998 resultados para ácido 2-clorobenzalpirúvico
Resumo:
Foram avaliados os efeitos da imersão em soluções com diferentes concentrações de ácido clorídrico (HCl) sobre a redução do escurecimento do pericarpo e a conservação pós-colheita de lichia. Lichias 'Bengal' foram colhidas com o pericarpo completamente vermelho e imersas por dois minutos em 0 (controle); 0,25; 0,5; 1,0 e 2,0 M de HCl. Após os tratamentos, os frutos foram acondicionados em bandejas de poliestireno expandido e recobertos com filme de policloreto de vinila (PVC). Os frutos foram armazenados em câmara fria a 10,0 ± 0,9°C e 90 ± 5% de UR e avaliados de 4 em 4 dias. Após 24 dias de armazenamento, os frutos de todos os tratamentos apresentaram perda de massa fresca em torno de 4,5%. Até o 16º dia de armazenamento, os frutos tratados com HCl 2,0 M não apresentaram alteração significativa na coloração do pericarpo (ΔE, h e L*) em relação ao dia da colheita. Visualmente, esses frutos permaneceram sem alterações perceptíveis na coloração, até os 24 dias de armazenamento refrigerado. Naqueles não tratados (controle) e nos tratados com HCl a 0,25M e 0,5 M, o escurecimento do pericarpo iniciou-se no 4º dia de armazenamento refrigerado.
Resumo:
Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a aplicação de ácido cítrico em duas concentrações, associadas ou não à quitosana, na manutenção da qualidade de lichias 'Bengal'. Após a colheita e seleção, os frutos no estádio de maturação maduro foram imersos por 1 minuto nas seguintes soluções de ácido cítrico e de quitosana: [1] Testemunha - sem imersão; [2] ácido cítrico a 300 g L-1; [3] ácido cítrico a 300 g L-1 + 0,3% quitosana; [4] ácido cítrico a 300 g L-1 + 0,6% quitosana; [5] ácido cítrico a 600 g L-1; [6] ácido cítrico a 600 g L-1 + 0,3% quitosana; [7] ácido cítrico a 600 g L-1 + 0,6% quitosana. Após a imersão, os frutos foram colocados em gôndolas para escorrer o excesso de solução. Em seguida, foram armazenados em câmara fria, previamente higienizada, a 5ºC, durante 20 dias. O experimento foi conduzido seguindo um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, num esquema fatorial composto por sete soluções de recobrimento e cinco datas de amostragem. A cada cinco dias, foi avaliada a perda de massa fresca dos frutos, a coloração, o teor de antocianinas e a atividade das enzimas polifenoloxidase e peroxidase da casca. A solução de ácido cítrico a 600 g L-1, associada ou não à quitosana, e a combinação de quitosana 0,3% com 300 g L-1 de ácido cítrico foram as mais eficientes para a manutenção da cor avermelhada e a redução do escurecimento da casca de lichias 'Bengal' por 20 dias, a 5ºC.
Resumo:
A alporquia tem-se mostrado o método mais promissor para a propagação assexuada da jabuticabeira. Porém, alguns detalhes da técnica devem ser aprimorados paraaumentar os resultados positivos. O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a melhor época, concentração de ácido indolbutírico (AIB) e tipo de embalagem para a propagação da jabuticabeira-Açu [Plinia cauliflora(DC.)KAUSEL] por alporquia. O trabalho foi realizado na UTFPR – Câmpus Dois Vizinhos. Os experimentos foraminstalados em dezembro de 2011 e em abril, junho e setembro de 2012. Foi aplicado na região cambialAIB, nas concentrações de 0; 2.000 e 4.000 mg L-1. Após a aplicação do AIB, a área exposta foi envolvidacom substrato Plantmax® revestido com embalagem plástica transparente, embalagem plástica transparenterevestida por papel-alumínio ou embalagem plástica preta. O delineamento experimental adotado foi em blocosao acaso, em esquema fatorial 4 x 3 x 3 (época x concentração de AIB x tipo de embalagem), com 4repetições, considerando-se o uso de 5 alporques por parcela. Aos 180 dias após a implantação do experimento, em cada época de sua realização, foram avaliados a percentagem de calos nos ramos alporcados, onúmero e o comprimento médio das 3 maiores raízes (cm) e a percentagem de enraizamento. O enraizamento dejabuticabeiras utilizando a alporquia foi de 20,04% para a época de abril. A embalagem plásticatransparente revestida com papel-alumínio para a cobertura do substrato foi superior às demais, atingindo 8,69% deenraizamento. As concentrações de AIB testadas não influenciaram na rizogênese adventícia dos ramos.
