Kulttuurimaiseman syntyvaiheita Ala-Satakunnasta. Köyliönjärven kansallismaiseman kehittyminen 1600-1800-luvuilla Karhian ja Kankaanpään kylissä

Karhian ja Kankaanpään kylien muodostama jakokunta on 1600-1800-luvuilla muodostanut talonpoikaisen Köyliön muun pitäjän kuuluessa Köyliön kartanoiden alaisuuteen. Tutkimus keskittyy tämän kyläalueen maisemahistoriaan tarkastellen omistussuhteita ja maanjakoa. Tarkastelut on tehty pääosin 1700-lukuisten karttojen ja isojaon toimitusasiakirjojen kautta. Muuna tutkimusmateriaalina on käytetty arkistolähteitä sekä 1800-luvun ja 1900-luvun alun karttamateriaalia. Osana tutkimusta olen asemoinut yli 100 kartanosaa koordinaatistoon. Kylien asutus oli vielä 1600-luvulla keskittynyt vanhoille kylätonteille. Tutkimuksessa on tarkasteltu talojen ja asutuksen siirtymistä pois kylätonteilta 1700- ja 1800-lukujen aikana. Karhian vanha kylätontti autioitui 1800-luvun loppuun mennessä. Kankaanpään vanhalla kylätontilla tilakeskusten määrä väheni yhdeksästä kolmeen vastaavana ajanjaksona. Kylätonttien autioitumiseen vaikutti isojaon lisäksi hetkelliset omistusten keskittymiset. Tutkimuksessa havaitsin talonpoikaisen Köyliön olleen 1600- ja 1700-luvuilla uhattuna säätyläisten omistusten lisääntyessä kylässä. Aiemmassa historiankirjoituksessa romantisoitu talonpoikainen Köyliö ei ollutkaan niin itsenäinen kuin oli annettu ymmärtää. Uutena faktana havaitsin suurimman osan kylien taloista kuuluneen 1651-1679 Loimaan vapaaherrankunnan läänitykseen, joka osaltaan on estänyt Köyliön kartanon perintörälssin laajemman leviämisen alueelle. Kankaanpäähän muodostettiin 1700-luvun vaihteessa ratsutila, joka oli osin säätyläisten omistama. Pääosa kylän muista tiloista oli tämän rusthollin augmentteina käytännössä läänitetty ratsutilallisille. Talonpoikainen omistus vahventui ja keskittyi 1800-luvulla. Köyliönjärven rantaeroosion vaikutuksia alueen maisemahistoriaan tarkastellessani havaitsin Karhian kylän keskiaikaisen kylätontin ja tunnistamieni vanhimpien peltojen osin sortuneen järveen jo 1600-luvulla. Samasta syystä ennen rantaviivaa kulkenut Huovintie/Pyhän Henrikin tie siirrettiin isojaon yhteydessä karkaisemaan vanhan kylävainion pitkät peltosarat. Rantaeroosio saattaa selittää myös tämän pitkään viljellyn alueen arkeologisten löytöjen vähäisyyden. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on myös arvioida poikkitieteellisten tutkimusmenetelmien soveltuvuutta maiseman ja historian tutkimiseen. Tämä tutkimus on poikkitieteellinen analyysi maisema-alueesta, eräänlainen maisemahistoriallinen selvitys, jonka tavoitteena on kuitenkin olla perinteisiä selvityksiä syväluotaavampi. Opinnäytetyön tekijä on aiemmalta koulutukseltaan yhdyskuntatekniikan diplomi-insinööri, jonka tutkinnossa maisemantutkimus oli sivuaineena. FM-tutkinnon sivuaineena tekijällä on Visuaalinen kulttuuri Aalto yliopiston Taideteollisesta korkeakoulusta.

Système de prédiction des pays vulnérables aux conséquences de la fluctuation de la production du maïs américain dû à un aléa climatique

Au travers de cette étude, nous proposons de mettre en place un système d’information géographique (SIG) prédictif afin d’obtenir le classement des pays vulnérables à la brusque variation des prix du maïs. L'élément déclencheur de cette variation sera un aléa climatique sur la zone de culture américaine, premier pays producteur. Afin d'analyser les conséquences d'une catastrophe naturelle, il fut nécessaire de construire un indice final de vulnérabilité par le regroupement de plusieurs thématiques (agricole, économique et socio politique). Les données des différentes thématiques ainsi que les résultats sont intégrés dans une base de données à référence spatiale pour permettre la restitution des résultats dans un SIG web.

