Molecular basis for reduced estrone sulfate transport and altered modulator sensitivity of transmembrane helix (TM) 6 and TM17 mutants of multidrug resistance protein 1 (ABCC1)

Multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) confers drug resistance and also mediates cellular efflux of many organic anions. MRP1 also transports glutathione (GSH); furthermore, this tripeptide stimulates transport of several substrates, including estrone 3-sulfate. We have previously shown that mutations of Lys(332) in transmembrane helix (TM) 6 and Trp(1246) in TM17 cause different substrate-selective losses in MRP1 transport activity. Here we have extended our characterization of mutants K332L and W1246C to further define the different roles these two residues play in determining the substrate and inhibitor specificity of MRP1. Thus, we have shown that TM17-Trp(1246) is crucial for conferring drug resistance and for binding and transport of methotrexate, estradiol glucuronide, and estrone 3-sulfate, as well as for binding of the tricyclic isoxazole inhibitor N-[3-(9-chloro-3-methyl-4-oxo-4H-isoxazolo-[4,3-c]quinolin-5-yl)-cyclohexylmethyl]-benzamide (LY465803). In contrast, TM6-Lys(332) is important for enabling GSH and GSH-containing compounds to serve as substrates (e.g., leukotriene C(4)) or modulators (e.g., S-decyl-GSH, GSH disulfide) of MRP1 and, further, for enabling GSH (or S-methyl-GSH) to enhance the transport of estrone 3-sulfate and increase the inhibitory potency of LY465803. On the other hand, both mutants are as sensitive as wild-type MRP1 to the non-GSH-containing inhibitors (E)-3-[[[3-[2-(7-chloro-2-quinolinyl)ethenyl]phenyl][[3-(dimethylamino)-3-oxopropyl]thio]methyl]thio]-propanoic acid (MK571), 1-[2-hydroxy-3-propyl-4-[4-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)butoxy]phenyl]-ethanone (LY171883), and highly potent 6-[4'-carboxyphenylthio]-5[S]-hydroxy-7[E], 11[Z]14[Z]-eicosatetrenoic acid (BAY u9773). Finally, the differing abilities of the cysteinyl leukotriene derivatives leukotriene C(4), D(4), and F(4) to inhibit estradiol glucuronide transport by wild-type and K332L mutant MRP1 provide further evidence that TM6-Lys(332) is involved in the recognition of the gamma-Glu portion of substrates and modulators containing GSH or GSH-like moieties.

Characterization of recombinant chloroperoxidase, and F103A and C29H/C79H/C87H mutants

Mechanistically and structurally chloroperoxidase (CPO) occupies a unique niche among heme containing enzymes. Chloroperoxidase catalyzes a broad range of reactions, such as oxidation of organic substrates, dismutation of hydrogen peroxide, and mono-oxygenation of organic molecules. To expand the synthetic utility of CPO and to appreciate the important interactions that lead to CPO’s exceptional properties, a site-directed mutagenesis study was undertaken. ^ Recombinant CPO and CPO mutants were heterologously expressed in Aspergillus niger. The overall protein structure was almost the same as that of wild type CPO, as determined by UV-vis, NMR and CD spectroscopies. Phenylalanine103, which was proposed to regulate substrate access to the active site by restricting the size of substrates and to control CPO’s enantioselectivity, was mutated to Ala. The ligand binding affinity and most importantly the catalytic activity of F103A was dramatically different from wild type CPO. The mutation essentially eliminated the chlorination and dismutation activities but enhanced, 4-10 fold, the epoxidation, peroxidation, and N-demethylation activities. As expected, the F103A mutant displayed dramatically improved epoxidation activity for larger, more branched styrene derivatives. Furthermore, F103A showed a distinctive enantioselectivity profile: losing enantioselectivity to styrene and cis-β-methylstyrene; having a different configuration preference on α-methylstyrene; showing higher enantioselectivites and conversion rates on larger, more branched substrates. Our results show that F103 acts as a switch box that controls the catalytic activity, substrate specificity, and product enantioselectivity of CPO. Given that no other mutant of CPO has displayed distinct properties, the results with F103A are dramatic. ^ The diverse catalytic activity of CPO has long been attributed to the presence of the proximal thiolate ligand. Surprisingly, a recent report on a C29H mutant suggested otherwise. A new CPO triple mutant C29H/C79H/C87H was prepared, in which all the cysteines were replaced by histidine to eliminate the possibility of cysteine coordinating to the heme. No active form protein was isolated, although, successful transformation and transcription was confirmed. The result suggests that Cys79 and Cys87 are critical to maintaining the structural scaffold of CPO. ^ In vitro biodegradation of nanotubes by CPO were examined by scanning electron microscope method, but little oxidation was observed. ^

