitopatogênicos associados a sintomas de manchas foliares em cultivares de trigo, nas Regiões tritícolas de Valor de Cultivo e Uso (VCU). Foram analisadas 162 amostras coletadas nas safras 2008 a 2011, oriundas dos Estados do Paraná, Santa Catarina, Minas Gerais, São Paulo e Rio Grande do Sul. Discos foliares assépticos, 25 por amostra, foram distribuídos em gerbox, constituindo uma câmara úmida e incubados a temperatura de 25ºC e fotoperíodo de 12 horas. Após um período de incubação de oito dias, foi realizada a avaliação, identificando e quantificando a incidência dos fungos presentes nos discos foliares. Constatou-se a ocorrência de Bipolaris sorokiniana, Drechslera tritici-repentis, D. siccans e Stagonospora nodorum associados às lesões foliares em trigo. Verificou-se na safra 2008, a predominância de D. siccans com incidência de 0 a 75 % nas amostras avaliadas, sendo o primeiro relato desta espécie, em trigo, no Brasil. Na média das safras avaliadas B. sorokiniana apresentou incidência de 7,6 % e frequência de 53,1%, D. tritici-repentis apresentou incidência de 59,2 % e frequência de 90,6 %, D. siccans incidência de 11,0 % e freqüência de 48,1 % e S. nodorum com incidência e frequência de 1,55 % e de 2,2 %, respectivamente.

FORMAÇÕES FLORESTAIS DE RESTINGA E RELAÇÕES ECOLÓGICAS COM LIANAS

Objetivou-se conhecer a composição florística das lianas em duas formações florestais do litoral amazônico paraense. O estudo foi realizado na APA Algodoal-Maiandeua, no Município de Maracanã, Pará, onde foram demarcadas duas parcelas de 50 x 50 m na floresta seca e duas parcelas na floresta inundável. Para análise da composição, riqueza e diversidade, foram identificadas e quantificadas todas as espécies, enquanto para verificar a diferença entre as comunidades de trepadeiras foram sorteadas aleatoriamente 80 árvores-suporte em cada formação florestal e utilizada uma análise de MDS. A diversidade foi verificada pelos índices de Shannon-Weaver (H’) e o inverso, pelo índice de Simpson (1/D). Nas duas formações foram registrados 177 indivíduos, em 15 famílias, 21 gêneros e 27 espécies. Dilleniaceae foi a família com o maior número de espécies e Smilax syphilitica Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. e Odontadenia nitida (Vahl) Müll. Arg., com o maior número de indivíduos na floresta seca e na floresta inundável, respectivamente. A análise de MDS não separou as florestas de acordo com a composição florística das lianas. A diversidade na floresta inundável foi de H’ = 1,08 e 1/D = 8,3 e na floresta seca, de H’ = 0,98 e 1/D = 7,2. As formações florestais analisadas não apresentaram diferenças significativas quanto à diversidade, riqueza e composição de lianas.

PHYTOSOCIOLOGY AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF WOODY REGENERATION FROM A REFORESTATION WITH NATIVE SPECIES IN SOUTHEASTERN BRAZIL

ABSTRACT In Brazil, specifically in São Paulo State, there are guidelines based on the high diversity of tropical forests that instructs the restoration projects in the state (current SMA 32/2014). The main goal of this study was verify the importance and effectiveness of the high diversity of arboreal species originated from a reforestation, and its influence in a woody regenerating composition. We developed a phytosociologic study in a woody regenerating stratum of a nine year old reforestation at a Private Reserve of Natural Heritage (RPPN), in Mogi-Guaçu, São Paulo State. All specimens with height > 30 cm and Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) < 5 cm were evaluated. The woody regenerating diversity was smaller than the overstory diversity and the species composition was similar to the overstory. The Simpson index (1-D) was 0.85, Shannon index (H') was 2.46 and the Pielou index (J') was 0.60. The zoochoric dispersion syndrome was major among the species. Our results suggest that the use of high diversity of native seedlings in a reforestation leads to high diversity of species in woody regeneration stratum, after one decade of planting.

