Relativistic many-electron SCF correlation diagram for superheavy quasimolecules: Pb - Pb

We present the first relativistic many-electron SCF correlation diagram for a superheavy quasimolecule: Pb - Pb. The discussion shows a large number of quantitative as well as qualitative differences as compared with the known one-electron correlation diagram.

Trace elements biogeochemistry in high mountain lake catchments: identifying anthropogenic versus natural components from the atmospheric contamination legacy in remote natural areas

Human activities have been interfering with the natural biogeochemical cycles of trace elements since the ancient civilizations. Although they are inaccessible and remote, high mountain lake catchments are irrefutably trace-element contaminated by anthropogenic emissions, which can travel by long-range atmospheric transport before they are deposited. This has been revealed by several natural archives. High mountain lake catchments are thus excellent sentinels of long-range contamination. Continuous accumulation can lead to a build up of potentially toxic trace elements in these remote, or relatively remote, ecosystems. The thesis focuses on the biogeochemistry of a suite of trace elements of environmental concern (Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Cd and Pb) in Pyrenean lake catchments, with special emphasis on discerning the “natural” components from the “anthropogenic” contributions. Five other metallic elements (Al, Fe, Ti, Mn and Zr) have also been studied to trace natural fluxes and biogeochemical processes within the lake catchment systems.

Avaliação institucional : impactos no currículo dos cursos de licenciatura plena das faculdades integradas de patos - pb

O presente trabalho dissertativo objetivou levantar e descrever os impactos causados pela Avaliação Institucional do MEC no âmbito do currículo dos cursos superiores de Licenciatura Plena, tomando-se como objeto empírico de verificação as Faculdades Integradas de Patos – FIP. Em linhas gerais, o referido trabalho evidencia o histórico da avaliação institucional brasileira, identificando os modelos avaliativos: PAIUB, ENC e SINAES, levando-se em consideração as ideias conceituais de teóricos, como: Leite (1997), Brito (2006), Buarque (2005), Dias Sobrinho (2000), Balzan (2005), Catani (1997), Gadotti (2005), Trindade (1999), dentre outros. Apresenta a organização curricular dos Cursos de Licenciatura Plena das Faculdades Integradas de Patos que são: Geografia, História, Letras e Pedagogia, identificando cada curso a partir de sua matriz curricular, destacando a proposta do Plano de Desenvolvimento Institucional e do Plano Pedagógico Institucional da IES. Por último, mostra os resultados da pesquisa de campo que foi desenvolvida a partir da aplicação de questionários direcionados aos segmentos dos Docentes, Coordenadores de Curso, Coordenações Acadêmicas e Membros da Comissão Própria de Avaliação das FIP. Com base nos resultados da pesquisa de campo, os Cursos de Licenciatura Plena das FIP nesta última década, sofrerem e vem sofrendo os impactos das avaliações institucionais do MEC. Tais impactos configuramse a partir de perspectivas mais positivas do que negativas, pois estes cursos desde que começaram a participar do processo avaliativo do MEC, que se veem envolvidos em processos de auto-avaliação, tanto interno como externo, apresentando melhorias significativas.

Política pública e educação em Princesa Isabel/pb : tensão dos opostos entre 2000-2008

