Étude cas témoin de la nutrition, du style de vie et du cancer du sein chez les femmes Canadiennes Françaises porteuses d’une mutation fondatrice sur un des gènes BRCA 1 ou BRCA 2

Le cancer du sein est une maladie multifactorielle, plusieurs facteurs socio-économiques, alimentaires ainsi que le style de vie ayant été incriminés dans son développement. Une mutation germinale sur un des gènes BRCA1 ou BRCA2 serait responsable d’une augmentation du risque de développer un cancer du sein de 50 à 80% chez les femmes porteuses d’une mutation sur BRCA1 ou BRCA2 par comparaison aux non- porteuses. Plusieurs études rapportant l’existence d’une association entre la fréquence des cancers du sein sporadiques, les habitudes alimentaires et le style de vie des femmes atteintes, ceci, nous a amené à nous interroger sur le rôle que pourrait jouer ces mêmes facteurs chez les femmes porteuses d’une mutation sur BRCA1 ou BRCA2. Pour répondre à cette question, nous avons effectué une étude cas-témoin. Nos quarante-quatre cas sont porteuses d’une mutation germinale parmi 6 des 14 mutations fondatrices sur BRCA1 et BRCA2 les plus fréquentes dans la population Canadienne Française. Elles sont issues d’une cohorte de plus de 1000 femmes Canadiennes Françaises atteintes de cancers du sein recrutées depuis 1994 et testées pour ces 6 mutations. Les témoins sont recrutés parmi des femmes de la population Canadienne Française, également porteuses d’une de ces six mutations fondatrices de BRCA1 ou BRCA2, mais indemnes de cancers. Quinze d’entre elles ont été recrutées dans les familles des cas de l’étude initiale. Vingt-neuf ont été recrutées à la clinique des cancers familiaux du CHUM, nous permettant ainsi de totaliser 44 témoins. Deux questionnaires ont été administrés aux cas et aux témoins. Le premier, dit Questionnaire de base, a servi à recenser les informations sociodémographiques et le style de vie, couvrant ainsi les deux années précédant la découverte du cancer du sein pour les cas et les deux années précédant la découverte de la mutation pour les témoins. Le deuxième questionnaire, Questionnaire de nutrition, a permis de colliger les informations sur les habitudes alimentaires durant la même période de recueil de données. Une association positive et significative entre le risque de cancer du sein et le niveau d’éducation a été observé parmi les sujets de niveau universitaire (>14 années d’étude) comparés aux sujets n’ayant pas dépassé le niveau d’études secondaires (<11 années d’études) [OR= 7,82; IC95% : (1,99-30,69); p=0,003]. Nous avons mis en évidence que le risque de cancer du sein augmentait lorsque les sujets atteignaient leur poids maximum à un âge avancé > 48 ans [OR = 4,27 ; IC 95% : (0,82-22,25)]. Nous avons montré que le risque du cancer du sein diminuait pour une durée d’allaitement supérieure à 7 mois par comparaison aux femmes n’ayant jamais allaité [OR= 0,35; IC 95% : (0,12-1,06)] mais cette association est non significative. Les porteuses qui pratiquent plus de 22,45 Met-h-sem d’activité physique modérée, comparativement à celles qui pratiquent moins de 11,45 Met-h-sem voient leur risque de cancer du sein diminué de 72% [OR=0,28- IC 95% : (0,08-0,95); p=0,04]. Celles qui pratiquent plus de 31,95 Met-h-sem d’activité physique totale comparativement à celles qui pratiquent moins de 16,40 Met-h-sem voient leur risque de cancer du sein réduit de 79 % [OR=0,21; IC 95% : (0,06-0,75); p= 0,02]. L’analyse des macro et micronutriments et des groupes alimentaires a démontré qu’une consommation de plus de 23,20 g/j d’acide gras monoinsaturés est responsable d’une augmentation du risque de cancer du sein de 6 fois par comparaison à une consommation inférieure à 17,08 g/j [OR=6,00; IC 95% : (0,97-37,02); p=0,05]. Une consommation de plus de 221,79 µg/j de vitamine K réduit le risque du cancer du sein de 83 % par comparaison à une consommation inférieure à 143,57 µg/j [OR= 0,17; IC95% : (0,05-0,61) ; p=0,007]. La consommation de fruits est associée à une réduction du risque de cancer du sein de 73% chez les porteuses de mutations qui en consomment plus de 563,31 g/j comparée à celles qui en consomment moins de 356,18 g/j [OR= 0,27; IC 95% : (0,07-1,01) ; p=0,05]. Nos résultats confortent l’hypothèse selon laquelle le style de vie et les habitudes alimentaires jouent un rôle dans le développement du cancer du sein chez les Canadiennes Françaises porteuses de mutations d’une des 6 mutations fondatrices de BRCA1 ou 2 étudiées. En effet, un niveau d’éducation élevé, un gain de poids sont associés à un risque élevé de développer un cancer du sein. De plus la pratique de l’allaitement et d’une activité physique modérée sont associées à une réduction de ce risque. Nous montrons aussi que la consommation d’acides gras monoinsaturés est responsable d’une augmentation du risque de ce cancer et que la consommation de vitamine K et de fruits permet de réduire ce risque. Nos résultats ouvrent une nouvelle voie de recherche par rapport au rôle de certains nutriments dans le développement du cancer du sein chez les porteuses de mutation d’un des gènes BRCA. Cette voie pourrait également être explorée chez les non porteuses.

