Information and anti-terrorist security of Poland. A critical analysis exemplified with the tasks and activity of the Internal Security Agency

The subject matter of the analysis conducted in the text is information and anti-terrorist security of Poland, which has been presented within the context of a clash between two spheres – the state and the private sphere. Furthermore, the issues of security have been supplemented with a description of the tasks and activity of the Internal Security Agency, as well as a synthetic appraisal of a terrorist threat to Poland. The main parts of this work are concerned with: (1) the state and the private sphere, (2) " terrorism " and terrorist offences, (3) the tasks and activity of the Internal Security Agency, (4) an appraisal of a terrorist threat to Poland. Given the necessity to elaborate the research problem, the text features the following research questions: (1) To what extent does referring to a threat to security influence a limitation on rights and freedoms in Poland (with regard to the clash between the state and the private sphere)?, (2) To what extent do the tasks and activity of the Internal Security Agency influence the effectiveness of anti-terrorist security in Poland?

Poland’s internal security as exemplified by the tasks and activities of the Internal Security Agency in the period 2007–2015

The text analyses Poland's internal security illustrated with the example of the tasks and activities of one of the Polish special services, the Internal Security Agency (pol. Agencja Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego – ABW). Although the Internal Security Agency was established as a counter-intelligence service, the scope of its tasks and activities places it among the criminal intelligence services, which is poorly effective in terms of the eradication of crime targeted at the state's internal security. The analysis of the issues of state security in the context of the ISA's activity has been elaborated in the present text with the following research questions: (1) To what extent does the statutory scope of the ISA's tasks lower the effectiveness of the actions aimed at combating crime threatening state security? (2) To what extent does the structural pathology inside the ISA lower the effectiveness of the actions aimed at combating crime threatening state security? The text features an extensive analysis of three major issues: (1) the ISA's statutory tasks (with particular consideration of de lege lata and de lege ferenda regulations), (2) the dysfunctional character of the ISA's activity in relation to the scope of its statutory tasks, and (3) the structural pathology resulting from the 'politicisation' of the Internal Security Agency.

La iniciativa para la Integración de la Infraestructura Regional Sudamericana (IIRSA) en Ecuador desde un enfoque de derechos humanos: el caso del proyecto del eje multimodal Manta-Manaos

La Iniciativa IIRSA, que consiste en el impulso de la integración regional sudamericana a través de obras de infraestructura para el comercio, amenaza seriamente los derechos de las poblaciones y los sistemas ecológicos del continente. Tanto el ambiente como las personas están en riesgo por proyectos de gran envergadura con inadecuada planificación, que abarcan represas hidroeléctricas, carreteras, oleoductos, gasoductos, hidrovías, etc. En Ecuador, el eje multimodal Manta-Manaos es el proyecto de IIRSA que más ha motivado la alerta en la sociedad civil y las organizaciones indígenas, ya que buscaría convertir al río Napo en una hidrovía para el transporte de mercaderías en grandes cantidades, poniendo en peligro uno de los puntos de mayor diversidad biológica del planeta por su especial ubicación, así como los derechos de las personas pertenecientes a las comunidades indígenas y campesinas de la zona. En este marco, es de suma importancia el respeto y garantía de los derechos colectivos de los pueblos indígenas y tribales, quienes han conservado su modo de vida tradicional a lo largo de los años. Dada la particular relación con sus territorios, son ellos quienes deben decidir, por medio de adecuados procesos de consulta previa y consentimiento libre e informado, sobre la posibilidad de ejecutar proyectos de “desarrollo” o “integración regional” en sus territorios ancestrales. Los objetivos específicos de este trabajo son dar a conocer la existencia de la Iniciativa IIRSA y su cartera de proyectos en el Ecuador, definir los estándares ambientales y de derechos humanos que debe cumplir un proyecto de infraestructura y analizar el proyecto Manta-Manaos desde un enfoque jurídico, tomando como eje su adecuación a los estándares nacionales e internacionales de derechos humanos. En este sentido, resultan fundamentales los avances jurídicos recogidos en la normativa internacional, principalmente en el Convenio No. 169 de la OIT sobre pueblos indígenas y tribales en países independientes, así como la Declaración de las Naciones Unidas sobre los derechos de los pueblos indígenas, que constituyen instrumentos jurídicos clave para la exigibilidad de estos derechos. Del mismo modo, el establecimiento de garantías ya no sólo jurisdiccionales, sino también políticas y normativas en la nueva Constitución, son avances que debemos aprender a utilizar para la protección de los derechos y el ambiente. En esta investigación, en primer lugar se hace una aproximación descriptiva a IIRSA, a continuación se describe la cartera de proyectos de la iniciativa en el Ecuador, tanto del Eje Andino como del Eje Amazónico, pasando directamente al análisis del proyecto del eje multimodal Manta-Manaos y los estándares internacionales ambientales y de derechos humanos aplicables en el diseño, ejecución y funcionamiento de proyectos de infraestructura. En esta sección se tratan los estándares internacionales en materia de participación social, consulta previa, consentimiento libre e informado en relación a derechos colectivos de los pueblos indígenas, acceso a la información pública, beneficios compartidos y la obligación de realizar estudios de impacto ambiental, así como del derecho al desarrollo como un derecho síntesis, que pretende un reforzamiento y profundización de la indivisibilidad e interdependencia de todos los derechos humanos. Finalmente, esbozamos algunas conclusiones y recomendaciones.

