Strategic Behavior and Collusion: An Application to the Spanish Electricity Market

The paper has two major contributions to the theory of repeated games. First, we build a supergame oligopoly model where firms compete in supply functions, we show how collusion sustainability is affected by the presence of a convex cost function, the magnitude of both the slope of demand market, and the number of rivals. Then, we compare the results with those of the traditional Cournot reversion under the same structural characteristics. We find how depending on the number of firms and the slope of the linear demand, collusion sustainability is easier under supply function than under Cournot competition. The conclusions of the models are simulated with data from the Spanish wholesale electricity market to predict lower bounds of the discount factors.

A scaling law of photoionization in ultrashort pulses

By means of the numerical solution of time-dependant Schrodinger equation, we verify a scaling law of photoionization in ultrashort pulses. We find that for a given carrier-envelope phase and duration of the pulse, identical photoionizations are obtained provided that when the central frequency of the pulse is enlarged by k times, the atomic binding potential is enlarged by k times, and the laser intensity is enlarged by k(3) times. The scaling law allows us to reach a significant control over direction of photoemission and offers exciting prospects of reaching similar physical processes in different interacting systems which constitutes a novel kind of coherent control.

A reliable phase unwrapping algorithm based on the local fitting plane and quality map

A fast and reliable phase unwrapping (PhU) algorithm, based on the local quality-guided fitting plane, is presented. Its framework depends on the basic plane-approximated assumption for phase values of local pixels and on the phase derivative variance (PDV) quality map. Compared with other existing popular unwrapping algorithms, the proposed algorithm demonstrated improved robustness and immunity to strong noise and high phase variations, given that the plane assumption for local phase is reasonably satisfied. Its effectiveness is demonstrated by computer-simulated and experimental results.

Dynamic response of hysteretic systems with application to a system containing limited slip

A general class of single degree of freedom systems possessing rate-independent hysteresis is defined. The hysteretic behavior in a system belonging to this class is depicted as a sequence of single-valued functions; at any given time, the current function is determined by some set of mathematical rules concerning the entire previous response of the system. Existence and uniqueness of solutions are established and boundedness of solutions is examined.

An asymptotic solution procedure is used to derive an approximation to the response of viscously damped systems with a small hysteretic nonlinearity and trigonometric excitation. Two properties of the hysteresis loops associated with any given system completely determine this approximation to the response: the area enclosed by each loop, and the average of the ascending and descending branches of each loop.

The approximation, supplemented by numerical calculations, is applied to investigate the steady-state response of a system with limited slip. Such features as disconnected response curves and jumps in response exist for a certain range of system parameters for any finite amount of slip.

To further understand the response of this system, solutions of the initial-value problem are examined. The boundedness of solutions is investigated first. Then the relationship between initial conditions and resulting steady-state solution is examined when multiple steady-state solutions exist. Using the approximate analysis and numerical calculations, it is found that significant regions of initial conditions in the initial condition plane lead to the different asymptotically stable steady-state solutions.

NÃO ESTOU SÓ: o uso dos celulares e a cultura de consumo na ficação de jovens do Rio de Janeiro

O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi analisar como se dão as relações afetivas através da socialização de jovens cariocas de classe média da zona sul do Rio de Janeiro, estabelecidas através do contato por telefonia celular. Com isso, foi possível verificar as novas dinâmicas na subjetividade contemporânea, pautadas na cultura de consumo, a partir da apropriação desse conjunto de tecnologias da comunicação, nas relações sociais e afetivas, em especial na ficação, além das relações entre amigos e namorados. Parto do pressuposto de que os indivíduos contemporâneos estão se apropriando, em larga escala, das tecnologias de comunicação, tornando cotidiana e corriqueira a efetuação de contatos sociais intermediados por tais artefatos tecnológicos. Para este estudo, utilizei como metodologia uma compilação de etnografias (visto que cada antropólogo organiza no campo a sua etnografia), para que fosse possível o acesso de diversas nuanças das relações afetivas em territórios privados e íntimos dos jovens que participaram deste estudo através de entrevistas e observação participante. Constatei que eles se apropriaram do celular como conjunto de tecnologias de comunicação pessoal portáteis e, em especial, das mensagens de texto como uma forma de manutenção e ampliação das relações afetivas através de estratégias de performance que possibilitam: seduzir concomitantemente diversas pessoas com mínimo investimento afetivo e exposição e máximo aproveitamento no tocante a estímulos de sedução; manter registros afetivos regulares entre namorados, independente de onde e do que estejam fazendo, visto que as mensagens podem ficar armazenadas e serem acessadas com discrição mesmo em lugares e situações em que seria inapropriado falar por telefone; registrar memórias afetivas, em virtude de no celular poder ser armazenado e revisto um grande número de dados que se tornam marcos de referência de situações amorosas; estimular recordações de emoções vivenciadas em cada situação e; marcar encontros de sociabilização entre amigos com o mínimo investimento de tempo e baixo custo de comunicação e máxima eficiência na recepção do conteúdo informacional. Dentro deste cenário, verifiquei que a dinâmica social gerada possivelmente reflete em mudanças nas formas com que os relacionamentos afetivos são mantidos e ampliados, favorecendo com isso a constituição de novas subjetividades.