Emergence of a new type of porcine circovirus (PCV) in swine: a type 1 and type 2 PCV recombinant.

In late September 2008, tissue samples from piglets experiencing an acute outbreak of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) were submitted to the Veterinary diagnostic service of the University of Montreal. Several diagnostic assays were performed including a multiplex real-time quantitative PCR assay (mrtqPCR) for the detection and differentiation of porcine circovirus (PCV) type 2a and 2b genotypes in the lung and lymph nodes. The pig samples were found to be positive for PCV2a using the mrtqPCR but odd results were obtained. The Ct values obtained with mrtqPCR probes targeting the ORF1 and ORF2 of PCV2 were not as expected which suggested the presence of genomic variations in the PCV2 viral genome. Ultimately, a total of three diagnostic cases with mrtqPCR unusual results were investigated. After virus isolation and sequence analyses, a new type of PCV was identified in those three cases. Based on sequence analyses, this new PCV genome contains the ORF1 of PCV1 and the ORF2 of PCV2a and its entire viral genome nucleotide identity compared to PCV1, PCV2a and 2b are 86.4%, 88.7% and 86.5%, respectively. It is proposed to name this new PCV by taking into account the nomenclature of Segales et al. (2008) and by indicating the origin of the ORF1 at first and the origin of the ORF2 in second. Consequently, the name proposed for this new PCV is PCV1/2a. The prevalence of PCV1/2a seems to be very low in Quebec, Canada (2.5% of PCV positive cases), and its origin is now in debate.

An Efficient Multi-component Synthesis of 6-Amino-3-methyl-4-Aryl-2,4- dihydropyrano[2,3-c]Pyrazole-5-carbonitriles

Multi-component reactions are effective in building complex molecules in a single step in a minimum amount of time and with facile isolation procedures; they have high economy1–7 and thus have become a powerful synthetic strategy in recent years.8–10 The multicomponent protocols are even more attractive when carried out in aqueous medium. Water offers several benefits, including control over exothermicity, and the isolation of products can be carried out by single phase separation technique. Pyranopyrazoles are a biologically important class of heterocyclic compounds and in particular dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazoles play an essential role in promoting biological activity and represent an interesting template in medicinal chemistry. Heterocyclic compounds bearing the 4-H pyran unit have received much attention in recent years as they constitute important precursors for promising drugs.11–13 Pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazoles exhibit analgesic,14 anti-cancer,15 anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory16 activity. Furthermore dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazoles show molluscidal activity17,18 and are used in a screening kit for Chk 1 kinase inhibitor activity.19,20 They also find applications as pharmaceutical ingredients and bio-degradable agrochemicals.21–29 Junek and Aigner30 first reported the synthesis of pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole derivatives from 3-methyl-1-phenylpyrazolin-5-one and tetracyanoethylene in the presence of triethylamine. Subsequently, a number of synthetic approaches such as the use of triethylamine,31 piperazine,32 piperidine,33 N-methylmorpholine in ethanol,34 microwave irradiation,35,36 solvent-free conditions,37–39 cyclodextrins (CDs),40 different bases in water,41 γ -alumina,42 and l-proline43 have been reported for the synthesis of 6-amino-4-alkyl/aryl-3-methyl- 2,4-dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole-5-carbonitriles. Recently, tetraethylammonium bromide (TEABr) has emerged as mild, water-tolerant, eco-friendly and inexpensive catalyst. To the best of our knowledge, quaternary ammonium salts, more specifically TEABr, have notbeen used as catalysts for the synthesis of pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazoles, and we decided to investigate the application of TEABr as a catalyst for the synthesis of a series of pyrazole-fused pyran derivatives via multi-component reactions