Brasil en el contexto de la Iniciativa para la Integración de la Infraestructura Regional Sudamericana (IIRSA) y el corredor multimodal Manta-Manaos, periodo 2003-2010

Varias lecturas surgen de los grandes proyectos de integración física latinoamericana. La principal es que el paradigma del nuevo regionalismo latinoamericano ha descuidado los efectos diferenciados de dichos proyectos, que en caso de concretarse ampliarán las asimetrías entre las economías de la región. En el marco de la integración económica regional están claras intenciones brasileras de alcanzar consolidarse como la potencia regional en el vecindario sudamericano, a partir de una destacada participación de su fuerza empresarial en el mercado latinoamericano, lo que afirma contundentemente que la estrategia política de Brasil en este contexto es una respuesta a su plan nacional y pretende beneficiar fundamentalmente a los segmentos capaces de influir en su política exterior como lo son los grandes grupos económicos exportadores. La segunda lectura es que desafortunadamente, países como Ecuador tienen una visión reducida sobre las verdaderas implicaciones que emanarán de participar en megaproyectos de integración física como la IIRSA y su derivación, el corredor multimodal Manta-Manaos. Las provincias amazónicas, principales receptoras de las externalidades que emanen de este corredor son el punto álgido de este proyecto. La capacidad del estado ecuatoriano de responder ante las demandas de este tipo de plan de integración regional, sin descuidar las máximas consagradas en su propio Plan Nacional para el Desarrollo, será el dispositivo que determine el verdadero alcance del mismo. Con estos antecedentes, la presente investigación tiene dos grandes objetivos. El primero es analizar la evolución histórica de los tres pilares de la política exterior de Brasil, desde la mitad del siglo XX hasta el periodo de gobierno del ex presidente Lula da Silva (2003-2010). Dentro de este contexto, esbozar cómo los tres pilares (pragmatismo, estabilidad, y autonomía de decisión) se fusionan con el mayor proyecto de integración física regional, la Iniciativa para la Integración de la Infraestructura Regional Sudamericana (IIRSA), mecanismo que contribuye a la consolidación de Brasil como gran potencia regional. El segundo objetivo es estudiar el tratamiento que le ha otorgado el gobierno ecuatoriano a la ruta Manta-Manaos y la potencialidad de la implementación de este corredor logístico. Las respectivas repercusiones sociales, económicas y medioambientales, así como las dimensiones comerciales en términos locales, regionales e internacionales serán determinadas por la capacidad de Ecuador de establecer una concordancia entre las premisas del Buen Vivir y los compromisos contraídos a partir de su política exterior.

Changing state disruption of lip-reading by irrelevant sound in perceptual and memory tasks

Three experiments investigated irrelevant sound interference of lip-read lists. In Experiment 1, an acoustically changing sequence of nine irrelevant utterances was more disruptive to spoken immediate identification of lists of nine lip-read digits than nine repetitions of the same utterances (the changing-state effect; Jones, Madden, & Miles, 1992). Experiment 2 replicated this finding when lip-read items were sampled with replacement from the nine digits to form the lip-read lists. In Experiment 3, when the irrelevant sound was confined to the retention interval of a delayed recall task, a changing-state pattern of disruption also occurred. Results confirm a changing-state effect in memory for lip-read items but also point to the possibility that, for lip-reading, changing-state effects may occur at an earlier, perceptual stage.