Análise de Economias de Escala na Produção de Leite

Este trabalho procurou analisar o sistema produtivo da atividade leiteira em Minas Gerais, identificando a capacidade dos produtores em permanecer no negócio, a longo prazo, através da estimação da função custo translogarítmica. O estudo demonstrou que os produtores analisados ainda praticam altos custos por unidade produzida, sugerindo baixa eficiência dos estabelecimentos e falhas na administração do empreendimento. Os resultados econométricos revelam a possibilidade de ganhos de escala, no que se refere à alocação e melhor aproveitamento dos recursos, ou seja, as propriedades apresentam economias de escala. No entanto, retornos crescentes de escala não são compatíveis com a existência de mercados competitivos, sinalizando que os produtores enfrentam restrições geradas pelas imperfeições de mercado. O conhecimento dessas imperfeições é essencial à formulação de políticas econômicas e de organizações privadas que visem ao desenvolvimento econômico deste mercado, que atualmente é o sexto maior do mundo. Além disso, os resultados das elasticidades mostram que o produtor é mais sensível às variações de preços na mão-de-obra do que às variações nos demais fatores, reduzindo em maior proporção o uso do trabalho na produção, à medida que seu preço aumenta. Isto evidencia a principal característica regional da produção leiteira no país, que é o uso intensivo do fator trabalho. Também foi identificado que o os medicamentos, alimentos e energia, denominados no estudo de fator dispêndio, são os mais difíceis é o mais difícil de serem substituídos na produção, devido às particularidades no uso dos componentes deste insumo. Por fim, os valores positivos encontrados para as elasticidades parciais de substituição de Allen confirmam a substitutibilidade entre os fatores.

Effects of photoperiod on growth of larvae and juveniles of the anemonefish Amphiprion melanopus

Rearing of anemonefishes is now relatively routine compared to the culture of cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) or angelfishes (Pomacanthidae). However, it is still a labor intensive, time intensive and expensive procedure. To reduce time and cost of rearing anemonefishes, experiments were undertaken to improve the methods for rearing Amphiprion melanopus. These experiments were conducted to determine the effect of the length of photoperiod on larval duration, growth to metamorphosis and early juvenile phase. Growth of larvae was significantly faster and the duration of the larval phase was significantly shorter, under a photoperiod of 16 hours light/8 hours dark, compared to the photoperiods of 12 hours light/12 hours dark and 24 hours light/0 hours dark.

Mapeamento de difusão no reconhecimento e reconstrução de sinais

Em muitas representações de objetos ou sistemas físicos se faz necessário a utilização de técnicas de redução de dimensionalidade que possibilitam a análise dos dados em baixas dimensões, capturando os parâmetros essenciais associados ao problema. No contexto de aprendizagem de máquina esta redução se destina primordialmente à clusterização, reconhecimento e reconstrução de sinais. Esta tese faz uma análise meticulosa destes tópicos e suas conexões que se encontram em verdadeira ebulição na literatura, sendo o mapeamento de difusão o foco principal deste trabalho. Tal método é construído a partir de um grafo onde os vértices são os sinais (dados do problema) e o peso das arestas é estabelecido a partir do núcleo gaussiano da equação do calor. Além disso, um processo de Markov é estabelecido o que permite a visualização do problema em diferentes escalas conforme variação de um determinado parâmetro t: Um outro parâmetro de escala, Є, para o núcleo gaussiano é avaliado com cuidado relacionando-o com a dinâmica de Markov de forma a poder aprender a variedade que eventualmente seja o suporte do dados. Nesta tese é proposto o reconhecimento de imagens digitais envolvendo transformações de rotação e variação de iluminação. Também o problema da reconstrução de sinais é atacado com a proposta de pré-imagem utilizando-se da otimização de uma função custo com um parâmetro regularizador, γ, que leva em conta também o conjunto de dados iniciais.

Optimal control predicts human performance on objects with internal degrees of freedom.

On a daily basis, humans interact with a vast range of objects and tools. A class of tasks, which can pose a serious challenge to our motor skills, are those that involve manipulating objects with internal degrees of freedom, such as when folding laundry or using a lasso. Here, we use the framework of optimal feedback control to make predictions of how humans should interact with such objects. We confirm the predictions experimentally in a two-dimensional object manipulation task, in which subjects learned to control six different objects with complex dynamics. We show that the non-intuitive behavior observed when controlling objects with internal degrees of freedom can be accounted for by a simple cost function representing a trade-off between effort and accuracy. In addition to using a simple linear, point-mass optimal control model, we also used an optimal control model, which considers the non-linear dynamics of the human arm. We find that the more realistic optimal control model captures aspects of the data that cannot be accounted for by the linear model or other previous theories of motor control. The results suggest that our everyday interactions with objects can be understood by optimality principles and advocate the use of more realistic optimal control models for the study of human motor neuroscience.