(E)-2-(4-Benzyloxy-2-hydroxybenzylidene)- N-phenylhydrazinecarbothioamide

The title compound, C21H19N3O2S, exists in the thione form. The configuration about the C N bond is E. The hydrazinecarbothioamide unit adopts an almost planar arrangement, with maximum deviations of 0.016 (3) and 0.016 (2) A ° for the two thiourea N atoms. An intramolecular O—H N hydrogen bond occurs. Weak intermolecular N— H S, C—H O and C—H interactions are observed in the crystal structure

The ν2, 2ν2, 3ν2, ν4 and ν2+ν4 bands of 15NH3

The ir absorption of gaseous 15NH3 between 510 and 3040 cm−1 was recorded with a resolution of 0.06 cm−1. The ν2, 2ν2, 3ν2, ν4, and ν2 + ν4 bands were measured and analyzed on the basis of the vibration-rotation Hamiltonian developed by V. Špirko, J. M. R. Stone, and D. Papoušek (J. Mol. Spectrosc. 60, 159–178 (1976)). A set of effective molecular parameters for the ν2 = 1, 2, 3 states was derived, which reproduced the transition frequencies within the accuracy of the experimental measurements. For ν4 and ν2 + ν4 bands the standard deviation of the calculated spectrum is about four times larger than the measurements accuracy: a similar result was found for ν4 in 14NH3 by Š. Urban et al. (J. Mol. Spectrosc. 79, 455–495 (1980)). This result suggests that the present treatment takes into account only the most significant part of the rovibration interaction in the doubly degenerate vibrational states of ammonia.

1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane antimony(III) sulfide

Poly[1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane(2+) [hepta-mu-sulfidotrisulfidohexaantimony(III)]], {(C10H26N4)[Sb6S10]}(n), consists of novel [Sb6S10](2). layers containing Sb2S2, Sb4S4 and Sb7S7 hetero-rings, which are separated by macrocyclic amine molecules. The macrocyclic amine molecules are disordered over two crystallographically distinct positions and are diprotonated in order to balance the charge of the anionic layers.

DNA cleavage and antitumour activity of platinum(II) and copper(II) compounds derived from 4-methyl-2-N-(2-pyridylmethyl)aminophenol: spectroscopic, electrochemical and biological investigation

The reaction of the redox-active ligand, Hpyramol (4-methyl-2-N-(2-pyridylmethyl)aminophenol) with K2PtCl4 yields monofunctional square-planar [Pt(pyrimol)Cl], PtL-Cl, which was structurally characterised by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and NMR spectroscopy. This compound unexpectedly cleaves supercoiled double-stranded DNA stoichiometrically and oxidatively, in a non-specific manner without any external reductant added, under physiological conditions. Spectro-electrochemical investigations of PtL-Cl were carried out in comparison with the analogue CuL-Cl as a reference compound. The results support a phenolate oxidation, generating a phenoxyl radical responsible for the ligand-based DNA cleavage property of the title compounds. Time-dependent in vitro cytotoxicity assays were performed with both PtL-Cl and CuL-Cl in various cancer cell lines. The compound CuL-Cl overcomes cisplatin-resistance in ovarian carcinoma and mouse leukaemia cell lines, with additional activity in some other cells. The platinum analogue, PtL-Cl also inhibits cell-proliferation selectively. Additionally, cellular-uptake studies performed for both compounds in ovarian carcinoma cell lines showed that significant amounts of Pt and Cu were accumulated in the A2780 and A2780R cancer cells. The conformational and structural changes induced by PtL-Cl and CuL-Cl on calf thymus DNA and phi X174 supercoiled phage DNA at ambient conditions were followed by electrophoretic mobility assay and circular dichroism spectroscopy. The compounds induce extensive DNA degradation and unwinding, along with formation of a monoadduct at the DNA minor groove. Thus, hybrid effects of metal-centre variation, multiple DNA-binding modes and ligand-based redox activity towards cancer cell-growth inhibition have been demonstrated. Finally, reactions of PtL-Cl with DNA model bases (9-Ethylguanine and 5'-GMP) followed by NMR and MS showed slow binding at Guanine-N7 and for the double stranded self complimentary oligonucleotide d(GTCGAC)(2) in the minor groove.