Esta pesquisa analisa as políticas públicas para a educação básica no município de Princesa Isabel/PB e tem como objeto de investigação a análise das políticas implementadas no período de 2000 a 2008, cujo tema central se refere à tensão dialética entre gestores e professores no fenômeno da educação político-prática municipal. A pesquisa em seu contexto evoca uma leitura reflexiva das matizes que integram a construção do processo educacional, partindo-se da concepção de Estado, de sociedade e de política como direito público subjetivo garantido pela Constituição Federal de 1988, até a identificação das ações políticas efetivamente implementadas pelo município no recorte temporal citado. O problema constitutivo emerge na seguinte forma expressiva: a política pública e a educação em Princesa Isabel formaram uma unidade dual do processo educativo entre 2000-2008? Tendo em vista ter sido dado prioridade à construção e implementação do eixo político-pedagógico, o método dialético aparece em todo o texto, mais explicitamente na dialética de leitura, quando se promove a leitura dos instrumentos de recolha de dados onde se faz uma análise criteriosa da tensão dialética constatada entre os opostos, pela mediação dos indicadores de leitura subordinados às categorias estudadas. O primeiro capítulo contextualiza as categorias política pública e educação dentro do espaço epistêmico da sociedade como atividade de conhecimento de poder estatal, a partir de um processo de tomadas de decisões que culmina na escolha das prioridades que vão definir os interesses públicos, de onde emergem os objetos material e formal da pesquisa. O segundo, mapeando o binômio política-educação em Princesa Isabel, identifica as práxis político-pedagógicas efetivamente implantadas no município à luz da leitura dos instrumentos de coleta de dados postos sob o ângulo da tensão histórico-dialética dos opostos em busca da síntese como práxis histórica da construção de um processo educacional democrático e libertador. O terceiro e último, constitui-se no eixo principal da pesquisa, cujos referenciais são extraídos por meio de uma análise criteriosa dos instrumentos utilizados no decorrer do trabalho, onde se trabalhou acerca da complexidade dualista existente entre política e educação e constatou-se que, em face da complexidade dialética verificada pela tensão dos opostos e das relações de influências recíprocas que uns exercem sobre os outros, as ações educativas devem ser trabalhadas de maneira tal que os atores envolvidos no processo mantenham uma estreita e correlata interação, onde o diálogo deve ser o fio condutor dessa construção. Os resultados evidenciam a confirmação do hipotético como tese de que a política pública e a educação em Princesa Isabel não realizaram a unidade político-pedagógica entre os anos 2000 a 2008.

A mídia televisiva e a escola : um olhar sobre a influência de mensagens da TV na vida escolar de adolescentes de Santa Luzia-PB

A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo problematizar e refletir a influência da mídia televisiva no comportamento e na aprendizagem de adolescentes de duas escolas da Zona Urbana de Santa Luzia-PB. A amostra foi selecionada em um universo de oito turmas do 9º ano do ensino fundamental, em 2011. Através de inquéritos por questionários, o estudo apresenta as percepções de 59 estudantes na faixa etária entre 12 e 16 anos de idade e de suas professoras sobre como as informações veiculadas pela mídia televisiva são interpretadas pelos estudantes, quais os efeitos midiáticos no comportamento desses jovens e qual o nível de conscientização da escola frente à aprendizagem paralela proporcionada pela TV. Na análise da pesquisa recorremos a uma abordagem quanti-qualitativa, à análise de conteúdo, que utiliza a unidade de sentido como base de análise. Sob a ótica da interlocução comunicação/educação, o estudo reflete sobre a importância da utilização dos meios de comunicação na escola. Dados teóricos e empíricos comprovaram, assim, que, diante de seu papel significativo na sociedade, a educação atual deve provocar a emancipação do indivíduo tornando-o capaz de atuar como interlocutor crítico dos acontecimentos sociais, de modo a superar todo e qualquer tipo de alienação midiática.

Pequenas mãos que produzem: a questão do Trabalho Infantil no Povoado de Lagoinha - PB

O presente estudo tem como objetivo traçar um panorama geral sobre o trabalho infantil, no povoado de Lagoinha, Paraíba, Brasil. Para isso, fez-se necessário investigar e demonstrar as estatísticas de trabalho infantil no município de Lagoinha, investigar e demonstrar as repercussões de ações de erradicação no município de Lagoinha, verificar a procedência familiar das crianças trabalhadoras investigadas, verificar as atividades de lazer, educação e de trabalho que são executadas pelas crianças investigadas, averiguar os riscos a que estas crianças estão sujeitas, bem como suas perspectivas de futuro. Participaram deste estudo 12 crianças e adolescentes, entre 8 e 15 anos, dando ênfase às atividades por eles realizadas no comércio (venda de picolé) e carrinho de mão (carregando frutas e verduras), carvoeiras, serralharia e trabalho doméstico. Para uma melhor assimilação do estudo, a análise dos dados foi dividida por períodos. Cada período, (com a ajuda dos nossos teóricos), foi analisado sob aspectos psicológicos, social e físico, no decorrer dos 18 (dezoito) meses, visando compreender e identificar as principais problemáticas relativas à exclusão social no campo do trabalho infantil e suas formas de ressonâncias no espaço familiar, escolar e social.