APROS model validation in case of fast transients in a boiling water reactor

This Master´s thesis investigates the performance of the Olkiluoto 1 and 2 APROS model in case of fast transients. The thesis includes a general description of the Olkiluoto 1 and 2 nuclear power plants and of the most important safety systems. The theoretical background of the APROS code as well as the scope and the content of the Olkiluoto 1 and 2 APROS model are also described. The event sequences of the anticipated operation transients considered in the thesis are presented in detail as they will form the basis for the analysis of the APROS calculation results. The calculated fast operational transient situations comprise loss-of-load cases and two cases related to a inadvertent closure of one main steam isolation valve. As part of the thesis work, the inaccurate initial data values found in the original 1-D reactor core model were corrected. The input data needed for the creation of a more accurate 3-D core model were defined. The analysis of the APROS calculation results showed that while the main results were in good accordance with the measured plant data, also differences were detected. These differences were found to be caused by deficiencies and uncertainties related to the calculation model. According to the results the reactor core and the feedwater systems cause most of the differences between the calculated and measured values. Based on these findings, it will be possible to develop the APROS model further to make it a reliable and accurate tool for the analysis of the operational transients and possible plant modifications.

Eficiência de sistemas alagados construídos na remoção de poluentes de águas residuárias de indústria de laticínios

Objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência de sistemas alagados construídos (SACs), cultivados com dois diferentes capins e cinco taxas de carregamento orgânico (TCOs) na remoção de poluentes de águas residuárias de indústria de laticínios (ARL). Para isso, unidades experimentais foram constituídas por um SAC sem vegetação (SV), cinco SACs cultivados com capim-elefante (SACs-CF) e cinco SACs cultivados com capim-tifton 85 (SACs-CT), com escoamento subsuperficial horizontal. A ARL foi aplicada numa vazão média de 60 L d-1 e tempo de residência hidráulica de 4,8 dias e TCOs de 66; 130; 190; 320 e 570 kg ha-1 d-1 de DBO5. Os SACs mostraram-se eficientes na remoção da DBO, DQO e dos SSTs, STs e NTKs, porém foram pouco eficientes na remoção de P-total, K e Na da ARL. As duas forrageiras avaliadas apresentaram semelhante influência no processo de remoção de DBO5, DQO, ST, SST, P-total, K e Na, quando comparadas com sistemas que operaram com mesma taxa de carregamento orgânico, tendo as remoções de DBO e DQO ficado na faixa de 79 a 96 % e 85 a 97 %, respectivamente. O SAC sem vegetação (SV) apresentou desempenho semelhante ao dos SACs vegetados na remoção de DBO5, DQO, ST, SST e Na, enquanto o cultivado com capim-tifton foi mais eficiente na remoção de NTK.

Produtividade e composição química do capim-Tifton 85 submetido a diferentes taxas de aplicação do percolado de resíduo sólido urbano

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da aplicação de diferentes taxas de percolado de resíduo sólido urbano (RSU) na produtividade e na composição química da parte aérea do capim-Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp). O percolado foi aplicado nas taxas de 0 testemunha); 250; 500; 750 e 1.000 kg ha-1 d-1 de DBO5, durante 8 meses. No tratamento-testemunha, não receptor do percolado, aplicou-se água da rede de abastecimento público, sendo a lâmina de aplicação definida com base na Evapotranspiração de Referência (ETo). O experimento foi analisado no esquema de parcelas subdivididas, tendo nas parcelas cinco concentrações de DBO5, e nas subparcelas, os cortes, no delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de regressão e variância. Observou-se aumento na produtividade de matéria seca, nos teores de proteína bruta e nas concentrações de N, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Mn, Cd, Pb e Fe,na parte aérea do capim,com o aumento nas taxas de aplicação do percolado. As concentrações de N, P e Mn tenderam a decrescer com o número de cortes do capim; as de Cd, Pb e Fe tenderam à estabilização após o 2º ou 3º cortes; e as de Na tenderam a aumentar após o 3º corte. As concentrações de K, Ca e Mg ficaram instáveis.

Anaerobic co-digestion of crude glycerin and starch industry effluent

The Brazil's Biodiesel Production and Use Program introduces biodiesel in the Brazilian energy matrix, bringing along the perspective of a growth of the glycerin offer, co-product generated in the proportion of 10 kg for each 100 L of biodiesel. The aim of this study was to evaluate the addition of crude glycerin in the anaerobic digestion of cassava starch industry effluent (cassava wastewater), in a horizontal semi-continuous flow reactor of one phase in laboratory scale. It was used a reactor with a 8.77 L of useful volume, a medium support for corrugated conduit of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), temperature of 261 ºC, fed with cassava wastewater and glycerin, with hydraulic detention times of 4 and 5 days and increasing volumetric organic load of 3.05; 9.32; 14.83 and 13.59 g COD L-1 d-1, obtained with the addition of glycerin at 0; 2; 3 and 2% (v/v), respectively. The average removal efficiencies of TS and TVS were decreasing from the addition of glycerin to the cassava wastewater, averaging 81.19 to 55.58% for TS and 90.21 to 61.45% for TVS. The addition of glycerin at 2% increased the biogas production compared to the control treatment, reaching 1.979 L L-1 d-1. The biogas production as a function of the consumed COD was higher for the control treatment than for the treatments with addition of glycerin, which indicates lower conversion of organic matter into biogas.