Edoskitze naturala ala artifiziala? Edoskitze hautuaren atzean dauden planteamendu ezberdinetara hurbilpena

Haurrari dagokionez argi eta garbi azaltzen da aukeraketa onena zein den bizitzako lehen unean: amagandiko edoskitzea. Zenbaitetan biberoia pozoi gisa ere aurkeztu da, bere alde txarrak bizi guztirako ondorioak bihurtuta (LLL,web). Baina egoera aurrez aurre duzunean beharren aniztasuna ikusten duzu, batez ere umea elikatzeko aukeren aurrean. Eta bada askotan errepikatzen den zerbait: erruduntasun sentipena. Zergatik dauka edoskitzaroak hainbesteko garrantzia?

Análisis numérico de la morfología del ala para su uso en fumigación aérea

La aplicación aérea o fumigación aérea es una rama de la aeronáutica la cual nació en los inicios de la aeronáutica, para ayudar a combatir de manera rápida las enfermedades y plagas que aquejan a los cultivos, esto gracias a la velocidades de operación y tiempos de respuesta que son muchísimo mejores que otros métodos de aplicación agrícola. Pero esta gran ventaja, también es un problema para los pequeños productores agrícolas, dado que para que sea posible realizar una correcta aplicación es necesario una superficie de 25 hectáreas y en casos especiales cuando menos de 10 hectáreas, dejando así a los pequeños productores y ejidatarios sin este tipo de servicios. Dado a esto se buscó una manera para bajar las velocidades de operación de las aeronaves, para que puedan realizar una correcta aplicación en áreas de producción pequeñas, esto dado que desde mediados del siglo pasado las mejoras que se han realizado a estas aeronaves son las aéreas de navegación, potencia y aspersión, dejando casi sin mayores cambios a las estructuras y la aeronomía de la aeronave. Este trabajo se enfoca en la utilización de cambio de formas en la aeronave, denominadas morfología aérea, para mejorar la aerodinámica de la aeronave, buscando en un futuro la implementación de estos sistemas mediante el uso de materiales y estructuras inteligentes. Para lo cual se realizan distintos análisis numéricos tanto a nivel bidimensional para seleccionar el perfil aerodinámico a el cual sería necesario realizar el cambio de forma desde el perfil aerodinámico base con el cual cuenta la aeronave, como a nivel tridimensional para seleccionar la configuración que nos dé una menor velocidad de operación sin sacrificar la sustentación y la carga útil de la aeronave. Después de realizar una búsqueda entre 81 perfiles aerodinámicos y de 4 casos de forma a lo largo de la envergadura, se encuentra que es factible disminuir la velocidad de operación de la aeronave sin sacrificar capacidad alguna a la aeronave, pero la magnitud de la disminución dependerá en gran medida del perfil aerodinámico seleccionado dado que este dará en primera instancia el porcentaje de disminución ideal, el cual será menor debido a la forma con la que se lleva a cabo la morfología en el ala.

Progetto preliminare e modellazione CAD di UAV ad ala rotante per impieghi agricoli

In questa tesi viene descritto uno studio preliminare su un velivolo ad ala rotante UAV (Unmanned Aerial Veichle) per supportare l'agricoltura di precisione. E' stato implementato in ambiente Matlab un semplice modello matematico per stimare la trazione del rotore principale in un elicottero. Successivamente, è stata presa in considerazone una meccanica commerciale per modellismo che potrebbe essere adottata per sveltire i tempi di sviluppo di questo UAV: la Graupner UNI-Mechanics 2000. E' stato, quindi, modellato al CAD un prototipo di struttura da realizzare tramite tecniche di Additive Manufacturing: questa parte è stata concepita per essere collegata alla meccanica dell'elicottero e può ospitare due taniche contenenti le sostanze da irrorare sulle colture. A livello di sviluppo futuro, si propone di applicare tecniche di ottimizzazione topologica alla struttura di collegamento per ottenere uno sfruttamento ottimale del materiale e ridurre le masse di questo componente.