The influence of affective statements on performance on implicit and explicit memory tasks

Consumers are often exposed to brand names presented concurrently with information such as brand claims and warnings, prior to making product choices. As implicit memory has been implicated in the consumer choice process, two experiments were conducted to assess the influence of additional information, namely simple positive and negative statements, on implicit and explicit memory tasks. In Experiment 1, the mere presence of additional statements at study significantly reduced performance on a two-alternatives forced recognition task. However, the same manipulation had no effect on implicit preference judgement task performance. The valence of the accompanying information had no effect on either task. In Experiment 2, using modified implicit and explicit choice tasks, performance on the former was unaffected by statement valence, whereas the latter task was. Hence, positive priming was obtained for brand names previously shown with negative information. The results of the experiments are discussed in relation to both implicit memory and consumer choice.

Negative correlations between control performance and verbalizable knowledge: indicators for implicit learning in process control tasks?

Negative correlations between task performance in dynamic control tasks and verbalizable knowledge, as assessed by a post-task questionnaire, have been interpreted as dissociations that indicate two antagonistic modes of learning, one being “explicit”, the other “implicit”. This paper views the control tasks as finite-state automata and offers an alternative interpretation of these negative correlations. It is argued that “good controllers” observe fewer different state transitions and, consequently, can answer fewer post-task questions about system transitions than can “bad controllers”. Two experiments demonstrate the validity of the argument by showing the predicted negative relationship between control performance and the number of explored state transitions, and the predicted positive relationship between the number of explored state transitions and questionnaire scores. However, the experiments also elucidate important boundary conditions for the critical effects. We discuss the implications of these findings, and of other problems arising from the process control paradigm, for conclusions about implicit versus explicit learning processes.

Freeze-frame: a new infant inhibition task and its relation to frontal cortex tasks during infancy and early childhood

The current study investigated a new, easily administered, visual inhibition task for infants termed the Freeze-Frame task. In the new task, 9-month-olds were encouraged to inhibit looks to peripheral distractors. This was done by briefly freezing a central animated stimulus when infants looked to the distractors. Half of the trials presented an engaging central stimulus, and the other half presented a repetitive central stimulus. Three measures of inhibitory function were derived from the task and compared with performance on a set of frontal cortex tasks administered at 9 and 24 months of age. As expected, infants' ability to learn to selectively inhibit looks to the distractors at 9 months predicted performance at 24 months. However, performance differences in the two Freeze-Frame trial types early in the experiment also turned out to be an important predictor. The results are discussed in terms of the validity of the Freeze-Frame task as an early measure of different components of inhibitory function. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

There must be more to development of mindreading and metacognition than passing false belief tasks

We argue that while it is a valuable contribution, Carruthers' Model may be too restrictive to elaborate our understanding of the development of mindreading and metacognition, or to enrich our knowledge of individual differences and psychopathology. To illustrate, we describe pertinent examples where there may be a critical interplay between primitive social-cognitive processes and emerging self-attributions.

Evidence for unusual spatial location coding in Williams syndrome: an explanation for the local bias in visuo-spatial construction tasks?

Individuals with Williams syndrome (WS) display poor visuo-spatial cognition relative to verbal abilities. Furthermore, whilst perceptual abilities are delayed, visuo-spatial construction abilities are comparatively even weaker, and are characterised by a local bias. We investigated whether his differentiation in visuo-spatial abilities can be explained by a deficit in coding spatial location in WS. This can be measured by assessing participants' understanding of the spatial relations between objects within a visual scene. Coordinate and categorical spatial relations were investigated independently in four participant groups: 21 individuals with WS; 21 typically developing (TD) children matched for non-verbal ability; 20 typically developing controls of a lower non-verbal ability; and 21 adults. A third task measured understanding of visual colour relations. Results indicated first, that the comprehension of categorical and coordinate spatial relations is equally poor in WS. Second, that the comprehension of visual relations is also at an equivalent level to spatial relational understanding in this population. These results can explain the difference in performance on visuo-spatial perception and construction tasks in WS. In addition, both the WS and control groups displayed response biases in the spatial tasks. However, the direction of bias differed across the groups. This finding is explored in relation to current theories of spatial location coding. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.