Genistein protects human mammary epithelial cells from benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal genotoxicity by modulating the glutathione/glutathione S-transferase system

Epidemiological studies have shown that ingestion of isoflavone-rich soy products is associated with a reduced risk for the development of breast cancer. In the present study, we investigated the hypothesis that genistein modulates the expression of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) in human breast cells, thus conferring protection towards genotoxic carcinogens which are GST substrates. Our approach was to use human mammary cell lines MCF-10A and MCF-7 as models for non-neoplastic and neoplastic epithelial breast cells, respectively. MCF-10A cells expressed hGSTA1/2, hGSTA4-4, hGSTM1-1 and hGSTP1-1 proteins, but not hGSTM2-2. In contrast, MCF-7 cells only marginally expressed hGSTA1/2, hGSTA4-4 and hGSTM1-1. Concordant to the protein expression, the hGSTA4 and hGSTP1 mRNA expression was higher in the non-neoplastic cell line. Exposure to genistein significantly increased hGSTP1 mRNA (2.3-fold), hGSTP1-1 protein levels (3.1-fold), GST catalytic activity (4.7-fold) and intracellular glutathione concentrations (1.4-fold) in MCF-10A cells, whereas no effects were observed on GST expression or glutathione concentrations in MCF-7 cells. Preincubation of MCF-10A cells with genistein decreased the extent of DNA damage by 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (150 mu M) and benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide (50 mu M), compounds readily detoxified by hGSTA4-4 and hGSTP1-1. In conclusion, genistein pretreatment protects non-neoplastic mammary cells from certain carcinogens that are detoxified by GSTs, suggesting that dietary-mediated induction of GSTs may be a mechanism contributing to prevention against genotoxic injury in the aetiology of breast cancer.

Marked influence of the bridging carbonyl ligands on the photo- and electrochemistry of the clusters [Ru-3(CO)(8)(mu-CO)(2)-(alpha-diimine)] (alpha-diimine = 2,2 '-bipyridine, 4,4 '-dimethyl-2,2 '-bipyridine and 2,2 '-bipyrimidine)

Bonding, photochemical and electrochemical properties of the clusters [Ru-3(CO)(8)(mu-CO)(2)(alpha-diimine)] (alpha-diimine=2,2'-bipyridine (1), 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (2) and 2,2'-bipyrimidine (3)) are strongly influenced by the presence of bridging carbonyl ligands. Irradiation at 471 nm initially results in the population of a sigma(Ru-3)pi*(alpha-diimine) excited state. From this state, fast decay takes place to the optically hardly directly accessible pi(Ru/mu-CO) pi*(alpha-diimine) lowest excited state. These assignments agree with theoretical (TD-DFT) results, resonance Raman and picosecond time-resolved infrared spectra. The involvement of the bridging carbonyl ligands in the electron transfer increases the energetic barrier for the formation of open-structure photoproducts such as biradicals and zwitterions. Zwitterions were therefore only obtained in strongly coordinating media such as pyridine at 250 K. The bridging carbonyl ligands also stabilize the radical anions produced upon one-electron reduction of the clusters [Ru-3(CO)(8)(mu-CO)(2)(alpha-diimine)] and observed with cyclic voltammetry, EPR and IR spectroelectrochemistry (for alpha-diimine=2,2'-bipyrimidine). In contrast, open-triangle intermediates formed along the reduction path to [Ru(CO)(2)(alpha-diimine)](n) and [Ru-2(CO)(8)](2-) are more reactive than their triosmium analogues.