Anaerobic reactors with biofilter and different diameter-length ratios in cassava starch industry wastewater treatment

The use of anaerobic reactors with media support in the treatment of wastewater from the cassava starch industry has emerged as a viable option because it allows the application of high organic loads and a significant reduction of the HDT needed for the treatment. This research aimed at studying the process of biodigestion in two anaerobic reactors with bamboo support, in the treatment of effluent of cassava starch, by evaluating their performance. The two reactors used present the following diameter: length ratio, 1:6 and 1:3. The organic loads applied to the systems were 0.519, 1.156, 1.471, 3.049, 4.347, 4.708 and 5.601g.L-1.d-1. Regarding the efficiency of removal of COD, TS and TVS, no statistically significant differences were obtained between the reactors. The two systems evaluated showed a stable behavior with respect to the VA/TA (volatile acidity/total alkalinity) for all submitted loads. The reactors tended to the maintenance of biogas production as a function of consumed COD for the last three organic loads applied, indicating an ability to withstand higher organic loads.

Performance of UASB reactors in two stages followed by post-treatment with activated sludge in wastewater batch of wet-processed coffee

In this study it was evaluated the efficiency of the treatment of wet-processed coffee wastewater in upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors in two stages, in bench scale, followed by post-treatment with activated sludge in batch. The first UASB reactor was submitted to an hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 6.2 d and organic loading rates (OLR) of 2.3 and 4.5g CODtotal (L d)-1, and the second UASB reactor to HRT of 3.1 d with OLR of 0.4 and 1.4g CODtotal (L d)-1. The average values of the affluent CODtotal increased from 13,891 to 27,926mg L-1 and the average efficiencies of removal of the CODtotal decreased from 95 to 91%, respectively, in the UASB reactors in two stages. The volumetric methane production increased from 0.274 to 0.323L CH4 (L reactor d)-1 with increment in the OLR. The average concentrations of total phenols in the affluent were of 48 and 163mg L-1, and the removal efficiencies in the UASB reactors in two stages of 92 and 90%, respectively, and increased to 97% with post-treatment. The average values of the removal efficiencies of total nitrogen and phosphorus were of 57 to 80% and 44 to 60%, respectively, in the UASB reactors in two stages and increased to 91 and 84% with the post-treatment.

Tratamento de esgoto sanitário em sistemas alagados construídos cultivados com lírio-amarelo

Neste artigo, avaliou-se a eficiência de quatro sistemas alagados construídos (SACs) no tratamento de esgoto sanitário após ser submetido a tratamento preliminar e, no caso de alguns SACs, a tratamento primário (tanque séptico). Os SACs foram cultivados com lírio-amarelo (Hemerocallis flava), tendo a brita #0 como meio suporte, e submetidos às taxas de carregamento orgânico (TCO) de esgoto sanitário, em termos de DBO (kg ha-1 d-1), de 44; 98; 230 e 395 kg ha-1 d-1 e tempos de detenção hidráulica (TDH) de 3,9; 2,0; 1,0 e 0,75 dias, respectivamente. Para avaliar a eficiência dos sistemas, foram realizadas, no afluente e no efluente aos SACs, análises de DBO, DQO, SST, N-total, P-total, K e Na durante 6 meses de funcionamento do sistema. Nos SACs, houve predominância do ambiente anóxico/aeróbio, com remoção de SST, DBO e DQO, suficiente para atender aos padrões de lançamento de efluentes estabelecidos na legislação ambiental do Estado de Minas Gerais.