Étude moléculaire et cellulaire des mutants de la protéine de Tamm-Horsfall (THP) dans la néphropathie hyperuricémique familiale juvénile (NHFJ)

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Étude moléculaire et cellulaire des mutants de la protéine de Tamm-Horsfall (THP) dans la néphropathie hyperuricémique familiale juvénile (NHFJ)

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Integrase mutants defective for interaction with LEDGF/p75 are impaired in chromosome tethering and HIV-1 replication

The insertion of a DNA copy of its RNA genome into a chromosome of the host cell is mediated by the viral integrase with the help of mostly uncharacterized cellular cofactors. We have recently described that the transcriptional co-activator LEDGF/p75 strongly interacts with HIV-1 integrase. Here we show that interaction of HIV-1 integrase with LEDGF/p75 is important for viral replication. Using multiple approaches including two-hybrid interaction studies, random and directed mutagenesis, we could demonstrate that HIV-1 virus harboring a single mutation that disrupts integrase-LEDGF/p75 interaction, resulted in defective HIV-1 replication. Furthermore, we found that LEDGF/p75 tethers HIV-1 integrase to chromosomes and that this interaction may be important for the integration process and the replication of HIV-1.

Création de mutants cdc5 en vue de l’identification des substrats de PLK/Cdc5 lors de la réponse d’adaptation aux dommages à l’ADN.

Les kinases de la famille Polo (PLK) jouent un rôle majeur durant le cycle cellulaire, notamment en promouvant des processus essentiels tels que l’entrée en phase M et la sortie du cycle cellulaire. Elles sont également impliquées dans plusieurs cancers et ont un fort pouvoir tumorigène. Notre laboratoire a récemment montré que Cdc5 (la kinase PLK chez Saccharomyces cerevisiae) est également nécessaire pour l'adaptation aux dommages à l'ADN, et que la cible critique de Cdc5 au cours de ce processus pourrait être une cible peu conventionnelle localisée aux centrosomes de levures. Dans le but d’identifier ce substrat, une analyse intégrale du phosphoprotéome de PLK/Cdc5 par spectrométrie de masse devra être réalisée. Pour ce faire, un allèle CDC5 sensible à la température, c’est-à-dire une version mutante qui devient inactive à température élevée, devra être utilisée. Cet allèle devra être thermosensible à 30°C, afin de s’assurer qu’il sera le seul à être inactivé à cette température et que, par conséquent, seuls les substrats de Cdc5 seront identifiés. À cet effet, nous avons généré deux allèles cdc5 thermosensibles à 30°C : cdc5-17 et cdc5-18, puis analysé leur cycle cellulaire à 32°C. Les résultats de cette analyse ont montré que l’exposition des cellules à 32°C résulte en leur blocage en fin de mitose sous la forme bourgeonnée, témoignant d’un défaut dans la promotion de la sortie de la mitose. Ce défaut est causé par la mutation du gène CDC5 dont la protéine favorise la sortie de la mitose via deux voies : la voie du MEN (Mitotic Exit Network) et la voie du FEAR (Cdc Fourteen Early Anaphase Release). cdc5-17 et cdc5-18 représentent des outils biologiques précieux qui permettront de mieux analyser le phosphoprotéome de PLK/Cdc5 et de mener à l’identification des cibles de Cdc5 lors de la réponse d’adaptation aux dommages à l’ADN. Étant donné que l’adaptation aux dommages à l’ADN causés par des chimiothérapies représente l’un des facteurs permettant la prolifération des tumeurs cancéreuses, cette découverte serait un grand pas dans la lutte contre le cancer.

Création de mutants cdc5 en vue de l’identification des substrats de PLK/Cdc5 lors de la réponse d’adaptation aux dommages à l’ADN