Synthesis and properties of tetra-μ-acetatodiruthenium(II,III) phenylphosphinate and phenylphosphonate complexes: X-ray crystal structures of [Ru2(μ-O2CCH3)4(HPhPO2)2]H and [Ru2(μ-O2CCH3)4(PhPO3H)2]H·H2O

Phenylphosphinic acid (HPhPO2H) and phenylphosphonic acid (PhPO3H2) react with a methanolic solution of [Ru2(μ-O2CCH3)4(O2CCH3)2]H·0.7H2O at room temperature to give [Ru2(μ-O2CCH3)4(HPhPO2)2H (1) and [Ru2(μ-O2CCH3)4 (PhPO3H)2]H·H2O (2), respectively. The X-ray crystal structures of 1 and 2 each show the RuRu core to be ligated by four bridging bidentate acetate ligands [RuRu distances: 1 = 2.272(1) Å; 2 = 2.267(2) Å] and two axial phenylphosphinate and phenylphosphonate ligands, respectively. In each complex the individual bimetallic molecules are linked together by a hydrogen ion which bridges the oxygen atoms of neighbouring axial ligands. In 2 the water molecule is also hydrogen-bonded to one of the axial phenylphosphonate groups. Spectroscopic, magnetic and cyclic voltammetric data for the complexes are given.

Synthesis of water-soluble and ether-soluble tetra-μ-acetatodiruthenium(II,III) complexes and X-ray crystal structure of [Ru2(μ-O2CC6H5)4(C2H5OH)2][Ru2(μ-O2CC6H5)4(HSO4)2]

[Ru2(μ-O2CCH3)4Cl] reacts readily with aqueous Ag2SO4 (2: 1 molar ratio) to give the sulphate salt [Ru2(μ-O2CCH3)4(H2O)2]2(SO4) (1). Addition of NaBPh4 to an aqueous solution of 1 produces the ether-soluble tetraphenylborate salt [Ru2(μ-O2CCH3)4(H2O)2][BPh4] (2). A methanolic solution of 1 reacts with Ba(C6H5CCCO2)2 · H2O to give the tetraacetatemonophenylpropynoate complex [Ru2(μ-O2CCH3)4(O2CCCC6H5)] · H2O (3). The reaction of an ethanolic suspension of [Ru2(μ-O2CC6H5)4Cl] with Ag2SO4 and H2SO4 (2 : 1 : 1 molar ratio) leads to the tetra-μ-benzoatodiruthenium(II,III) double complex salt [Ru2(μ-O2CC6H5)4(C2H5OH)2][Ru2(μ-O2CC6H5)4(HSO4)2] (4). Complex 4 is also obtained by reacting an ethanolic solution of 1 with an excess of benzoic acid in the presence of H2SO4. The X-ray crystal structure of 4 shows it to consist of [Ru2(μ-O2CC6H5)4(C2H5OH)2]+ and [Ru2(μ-O2CC6H5)4(HSO4)2]− ions, which are linked together by hydrogen bonds into an infinite polymeric chain. The RuRu distances in the cation and anion are very similar [2.265(2) and 2.272(2) Å, respectively]. Spectroscopic, magnetic, conductivity and cyclic voltammetry data are given for the complexes.

Cramoll 1,4 lectin increases ROS production, calcium levels, and cytokine expression in treated spleen cells of rats

This study reports the in vivo stimulatory effects of Cramoll 1,4 on rat spleen lymphocytes as evidenced by an increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, Ca(2+) levels, and interleukin (IL)-1 beta expression. Cramoll 1,4 extracted from seeds of the Leguminosae Cratylia mollis Mart., is a lectin with antitumor and lymphocyte mitogenic activities. Animals (Nine-week-old male albino Wistar rats, Rattus norvegicus) were treated with intraperitoneal injection of Cramoll 1,4 (235 mu g ml(-1) single dose) and, 7 days later, spleen lymphocytes were isolated and analyzed for intracellular ROS, cytosolic Ca(2+), and IL-6, IL-10, and IL-1 mRNAs. Cell viability was investigated by annexin V-FITC and 7-amino-actinomycin D staining. The data showed that in lymphocytes activated by Cramoll 1,4 the increase in cytosolic and mitochondrial ROS was related to higher cytosolic Ca(2+) levels. Apoptosis and necrosis were not detected in statistically significant values and thus the lectin effector activities did not induce lymphocyte death. In vivo Cramoll 1,4 treatment led to a significant increase in IL-1 beta but IL-6 and -10 levels did not change. Cramoll 1,4 had modulator activities on spleen lymphocytes and stimulated the Th2 response.