Resumo:
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do elicitor ácido salicílico (AS) aplicado em póscolheita de amora-preta sobre a conservação e a indução de resistência. Foram colhidas amoras da cultivar Tupy selecionadas e submetidas aotratamento em diferentes concentrações de AS (0,5; 1,0; 1,5 e 2,0 mM) e a testemunha (água destilada).Utilizou-se do delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições de 30 frutos por unidade experimental. Após 144 horas de armazenamento, na temperatura de 8°C, avaliaram-se a perda de biomassa fresca, os teores de sólidos solúveis totais (SST), a acidez total titulável (ATT ) e de ácido ascórbico, bem como a incidência de podridões. Nos intervalos de 24; 48; 96 e 144 horas, retiraram-se amostras de frutos para determinação de proteínas totais, antocianinas, flavonoides e atividade das enzimas fenilalanina amônia-liase (FAL), quitinases e ß-1,3-glucanase. Houve aumento do teor de proteínas e ativação da ß-1,3-glucanase com a aplicação de AS, demonstrando haver indução de resistência nos frutos pela aplicação de AS. Os teores de antocianinas e flavonoides, bem como a atividade da FAL, tiveram alterações no decorrer do experimento, em função da aplicação de AS, demonstrando haver ativação da rota dos fenilpropanoides para síntese de metabólitos secundários. Os tratamentos de AS não afetaram os parâmetros de perda de biomassa fresca, AT , SST, incidência de podridões, ácido ascórbico e atividade de quitinase.
Resumo:
Despite the importance of the 4,4'-dithiodipyridine as an electrode modifier on the protein electrochemical studies and as a remarkable bridged-ligand on conducting electronic density in binuclear mixed valence complexes, there is no data available in the literature concerning acid-base behavior of this compound. Aiming to afford such information we undertook the ionization equilibrium study of this ligand. Although two acid species, DTDPH+ and DTDPH2+ have been detected in solution, only the diacid-form was possible to be isolated as a perclorate salt DTDPH2(ClO4)2. The ionization constants for the two step equilibrium processes (pKa1=2.70 and pKa2=4.80) were determined by using the spectrophotometric technique and aqueous solutions of CF3COONa, mu=0,1 mol.L-1 .
Resumo:
Organosolv and kraft lignins were treated with ozone both in basic and acid media and the reaction was studied kinetically. In contrast to reported studies, ozone was more efective in basic medium. Kraft lignin was degraded faster than organosolv lignin in both media but in the basic medium the rate of reaction was very much faster than in the acid one: for kraft lignin, the observed degradation was 93% for 2 min of reaction in the basic medium and 56% for 10 min of reaction in the acid medium; for organosolv lignin, 47% and 25%, respectively, in the same times. Higher phenolic hydroxyl groups contents increase the reaction rate.
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In this paper, an overview about philosophy of science, the concept of "theory" and some characteristics of a"good"theory (1- ordination and explanation of the facts, 2- proposal of problems, and 3- simplicity and funcionality) are initialy introduced. Following, some historical landmarks of acidity and basicity and a summary of the main acid-base theories of the XX century (Arrhenius, solvent systems, protonic, electronic, Lux, Usanovich and ionotropic) are presented. Historical and conceptual relations between these theories are discussed and the three characteristics of a "good" theory are applied. The results showed that the protonic and eletronic theories are the "best". Some discussion of the implications to chemical education are presented too.
Resumo:
Open chain hydroxamic acid (Hx) can exist as Z and E diastereomers of two tautomers, hydroxamic acid and hydroximic acid. The conformational stability of the formohydroxamic acid isomers evaluated by PM3 compared better to ab initio results from the literature than AM1 results. Structural data of the cyclic Hx 2,4-dihydroxy-7-metoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4 H)-one (DIMBOA) obtained by both semiempirical methods compared well to ab initio results. pKa data from the literature for derivatives of the aldolic isomer of DIMBOA were compared to the stability of the anions resulting from the loss of protons of their phenol and hydroxamic acid groups, determined as the difference in heat of formation between anionic and neutral forms, calculated by AM1 and PM3 methods. Good correlations between theoretical and experimental data were obtained for both semiempirical methods.
Resumo:
5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is a heme precursor accumulated in acute intermittent porphyria (AIP), which might be associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in symptomatic patients. Under metal catalyzed oxidation, ALA and its cyclic dimerization product, 3,6-dihydropyrazine-2,5-dipropanoic acid, produce reactive oxygen species that damage plasmid and calf thymus DNA bases, increase the steady state level of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2´-deoxyguanosine in liver DNA and promote mitochondrial DNA damage. The final product of ALA, 4,5-dioxovaleric acid (DOVA), is able to alkylate guanine moieties, producing adducts. ALA and DOVA are mutagenic in bacteria. This review shows an up-to-date literature data that reinforce the hypothesis that the DNA damage induced by ALA may be associated with the development of HCC in AIP patients.