Resultados da cirurgia de reservatórios ileais em pacientes com doença de Crohn

BACKGROUND: Total rectocolectomy and ileal pouch-anal anastomosis is the choice surgical procedure for patients with ulcerative colitis. In cases of Crohn's disease post-operative diagnosis, it can be followed by pouch failure. AIM: To evaluate ileal pouch-anal anastomosis long-term outcome in patients with Crohn's disease. METHODS: Between February 1983 and March 2007, 151 patients were submitted to ileal pouch-anal anastomosis by Campinas State University Colorectal Unit, Campinas, SP, Brazil, 76 had pre-operative ulcerative colitis diagnosis and 11 had post-operative Crohn's disease diagnosis. Crohn's disease diagnosis was made by histopathological biopsies in nine cases, being one in surgical specimen, two cases in rectal stump, small bowel in two cases, ileal pouch in three and in perianal abscess in one of them. The median age was 30.6 years and eight (72.7%) were female. RESULTS: All patients had previous ulcerative colitis diagnosis and in five cases emergency colectomy was done by toxic megacolon. The mean time until of Crohn's disease diagnosis was 30.6 (6-80) months after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. Ileostomy closure was possible in 10 cases except in one that had ileal pouch fistula, perianal disease and small bowel involvement. In the long-term follow-up, three patients had perineal fistulas and one had also a pouch-vaginal fistula. All of them were submitted to a new ileostomy and one had the pouch excised. Another patient presented pouch-vaginal fistula which was successfully treated by mucosal flap. Three patients had small bowel involvement and three others, pouch involvement. All improved with medical treatment. Presently, the mean follow-up is 76.5 months and all patients are in clinical remission, and four have fecal diversion. The remaining patients have good functional results with 6-10 bowel movements/day. CONCLUSION: Crohn's disease diagnosis after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis may be usual and later complications such fistulas and stenosis are common. However, when left in situ ileal pouch is associated with good function.

Estudo fotoelástico do controle vertical com o arco de dupla chave na técnica Straight wire

INTRODUÇÃO: em alguns casos, a extração de pré-molares torna-se necessária e nem sempre os espaços são completamente fechados após o alinhamento e nivelamento. O arco de dupla chave, ou Double Key Loop (DKL), é um arco retangular de aço para retração, com duas alças - uma mesial e outra distal ao canino. OBJETIVOS: este trabalho propôs-se a estudar o local onde a força é exercida, após a ativação desse arco, utilizando ativação na alça distal, ativação entre as alças e na alça distal, e ativação com Gurin®. MÉTODOS: foram montados nove modelos fotoelásticos de um arco dentário inferior, sem os primeiros pré-molares e os terceiros molares, com braquetes In-Ovation e arco DKL. O arco foi ativado e a região de incisivos, caninos e dentes posteriores foi fotografada, com interposição de filtros polarizadores de luz. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÕES: após a análise do modelo fotoelástico, concluiu-se que a ativação com Gurin® pode produzir movimento de retração anterior com componente extrusivo; a ativação na alça distal pode produzir movimento de retração anterior sem componente extrusivo; e a ativação entre as alças e na alça distal pode produzir movimento de retração anterior com componente intrusivo.

Morfologia e desenvolvimento ultraestrutural do sistema renal de embriões bovinos com idade gestacional entre 10 e 50 dias

O presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever o desenvolvimento dos sistemas renais de bovinos durante o período embrionário compreendido entre 10 e 50 dias. Embriões bovinos coletados em frigorífico foram fotografados e medidos utilizando-se o método Crow-Rump (CR) para estimar a idade gestacional. Os embriões destinados à miscroscopia óptica foram fixados em solução de Bouin para a avaliação do desenvolvimento do sistema renal, assim como suas estruturas. Alguns embriões também foram fixados em Glutaraldeído 2,5% e destinados à microscopia eletrônica de transmissão para o estudo ultraestrutural das células do sistema renal. Embriões entre o 14° e o 15° dia de desenvolvimento (E14-15) não apresentaram pronefro, mas apresentaram mesonefro, assim como indícios morfológicos que indicam sua atividade funcional. O mesonefro apresentou, no interior de suas células tubulares, inúmeras mitocôndrias e interdigitações, indicando uma alta atividade de transporte iônico. O metanefro, ou rim definitivo, iniciou seu desenvolvimento em E23-24. Os achados emonstram que a involução do mesonefro acontece simultaneamente com a diferenciação metanefrogênica. Em E45-46, já iniciando a fase fetal, o metanefro possuiu unidades filtradoras (néfrons), com seus respectivos glomérulos, túbulos contorcidos proximais e distais e alça de Henle. Nessa fase, o rim ainda não apresenta lobação externa.