Pb-210-Ra-226 and Ra-228-Th-232 systematics in young arc lavas: implications for magma degassing and ascent rates

New data show that island arc rocks have (Pb-210/Ra-226)(o) ratios which range from as low as 0.24 up to 2.88. In contrast, (Ra-22S/Th-232) appears always within error of I suggesting that the large Ra-226-excesses observed in arc rocks were generated more than 30 years ago. This places a maximum estimate on melt ascent velocities of around 4000 m/year and provides further confidence that the Ra-226 excesses reflect deep (source) processes rather than shallow level alteration or seawater contamination. Conversely, partial melting must have occurred more than 30 years prior to eruption. The Pb-210 deficits are most readily explained by protracted magma degassing. Using published numerical models, the data suggest that degassing occurred continuously for periods up to several decades just prior to eruption but no link with eruption periodicity was found. Longer periods are required if degassing is discontinuous, less than 100% efficient or if magma is recharged or stored after degassing. The long durations suggest much of this degassing occurs at depth with implications for the formation of hydrothermal and copper-porphyry systems. A suite of lavas erupted in 1985-1986 from Sangeang Api volcano in the Sunda arc are characterised by deficits of Pb-210 relative to Ra-226 from which 6-8 years of continuous Rn-222 degassing would be inferred from recent numerical models. These data also form a linear (Pb-210)/Pb-(Ra-226)/Pb array which might be interpreted as a 71-year isochron. However, the array passes through the origin suggesting displacement downwards from the equiline in response to degassing and so the slope of the array is inferred not to have any age significance. Simple modelling shows that the range of (Ra-226)/Pb ratios requires thousands of years to develop consistent with differentiation occurring in response to cooling at the base of the crust. Thus, degassing post-dated, and was not responsible for magma differentiation. The formation, migration and extraction of gas bubbles must be extremely efficient in mafic magma whereas the higher viscosity of more siliceous magmas retards the process and can lead to Pb-210 excesses. A possible negative correlation between (Pb-210/Ra-226)(o) and SO2 emission rate requires further testing but may have implications for future eruptions. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Genotypic variations in the accumulation of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn exhibited by six commonly grown vegetables

Metal contaminants in garden and allotment soils could possibly affect human health through a variety of pathways. This study focused on the potential pathway of consumption of vegetables grown on contaminated soil. Five cultivars each of six common vegetables were grown in a control and in a soil spiked with Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn. Highly significant differences in metal content were evident between cultivars of a number of vegetables for several of the contaminants. Carrot and pea cultivars exhibited significant differences in accumulated concentrations of Cd and Cu with carrot cultivars also exhibiting significant differences in Zn. Distinctive differences were also identified when comparing one vegetable to another, legumes (Leguminosae) tending to be low accumulators, root vegetables (Umbelliferae and Liliaceae) tending to be moderate accumulators and leafy vegetables (Compositae and Chenopodiaceae) being high accumulators. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Tracing pre-eruptive magma degassing using (Pb-210/Ra-226) disequilibria in the volcanic deposits of the 1980-1986 eruption of Mount St. Helens

Disequilibria between Pb-210 and Ra-226 can be used to trace magma degassing, because the intermediate nuclides, particularly Rn-222, are volatile. Products of the 1980-1986 eruptions of Mount St. Helens have been analysed for (Pb-210/Ra-226). Both excesses and deficits of Pb-210 are encountered suggesting rapid gas transfer. The time scale of diffuse, non-eruptive gas escape prior to 1980 as documented by Pb-210 deficits is on the order of a decade using the model developed by Gauthier and Condomines (Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 172 (1999) 111-126) for a non-renewed magma chamber and efficient Rn removal. The time required to build-up Pb-210 excess is much shorter (months) as can be observed from steady increases of (Pb-210/Ra-226) with time during 1980-1982. The formation of Pb-210 excess requires both rapid gas transport through the magma and periodic blocking of gas escape routes. Superposed on this time trend is the natural variability of (Pb-210/Ra-226) in a single eruption caused by tapping magma from various depths. The two time scales of gas transport, to create both Pb-210 deficits and Pb-210 excesses, cannot be reconciled in a single event. Rather Pb-210 deficits are associated with pre-eruptive diffuse degassing, while Pb-210 excesses document the more vigorous degassing associated with eruption and recharge of the system. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Factors affecting distribution and mobility of trace elements (Cu, Pb, Zn) in a perennial grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) in the Champagne region of France