Influence of climate on environmental factors associated with long-term changes in chlorophyll production for the Sacramento-San Joaquin delta and Suisun Bay, California

Long-term changes in chlorophyll production were predicted from environmental variables for the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers and Suisun Bay using Box-Jenkins transfer function models. Data used for the analyses were collected semimonthly or monthly between 1971 and 1987. Transfer function models developed to describe changes in chlorophyll production over time as a function of environmental variables were characterized by lagged responses and described between 39 and 51 percent of the data variation. Significant correlations between environmental variables and the California climate index (CA SLP) were used to develop a conceptual model of the link between regional climate and estuarine production.

Fault-tolerant aspects of MPC

The architecture of model predictive control (MPC), with its explicit internal model and constrained optimization is presented. Since MPC relies on an explicit internal model, one can imagine dealing with failures by updating the internal model, and letting the on-line optimizer work out how to control the system in its new condition. This aspects rely on assumptions such that the nature of the fault can be located, and the model can be updated automatically. A standard form of MPC, with linear inequality constraints on inputs and outputs, linear internal model, and quadriatic cost function.

An experimental model of relay deployment planning tool for a wireless sensor network system to monitor civil engineering structures

It is essential to monitor deteriorated civil engineering structures cautiously to detect symptoms of their serious disruptions. A wireless sensor network can be an effective system for monitoring civil engineering structures. It is fast to deploy sensors especially in difficult-to-access areas, and it is extendable without any cable extensions. Since our target is to monitor deteriorations of civil engineering structures such as cracks at tunnel linings, most of the locations of sensors are known, and sensors are not required to move dynamically. Therefore, we focus on developing a deployment plan of a static network in order to reduce the value of a cost function such as initial installation cost and summation of communication distances of the network. The key issue of the deployment is the location of relays that forward sensing data from sensors to a data collection device called a gateway. In this paper, we propose a relay deployment-planning tool that can be used to design a wireless sensor network for monitoring civil engineering structures. For the planning tool, we formalize the model and implement a local search based algorithm to find a quasi-optimal solution. Our solution guarantees two routings from a sensor to a gateway, which can provide higher reliability of the network. We also show the application of our experimental tool to the actual environment in the London Underground.

ZnO thin film surface acoustic wave based lab-on-a-chip

Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) is one of the most important microsystem applications with promise for use in microanalysis, drug development, diagnosis of illness and diseases etc. LOC typically consists of two main components: microfluidics and sensors. Integration of microfluidics and sensors on a single chip can greatly enhance the efficiency of biochemical reactions and the sensitivity of detection, increase the reaction/detection speed, and reduce the potential cross-contamination, fabrication time and cost etc. However, the mechanisms generally used for microfluidics and sensors are different, making the integration of the two main components complicated and increases the cost of the systems. A lab-on-a-chip system based on a single surface acoustic wave (SAW) actuation mechanism is proposed. SAW devices were fabricated on nanocrystalline ZnO thin films deposited on Si substrates using sputtering. Coupling of acoustic waves into a liquid induces acoustic streaming and motion of droplets. A streaming velocity up to ∼ 5cm/s and droplet pumping speeds of ∼lcm/s were obtained. It was also found that a higher order mode wave, the Sezawa wave is more effective in streaming and transportation of microdroplets. The ZnO SAW sensor has been used for prostate antigen/antibody biorecognition systems, demonstrated the feasibility of using a single actuation mechanism for lab-on-a-chip applications. © 2010 Materials Research Society.

The fish stocks in Uganda aquatic systems: opportunities and challenges for transformation

The status of fish stocks in a water body at any one time is a function of several factors affecting the production of fish in that water body. These include: total number (abundance) and biomass(weight) present, growth (size and age), recruitment (the quantity of fish entering the fishery) including reproduction, mortality which is caused by fishing or natural causes, Other indirect factors of major importance to the status of the stocks include production factors (water quality and availability of natural food for fish), the life history parameters of the different species making up the stocks (e.g. sex ratios, condition of the fish, reproductive potential (i.e. fecundity) etc), Changes in fish stocks do occur when any of the above listed factors directly influence aspects of growth, reproduction and mortality and therefore, numbers and standing stock (biomass). In the exploited fisheries, major research concerns regarding stocks relate to the listed factors especially: estimates of stock abundance/biomass, the quantity of fish being caught,where the fish are caught, which species are caught (relative abundance)when the fish are caught, how the fish are caught. The balance between stock abundance and amount of fish caught provides the basis for intervention. Due to the diverse characteristics of the physical water environment, fishes are in general, not evenly distributed throughout a water body. Shallow and vegetated areas tend to support higher abundance and diversity of fish species. In addition, seasonal variations in fish abundance are so strong that fluctuations in catch have to be expected at fish landings.

Verifying stability of approximate explicit MPC

Several authors have proposed algorithms for approximate explicit MPC [1],[2],[3]. These algorithms have in common that they develop a stability criterion for approximate explicit MPC that require the approximate cost function to be within a certain distance from the optimal cost function. In this paper, stability is instead ascertained by considering only the cost function of the approximate MPC. If a region of the state space is found where the cost function is not decreasing, this indicates that an improved approximation (to the optimal control) is required in that region. If the approximate cost function is decreasing everywhere, no further refinement of the approximate MPC is necessary, since stability is guaranteed. ©2009 IEEE.