Les kinases de la famille Polo (PLK) jouent un rôle majeur durant le cycle cellulaire, notamment en promouvant des processus essentiels tels que l’entrée en phase M et la sortie du cycle cellulaire. Elles sont également impliquées dans plusieurs cancers et ont un fort pouvoir tumorigène. Notre laboratoire a récemment montré que Cdc5 (la kinase PLK chez Saccharomyces cerevisiae) est également nécessaire pour l'adaptation aux dommages à l'ADN, et que la cible critique de Cdc5 au cours de ce processus pourrait être une cible peu conventionnelle localisée aux centrosomes de levures. Dans le but d’identifier ce substrat, une analyse intégrale du phosphoprotéome de PLK/Cdc5 par spectrométrie de masse devra être réalisée. Pour ce faire, un allèle CDC5 sensible à la température, c’est-à-dire une version mutante qui devient inactive à température élevée, devra être utilisée. Cet allèle devra être thermosensible à 30°C, afin de s’assurer qu’il sera le seul à être inactivé à cette température et que, par conséquent, seuls les substrats de Cdc5 seront identifiés. À cet effet, nous avons généré deux allèles cdc5 thermosensibles à 30°C : cdc5-17 et cdc5-18, puis analysé leur cycle cellulaire à 32°C. Les résultats de cette analyse ont montré que l’exposition des cellules à 32°C résulte en leur blocage en fin de mitose sous la forme bourgeonnée, témoignant d’un défaut dans la promotion de la sortie de la mitose. Ce défaut est causé par la mutation du gène CDC5 dont la protéine favorise la sortie de la mitose via deux voies : la voie du MEN (Mitotic Exit Network) et la voie du FEAR (Cdc Fourteen Early Anaphase Release). cdc5-17 et cdc5-18 représentent des outils biologiques précieux qui permettront de mieux analyser le phosphoprotéome de PLK/Cdc5 et de mener à l’identification des cibles de Cdc5 lors de la réponse d’adaptation aux dommages à l’ADN. Étant donné que l’adaptation aux dommages à l’ADN causés par des chimiothérapies représente l’un des facteurs permettant la prolifération des tumeurs cancéreuses, cette découverte serait un grand pas dans la lutte contre le cancer.

HydroxyprolineO-arabinosyltransferase mutants oppositely alter tip growth inArabidopsis thalianaandPhyscomitrella patens

Hydroxyproline O-arabinosyltransferases (HPATs) are members of a small, deeply conserved family of plant-specific glycosyltransferases that add arabinose sugars to diverse proteins including cell wall-associated extensins and small signaling peptides. Recent genetic studies in flowering plants suggest that different HPAT homologs have been co-opted to function in diverse species-specific developmental contexts. However, nothing is known about the roles of HPATs in basal plants. We show that complete loss of HPAT function in Arabidopsis thaliana and the moss Physcomitrella patens results in a shared defect in gametophytic tip cell growth. Arabidopsis hpat1/2/3 triple knockout mutants suffer from a strong male sterility defect as a consequence of pollen tubes that fail to fully elongate following pollination. Knocking out the two HPAT genes of Physcomitrella results in larger multicellular filamentous networks due to increased elongation of protonemal tip cells. Physcomitrella hpat mutants lack cell-wall associated hydroxyproline arabinosides and can be rescued with exogenous cellulose, while global expression profiling shows that cell wall-associated genes are severely misexpressed, implicating a defect in cell wall formation during tip growth. Our findings point to a major role for HPATs in influencing cell elongation during tip growth in plants.

Identification and analysis of novel virulence-defective Rhodococcus fascians mutants

Rhodococcus fascians é uma actinomiceta fitopatogénica que induz uma doença, conhecida como irritação frondosa, caracterizada pela indução de múltiplos rebentos, numa vasta gama de plantas herbáceas dicotiledóneas. O principal factor de patogenicidade da bactéria é a produção de uma mistura de 6 citoquininas codificadas pelos genes do operão fas que está localizado num plasmídeo linear associado à virulência, pFiD188. Este trabalho teve como objectivo a análise de dois novos loci deste plasmídeo associados à virulência: GT1 que codifica uma glicosiltransferase e os genes mtr1 e mtr2, grandemente homólogos, que codificam metiltransferases dependentes de SAM. Trabalhos prévios com 21D5, mutante na glicosiltransferase, mostraram que possui uma morfologia de colónia modificada e forma agregados em culturas líquidas. Neste trabalho demonstrou-se que essas características não afectam o crescimento em meio de cultura rico, mas levam à incapacidade de proliferação em condições de privação de nutrientes, tendo um impacto forte na competência epifítica. Este impacto foi demostrado pela atenuação severa da virulência em 21D5, que foi acompanhada de uma expressão alterada dos genes fas e att, essenciais para a virulência, e consequente redução da capacidade de invasão dos tecidos da planta e de produção dos factores de virulência. Demonstrou-se também que a expressão de GT1 é induzida por compostos que são acumulados em plantas nas fases iniciais da infecção, colocando a função de GT1 no começo da interacção. Tal como R. fascians, Streptomyces turgidiscabies possui um operão fas e dois genes mtr associados. R. fascians mutantes nestes genes mtr’s perderam a capacidade de provocar sintomas, mas produziram 2MeS-citoquininas, implicando que outras citoquininas metiladas são cruciais para a indução da doença. De modo a identificar os produtos de reacção das MTRs procedeu-se à análise do perfil de citoquininas de R. fascians em condições que induzem a expressão dos genes do operão fas e de S. turgidiscabies alimentados com SAM e adenina marcadas com 14C em TLC. No entanto, não foi possível a identificação de compostos dependentes de fas ou mtr nos sobrenadantes. Pela determinação do perfil de expressão dos genes mtr in vitro e in planta tornou-se claro que a regulação destes genes é muito complexa, sendo a sua expressão limitada a células de R. fascians que colonizam o hospedeiro. Para possibilitar a identificação dos produtos de recção de MTR, desenvolveu-se um protocolo que permite a expressão in planta em condições in vitro, o que permitirá a repetição dos ensaios de marcação com 14C.