Effects of oral supplementation with glutamine and alanyl-glutamine on glutamine, glutamate, and glutathione status in trained rats and subjected to long-duration exercise

Objective: We investigated the effect of supplementation with the dipeptide L-alanyl-L-glutamine (DIP) and a solution containing L-glutamine and L-alanine, both in the free form, on the plasma and tissue concentrations of glutamine, glutamate, and glutathione (GSH) in rats subjected to long-duration exercise. Methods: Rats were subjected to sessions of swim training. Twenty-one days before sacrifice, the animals were supplemented with DIP (1.5 g/kg, n = 6), a solution of free L-glutamine (1 g/kg) and free L-alanine (0.61 g/kg; GLN + ALA, n = 6), or water (CON, n = 6). Animals were sacrificed before (TR, n = 6) or after (LD, n = 6) long-duration exercise. Plasma concentrations of glutamine, glutamate, glucose, and ammonia and liver and muscle concentrations of glutamine, glutamate, and reduced and oxidized (GSSG) GSH were measured. Results: Higher concentrations of plasma glutamine were found in the DIP-TR and GLN + ALA-TR groups. The CON-LD group showed hyperammonemia, whereas the DIP-LD and GLN + ALA-LD groups exhibited lower concentrations of ammonia. Higher concentrations of glutamine, glutamate, and GSH/GSSG in the soleus muscle and GSH and GSH/GSSG in the liver were observed in the DIP-TR and GLN + ALA-TR groups. The DIP-LD and GLN + ALA-LD groups exhibited higher concentrations of GSH and GSH/GSSG in the soleus muscle and liver compared with the CON-LD group. Conclusion: Chronic oral administration of DIP and free GLN + ALA before long-duration exercise represents an effective source of glutamine and glutamate, which may increase muscle and liver stores of GSH and improve the redox state of the cell. (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier Inc.

Synthesis of 5 `-seleno-xylofuranosides

The synthesis of selenium derivatives of naturally occurring chiral molecules is becoming increasingly important in recent years. In this context, we describe herein an easy, straightforward synthetic route for the preparation of a series of chiral seleno-furanosides, starting from the readily available carbohydrate D-xylose. In addition, selected compounds were screened as inhibitors of the delta-aminolevulinate dehyclratase (delta-ALA-D) enzyme. Diselenide 4 was found to reduce significantly the enzymatic activity, while seleno-furanoside la increased delta-ALA-D activity. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Sub-Chronic Exposure to Methylmercury at Low Levels Decreases Butyrylcholinesterase Activity in Rats

In this study, we examined the effects of low levels and sub-chronic exposure to methylmercury (MeHg) on butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activity in rats. Moreover, we examined the relationship between BuChE activity and oxidative stress biomarkers [delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (delta-ALA-D) and malondialdehyde levels (MDA)] in the same animals. Rats were separated into three groups (eight animals per group): (Group I) received water by gavage; (Group II) received MeHg (30 mu g/kg/day) by gavage; (Group III) received MeHg (100 mu g/kg/day). The time of exposure was 90 days. BuChE and ALA-D activities were measured in serum and blood, respectively; whereas MDA levels were measured in plasma. We found BuChE and ALA-D activities decreased in groups II and III compared to the control group. Moreover, we found an interesting negative correlation between plasmatic BuChE activity and MDA (r = -0.85; p < 0.01) and a positive correlation between plasmatic BuChE activity and ALA-D activities (r = 0.78; p < 0.01), thus suggesting a possible relationship between oxidative damage promoted by MeHg exposure and the decrease of BuChE activity. In conclusion, long-term exposure to low doses of MeHg decreases plasmatic BuChE activity. Moreover, the decrease in the enzyme is strongly correlated with the oxidative stress promoted by the metal exposure. This preliminary finding highlights a possible mechanism for MeHg to reduce BuChE activity in plasma. Additionally, this enzyme could be an auxiliary biomarker on the evaluation of MeHg exposure.