Resumo:
Several compounds related to helminthosporic acid (3) were synthesized via the [3+4] cycloaddition. The reaction of 3-hydroxymethyl-2-methylfuran (12) with 1,1,3,3-tetrabromo-4-methylpentan-2-one (13) resulted in 7-hydroxymethyl-4alpha-isopropyl-1alpha-methyl-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-6-en-3-one (8) (37%) and 7-hydroxymethyl-2alpha-isopropyl-1alpha-methyl-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-6-en-3-one (14) (12%), which were converted into 7-formyl-4alpha-isopropyl-1alpha-methyl-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-6-en-3-one (16) (32% from 8) and 7-formyl-2alpha-isopropyl-1alpha-methyl-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-6-en-3-one (18) (40% from 14), respectively. Reduction of (8) resulted in 7-hydroxymethyl-4alpha-isopropyl-1alpha-methyl-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-6 -en-3alpha-ol (11) (63% from 8) and 7-hydroxymethyl-4alpha-isopropyl-1alpha-methyl-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-6-en-3 beta-ol (15) (30% from 8). The 4alpha-isopropyl-1alpha-methyl-3-oxo-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-6-en-7-oic acid (19) was obtained by oxidation of (16) (78%). The results of biological tests are described in details. The best result was observed for compound (15) that caused 76% inhibition on the root growth of D. tortuosum.
Resumo:
In 1981 2,3-pyridine dicarboxylic acid (quinolinic acid) was discovery to be a selective agonist for the N-methyl -D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor. As a consequence it possesses neurotoxic activity resulting from overstimulation of the receptor. Quinolinic acid is implicated as an etiological factor in a range of neurodegenerative disease including AIDS related dementia, Huntington´s disease and Lyme disease. In the design of novel therapies to treat these diseases, some molecules have been identified as an important target. In this paper we described different methods to prepare quinolinic acid and derivatives.
Resumo:
To improve tannin assay in cashew apple, several parameters were examined, including (1) extraction solvents, (2) effects of water and boiling time on butanol acid reaction and (3) correlation between vanillin and butanol acid assay of tannin in cashew apples. The 50-70% acetone extracted the greatest amount of tannin from cashew apples. Concentrations of water in butanol reagents were adjusted and boiling time of butanol reaction was reduced at 15 min. Tannin of unripe cashew apples was purified on Sephadex LH-20, aiming to obtain tannin standard for butanol assay. The vanillin assay presented high correlation with the butanol acid assay.
Resumo:
Considering the attraction of the students' attention by the changes in the colors of vegetable crude extracts caused by the variation of the pH of the medium, the use of these different colors in order to demonstrate principles of spectrophotometric acid-base titrations using the crude extracts as indicators is proposed. The experimental setup consisted of a simple spectrophotometer, a homemade flow cell and a pump to propel the fluids along the system. Students should be stimulated to choose the best wavelength to monitor the changes in color during the titration. Since the pH of the equivalence point depends on the system titrated, the wavelength must be properly chosen to follow these changes, demonstrating the importance of the correct choice of the indicator. When compared with the potentiometric results, errors as low as 2% could be found using Rhododendron simsii (azalea) or Tibouchina granulosa (Glory tree, quaresmeira) as sources of the crude extracts.
Resumo:
Proton binding properties of humic and fulvic acids were studied by potentiometric titration. Carboxylic groups were the predominant ionizable sites in comparison to phenolic and amine groups. Total acidity of fulvic acid was 12 x 10-3 mol g-1, a number significantly higher than that obtained for humic acid (5.2 x 10-3 mol g-1). Copper ion binding was evaluated at pH 4, 5 and 6 by potentiometric titration with an ion selective electrode for Cu(II). Differential stability constants and complexation capacities were systematically higher for humic acid, despite its lower number of ionizable sites in comparison with fulvic acid.
Resumo:
The electrochemical behavior of N-nitrosothiazolidine carboxylic acid (NTAC) on gold and hanging mercury electrodes, using the cyclic and square wave voltammetries, was studied. Whereas NTAC suffer reduction in a single step on the mercury electrode, two peaks appears on the cyclic voltammograms on the gold electrode, one anodic peak overlaying the gold oxide process at 1.2 V and one cathodic peak at -0.41 V vs Ag/AgCl, KCl 3.0 mol L-1. The cathodic peak depends on the previous oxidation of NTAC at the electrode surface, presents irreversible and adsorption controlled characteristics and it is suitable for quantitative purposes.