Soil and Vitis vinifera L (coarse and fine roots, leaves, berries) concentration and geochemical partitioning of Cu, Pb and Zn were determined in a contaminated calcareous Champagne plot to assess their mobility and transfer. Accumulation ratios in roots remained low (0.1-0.4 for Cu and Zn, <0.05 for Pb). Differences between elements resulted from vegetation uptake strategy and soil partitioning. Copper, significantly associated with the oxidisable fraction (27.8%), and Zn with the acid soluble fraction (33.3%), could be mobilised by rhizosphere acidification and oxidisation, unlike Pb, essentially contained in the reducible fraction (72.4%). Roots should not be considered as a whole since the more reactive fine roots showed higher accumulation ratios than coarse ones. More sensitive response of fine roots, lack of correlation between chemical extraction results and vegetation concentrations, and very limited translocation to aerial parts showed that fine root concentrations should be used when assessing bioavailability. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Survival, Pb-uptake and behaviour of three species of earthworm in Pb treated soils determined using an OECD-style toxicity test and a soil avoidance test

Mature (clitellate) Eisenia andrei Bouche (ultra epigeic), Lumbricus rubellus Hoffmeister (epigeic), and Aporrectodea caliginosa (Savigny) (endogeic) earthworms were placed in soils treated with Pb(NO3)(2) to have concentrations in the range 1000 to 10 000 mg Pb kg(-1). After 28 days LC50(-95%confidence limit) (+95%confidence limit) values were E. andrei 5824(-361)(+898) mg Pb kg(-1), L. rubellus 2867(-193)(+145) mg Pb kg(-1) and A. caliginosa 2747(-304)(+239) mg Pb kg(-1) and EC50s for weight change were E. andrei 2841(-68)(+150) Pb kg(-1), L. rubellus 1303(-201)(+204) mg Pb kg(-1) and A. caliginosa 1208(-206)(+212) Mg Pb kg(-1). At any given soil Pb concentration, Pb tissue concentrations after 28 days were the same for all three earthworm species. In a soil avoidance test there was no difference between the behaviour of the different species. The lower sensitivity to Pb exhibited by E. andrei is most likely due to physiological adaptations associated with the modes of life of the earthworms, and could have serious implications for the use of this earthworm as the species of choice in standard toxicological testing. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DISTRIBUTION OF Cr, Pb, Cu, Cd AND Zn IN SEDIMENTS OF THE DOBCZYCE DAM RESERVOIR (SOUTHERN POLAND)

Sediments play a fundamental role in the behaviour of contaminants in aquatic systems. Various processes in sediments, eg adsorption-desorption, oxidation-reduction, ion exchange or biological activities, can cause accumulation or release of metals and anions from the bottom of reservoirs, and have been recently studied in Polish waters [1-3]. Sediment samples from layer A: (1 divided by 6 cm depth in direct contact with bottom water); layer B: (7 divided by 12 cm depth moderate contact); and layer C: (12+ cm depth, in theory an inactive layer) were collected in September 2007 from six sites representing different types of hydrological conditions along the Dobczyce Reservoir (Fig. l). Water depths at the sampling points varied from 3.5 to 21 m. We have focused on studying the distribution and accumulation of several heavy metals (Cr, Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn) in the sediments. The surface, bottom and pore water (extracted from sediments by centrifugation) samples were also collected. Possible relationships between the heavy-metal distribution in sediments and the sediment characteristics (mineralogy, organic matter) as well as the Fe, Mn and Ca content of sediments, have been studied. The 02 concentrations in water samples were also measured. The heavy metals in sediments ranged from 19.0 to 226.3 mg/kg of dry mass (ppm). The results show considerable variations in heavy-metal concentrations between the 6 stations, but not in the individual layers (A, B, C). These variations are related to the mineralogy and chemical composition of the sediments and their pore waters.