Mercury exposure and oxidative stress in communities of the Brazilian Amazon

This study was designed to assess possible associations between biomarkers of mercury (Hg) exposure and oxidative stress in fish-eating Amazonian communities. Clinical samples were obtained from riparians living in the Brazilian Amazon. Biomarkers of oxidative stress (glutathione - GSH, glutathione peroxidase - GSH-Px, catalase - CAT, activity and reactivation index of delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase - ALA-D (R%) were determined in blood. Total Hg was measured in whole blood (B-Hg), plasma (P-Hg) and hair (H-Hg). Association between biomarkers of Hg exposure and oxidative stress were examined using multiple regression models, including age, gender, alcohol consumption, smoking status, fish consumption and then stratified for gender. Significant inverse relations were observed between GSH-Px, GSH, CAT, ALA-D activity and B-Hg or H-Hg (p<0.05). ALA-D reactivation index was positively related to B-Hg (p<0.0001). P-Hg was directly related to ALA-D reactivation index and inversely associated with GSH-Px, GSH, and ALA-D activity (p<0.05). When stratified for gender, women showed significant inverse associations between all biomarkers of Hg exposure and CAT (p<0.05) or GSH (p<0.05), while for men only P-Hg showed a significant inverse relation with GSH (p<0.001). Our results clearly demonstrated an association between Hg exposure and oxidative stress. Moreover, for B-Hg, P-Hg and H-Hg gender differences were present. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Brain region-specific studies of the excitatory behavioral effects of morphine-3-glucuronide

This study was designed to determine in rats whether morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G) produces its neuro-excitatory effects most potently in the ventral hippocampus (as has been reported previously for subanalgesic doses of opioid peptides). Guide cannulae were implanted into one of seven regions of the rat brain: lateral ventricle; ventral, CA1 and CA2-CA3 regions of the hippocampus; amygdala; striatum or cortex. After a 7 day recovery period, rats received intracerebral injections of (i) M3G (1.1 or 11 nmol) (ii) DADLE ([D-Ala(2),D-Leu(5)]enkephalin), (45 nmol, positive controls) or (iii) vehicle (deionised water), and behavioral excitation was quantified over 80 min. High-dose M3G (11 nmol) evoked behavioral excitation in all brain regions but the onset, severity and duration of these effects varied considerably among brain regions. By contrast, low-dose M3G (1.1 nmol) evoked excitatory behaviors only when administered into the ventral hippocampus and the amygdala, with the most potent effects being observed in the ventral hippocampus. Prior administration of the nonselective opioid antagonists, naloxone and beta-funaltrexamine into the ventral hippocampus, markedly attenuated low-dose M3G's excitatory effects but did not significantly alter levels of excitation evoked by high-dose M3G. Naloxone given 10 min after M3G (1.1 or 11 nmol) did not significantly attenuate behavioral excitation. Thus, M3G's excitatory behavioral effects occur most potently in the ventral hippocampus as reported previously for subanalgesic doses of opioid peptides, and appear to be mediated through at least two mechanisms, one possibly involving excitatory opioid receptors and the other, non-opioid receptors.

Bioimpedance: Is it a predictor of true water volume?

Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) has been reported to be insensitive to changes in water volumes in individual subjects, This study was designed to investigate the effect on the intra- and extracellular resistances (Ri and Re) of the segments of subjects for whom body water was changed without significant change to the total amount of electrolyte in the respective fluids, Twelve healthy adult subjects were recruited. Ri and Re of the leg, trunk, and arm of the subjects were determined from BIA measures prior to commencement of two separate studies that involved intervention, resulting in a loss/gain of body water effected either bt a sauna followed by water intake (study 1) or by ingestion (study 2). Ri and Re of the segments were also determined at a number of times following these interventions, The mean change in body water, expressed as a percentage of body weight, was 0.9% in study 1 and 1.25% in study 2. For each study, the results for each subject were normalized for each limb to the initial (prestudy) value and then the normalized results for each segment were pooled for all subjects, ANOVA of these pooled results failed to demonstrate any significant differences between the normalized mean values of Ri or Re of the segments measured through the course of each study, The failure to detect a change in Ri or Re is explained in terms of the basic theory of BIA.