Characterization and cloning of chemically-induced mutants in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Induced mutagenesis has been exploited for crop improvement and for investigating gene function and regulation. To unravel molecular mechanisms of stress resilience, we applied state-of-the-art genomics-based gene cloning methods to barley mutant lines showing altered root and shoot architecture and disease lesion mimic phenotypes. With a novel method that we named complementation by sequencing, we cloned NEC3, the causal gene for an orange-spotted disease lesion mimic phenotype. NEC3 belongs to the CYP71P1 gene family and it is involved in serotonin biosynthesis. By comparative phylogenetic analysis we showed that CYP71P1 emerged early in angiosperm evolution but was lost in some lineages including Arabidopsis thaliana. By BSA-Seq, we cloned the gene whose mutation increased leaf width, and we showed that the gene corresponded to the previously cloned BROADLEAF1. By BSA coupled to WGS sequencing, we cloned EGT1 and EGT2, two genes that regulate root gravitropic set point angle. EGT1 encodes a Tubby-like F-box protein and EGT2 encodes a Sterile Alpha Motive protein; EGT2 is phylogenetically related to AtSAM5 in Arabidopsis and to WEEP in peach where it regulates branch angle. Both EGT1 and EGT2 are conserved in wheat. We hypothesized that both participate to an anti-gravitropic offset mechanism since their disruption causes mutant roots to grow along the gravity vector. By the MutMap+ method, we cloned the causal gene of a short and semi-rigid root mutant and found that it encodes for an endoglucanase and is the ortholog of OsGLU3 in rice whose mutant has the same phenotype, suggesting that the gene is conserved in barley and rice. The mutants and the corresponding genes which were cloned in this work are involved in the response to stress and can potentially contribute to crop adaptation.

Sci1 Is A Component Of The Auxin-dependent Control Of Cell Proliferation In Arabidopsis Upper Pistil.

To characterize the recently described SCI1 (stigma/style cell cycle inhibitor 1) gene relationship with the auxin pathway, we have taken the advantage of the Arabidopsis model system and its available tools. At first, we have analyzed the At1g79200 T-DNA insertion mutants and constructed various transgenic plants. The loss- and gain-of-function plants displayed cell number alterations in upper pistils that were controlled by the amino-terminal domain of the protein. These data also confirmed that this locus holds the functional homolog (AtSCI1) of the Nicotiana tabacum SCI1 gene. Then, we have provided some evidences the auxin synthesis/signaling pathways are required for downstream proper AtSCI1 control of cell number: (a) its expression is downregulated in yuc2yuc6 and npy1 auxin-deficient mutants, (b) triple (yuc2yuc6sci1) and double (npy1sci1) mutants mimicked the auxin-deficient phenotypes, with no synergistic interactions, and (c) the increased upper pistil phenotype in these last mutants, which is a consequence of an increased cell number, was able to be complemented by AtSCI1 overexpression. Taken together, our data strongly suggests SCI1 as a component of the auxin signaling transduction pathway to control cell proliferation/differentiation in stigma/style, representing a molecular effector of this hormone on pistil development.

The C-terminal Region Of The Human P23 Chaperone Modulates Its Structure And Function.

The p23 protein is a chaperone widely involved in protein homeostasis, well known as an Hsp90 co-chaperone since it also controls the Hsp90 chaperone cycle. Human p23 includes a β-sheet domain, responsible for interacting with Hsp90; and a charged C-terminal region whose function is not clear, but seems to be natively unfolded. p23 can undergo caspase-dependent proteolytic cleavage to form p19 (p231-142), which is involved in apoptosis, while p23 has anti-apoptotic activity. To better elucidate the function of the human p23 C-terminal region, we studied comparatively the full-length human p23 and three C-terminal truncation mutants: p23₁₋₁₁₇; p23₁₋₁₃₁ and p23₁₋₁₄₂. Our data indicate that p23 and p19 have distinct characteristics, whereas the other two truncations behave similarly, with some differences to p23 and p19. We found that part of the C-terminal region can fold in an α-helix conformation and slightly contributes to p23 thermal-stability, suggesting that the C-terminal interacts with the β-sheet domain. As a whole, our results suggest that the C-terminal region of p23 is critical for its structure-function relationship. A mechanism where the human p23 C-terminal region behaves as an activation/inhibition module for different p23 activities is proposed.