The impact of Eisenia veneta on As, Cu, Pb and Zn uptake by ryegrass (Lolium perenne L)

Earthworms are an essential part of the soil fauna in many global soils, represent a significant proportion of the soil biomass and are regarded as a useful indicator of soil health and quality (Edwards, 2004). They are also often the subject of inoculation programmes during the restoration of degraded lands (Butt, 1999) and the inoculation of earthworms to metal-contaminated soils has been suggested (Dickinson, 2000) largely due to the role earthworms are known to play in soil formation at such sites (Frouz et al., 2007).

Use of bone meal amendments to immobilise Pb, Zn and Cd in soil: A leaching column study

The aim of this study is to test the stabilisation of metals in contaminated soils via the formation of low-solubility metal phosphates. Bone apatite, in the form of commercially available bone meal, was tested as a phosphate source on a mine waste contaminated made-ground with high levels of Pb, Zn and Cd. Triplicate leaching columns were set up at bone meal to soil ratios of 1:25 and 1:10, in addition to unamended controls, and were run for 18 months. The columns were irrigated daily with a synthetic rain solution at pH of 2, 3, and 4.4. After 100 days, the leachate Pb, Zn and Cd concentrations of all amended columns were significantly reduced. For 1:10 treatments, release of these metals was suppressed throughout the trial. For 1:25 treatments, Zn and Cd concentrations in the leachates began to increase after 300 days. DTPA and water extractions showed that Pb and Cd were more strongly held in the amended soils. This study concludes that the complexity of soil processes and the small quantities of metals sequestered precluded determination of a metal immobilisation mechanism. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Pb-210-Ra-226 and Ra-228-Th-232 systematics in young arc lavas: implications for magma degassing and ascent rates

New data show that island arc rocks have (Pb-210/Ra-226)(o) ratios which range from as low as 0.24 up to 2.88. In contrast, (Ra-22S/Th-232) appears always within error of I suggesting that the large Ra-226-excesses observed in arc rocks were generated more than 30 years ago. This places a maximum estimate on melt ascent velocities of around 4000 m/year and provides further confidence that the Ra-226 excesses reflect deep (source) processes rather than shallow level alteration or seawater contamination. Conversely, partial melting must have occurred more than 30 years prior to eruption. The Pb-210 deficits are most readily explained by protracted magma degassing. Using published numerical models, the data suggest that degassing occurred continuously for periods up to several decades just prior to eruption but no link with eruption periodicity was found. Longer periods are required if degassing is discontinuous, less than 100% efficient or if magma is recharged or stored after degassing. The long durations suggest much of this degassing occurs at depth with implications for the formation of hydrothermal and copper-porphyry systems. A suite of lavas erupted in 1985-1986 from Sangeang Api volcano in the Sunda arc are characterised by deficits of Pb-210 relative to Ra-226 from which 6-8 years of continuous Rn-222 degassing would be inferred from recent numerical models. These data also form a linear (Pb-210)/Pb-(Ra-226)/Pb array which might be interpreted as a 71-year isochron. However, the array passes through the origin suggesting displacement downwards from the equiline in response to degassing and so the slope of the array is inferred not to have any age significance. Simple modelling shows that the range of (Ra-226)/Pb ratios requires thousands of years to develop consistent with differentiation occurring in response to cooling at the base of the crust. Thus, degassing post-dated, and was not responsible for magma differentiation. The formation, migration and extraction of gas bubbles must be extremely efficient in mafic magma whereas the higher viscosity of more siliceous magmas retards the process and can lead to Pb-210 excesses. A possible negative correlation between (Pb-210/Ra-226)(o) and SO2 emission rate requires further testing but may have implications for future eruptions. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.