Removal of nitrogen, phosphorus, copper and zinc from swine breeding waste water by bermudagrass and cattail in constructed wetland systems

This work aimed to study the agronomic performance and capacity of nutrient removal by bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) and cattail (Typha sp.) when grown in constructed wetlands systems (CWSs) of vertical and horizontal flow, respectively, used in the post-treatment of swine breeding wastewater (ARS). The average yield of dry matter (DM) of bermudagrass in sections of 60-day interval ranged from 14 to 43 t ha-1, while the cultivated cattail produced in a single cut after 200 days of cultivation between 45 and 67 t ha-1 of DM. Bermudagrass extracted up to 17.65 kg ha-1 d-1 of nitrogen, 1.76 kg ha-1 d-1 of phosphorus, 6.67 g ha-1 d-1 of copper and 54.75 g ha-1 d-1 of zinc. Cattail extracted up to 5.10 kg ha-1 d-1 of nitrogen, 1.07 kg ha-1 d-1 of phosphorus, 1.41 g ha-1 d-1 of copper and 16.04 g ha-1 d-1 of zinc. Cattail and bermudagrass were able to remove, respectively, 5.0 and 4.6% of the nitrogen and 11.2 and 5.4% of the phosphorus applied via ARS, being less efficient in extracting N and P when the initial intake of these nutrients is evaluated.

Cassava starch extraction effluent treatment in a one phase tubular horizontal pilot reactor with support medium

The cassava starch industries generate a large volume of wastewater effluent that, stabilized in ponds, wastes its biogas energy and pollutes the atmosphere. To contribute with the reversion of this reality, this manipueira treatment research was developed in one phase anaerobic horizontal pilot reactor with support medium in bamboo pieces. The reactor was excavated into the ground and sealed with geomembrane in HDPE, having a volume equal to 33.6 m³ and continuous feeding by gravity. The stability indicators were pH, volatile acidity/total alkalinity ratio and biogas production. The statistical analyses were performed by a completely randomized design, with answers submitted to multivariate analysis. The organical loads in COD were 0.556; 0.670; 0.678 and 0.770 g L-1 and in volatile solids (VS) of 0.659; 0.608; 0.570 and 0.761 g L-1 for the hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 13.0; 11.5; 10.0 and 7.0 days, respectively. The reductions in COD were 88; 80; 88 and 67% and for VS of 76; 77; 65 and 61%. The biogas productions relatively to the consumed COD were 0.368; 0.795; 0.891 and 0.907 Lg-1, for the consumed VS of 0.524; 0.930; 1.757 and 0.952 Lg-1 and volumetric of 0.131; 0.330; 0.430 and 0.374 L L-1 d-1. The reactor remained stable and the bamboo pieces, in visual examination at the end of the experiment, showed to be in good physical conditions.

Desempenho agronômico de Mentha aquatica cultivada em sistemas alagados construídos sob diferentes taxas de aplicação orgânica

Em vista da escassez de informações sobre o comportamento da espécie Mentha aquatica quando cultivada sob condições de alagamento e altas concentrações orgânicas, objetivou--se avaliar o efeito de diferentes taxas de carregamento orgânico (TCOs) sobre a produtividade e o estado nutricional da espécie cultivada em sistemas alagados construídos (SACs) de escoamento horizontal subsuperficial no tratamento de efluente primário de esgoto sanitário. Dois SACs de 24,0 m x 1,0 m x 0,35 m, preenchidos com brita “zero” até a altura de 0,20 m, foram cultivados com a espécie. O experimento foi realizado em duas etapas: na primeira, avaliaram-se as TCOs de 40,35 kg ha-1 d-1 e 53,80 kg ha-1 d-1 de DBO5; na segunda etapa, as TCOs de 79,66 kg ha-1 d-1 e 160,35 kg ha-1 d-1 de DBO5. Ao final de cada etapa, amostras da parte aérea das plantas foram coletadas para quantificação de rendimento de matéria seca e análises dos teores foliares de nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio e sódio. Apesar de cultivada sob condições de alagamento, a espécie apresentou elevada produtividade. O aumento na TCO aplicada aos sistemas favoreceu a produção de matéria seca e o aumento na concentração foliar de nitrogênio, potássio e sódio.

Hydrogen production from cassava processing wastewater in an anaerobic fixed bed reactor with bamboo as a support material

Attempting to associate waste treatment to the production of clean and renewable energy, this research sought to evaluate the biological production of hydrogen using wastewater from the cassava starch treatment industry, generated during the processes of extraction and purification of starch. This experiment was carried out in a continuous anaerobic reactor with a working volume of 3L, with bamboo stems as the support medium. The system was operated at a temperature of 36°C, an initial pH of 6.0 and under variations of organic load. The highest rate of hydrogen production, of 1.1 L.d-1.L-1, was obtained with application of an organic loading rate of 35 g.L-1.d-1, in terms of total sugar content and hydraulic retention time of 3h, with a prevalence of butyric and acetic acids as final products of the fermentation process. Low C/N ratios contributed to the excessive growth of the biomass, causing a reduction of up to 35% in hydrogen production, low percentages of H2 and high concentrations of CO2in the biogas.