Comportamientos de riesgo en la adolescencia: paralelismos entre el uso del casco y el uso del preservativo

Un gran quantitat de problemàtiques associades a la mortalitat i morbiditat dels adolescents és poden prevenir (per exemple els accidents de circulació i el VIH). Aquests problemes de salut tenen a veure amb factors ambientals i comportamentals, i no amb factors biològics. La conducció arriscada i la pràctica de relacions sexuals sense protecció contribueixen a incrementar les taxes de malaltia en aquest col·lectiu. L'ús del preservatiu i l'ús del casc són dues conductes que salven vides. Existeix molta evidència sobre la seva efectivitat d'aquestes mesures preventives per minimitzar i/o evitar les conseqüències negatives en situacions de risc. Els resultats d'aquesta investigació posen de manifest que no tots adolescents utilitzen el casc quan circulen en ciclomotor, i el preservatiu quan mantenen relacions sexuals amb penetració. L'ús del casc i l'ús del preservatiu són conductes independents.

Criterios para el análisis, selección, secuenciación y organización de los contenidos educativos en el currículo: aplicación a la secuenciación de contenidos de biología en la educación primaria

L'objectiu bàsic d'aquesta investigació es elaborar una proposta de criteris útil per a l'elaboració i revisió de les seqüències de continguts educatius al currículum. Per dur-lo a terme, s'han desenvolupat les tasques següents: - Revisió critica de les diferents aportacions al tema des de la psicologia, l'epis¬temologia i la didàctica. - Elaboració d'un conjunt de criteris, fonamentals i relacionats, per orientar el professorat i els dissenyadors de currículums i materials curriculars en la presa de decisions sobre la manera de presentar i desenvolupar els continguts educatius en els plans d'ensenyament, englobant de manera simultània les dife¬rents variables que intervenen. - Estudi d'un cas en el qual un equip docent d'Educació Primària elabora una seqüència educativa per a l'estudi dels essers vius, i l'experimenta a l'aula, ba¬sant-se en la proposta de criteris realitzada. L'estudi del cas ha cobert un període de quatre anys de treball conjunt de l'investigador i l'equip docent. Hipòtesis de treball: L'establiment d'un conjunt de criteris explícits que orientin l'anàlisi i l'elaboració de seqüències de continguts educatius per part dels equips docents pot ajudar a millorar el disseny i el desenvolupament del currículum als centres. Se suposa que els criteris esmentats: 1. Proporcionaran als docents una millor comprensió dels continguts educatius que ensenyen, de la seva estructura lògica i psicològica i, en conseqüència dels as¬pectes més rellevants per a l'ensenyament. 2. Situaran el professorat en unes millors condicions per elaborar seqüències d'ensenyament fonamentades i progressives. 3. Facilitaran l'adaptació de Is continguts educatius a les capacitats, el conei¬xements i les experiències prèvies de l'alumnat. 4. Afavoriran una presentació dels continguts a l'alumnat més organitzada i relacionada. 5. Comentaran un tractament mes equilibrat i integrat dels diferents tipus de continguts. Conclusions: - Els criteris proposats s'han mostrat útils i coherents per ajudar a analitzar i reconduir les seqüències educatives, mitjançant hipòtesis explícites fonamentades que els donin més coherència. - El tipus d'intervenció realitzada i la metodologia utilitzada en l'estudi del cas, basades a l'observació participant s'han mostrat útils per tractar els pro¬blemes plantejats. - Els resultats del treball realitzat tenen repercussions en la formació inicial i permanent del professorat i en el disseny dels currículums i materials curri¬culars. D'una altra banda, la seva generalització faria necessari la seva rèplica en altres etapes i àrees curriculars.

A general model of error-prone PCR

In this paper, we generalise a previously-described model of the error-prone polymerase chain reaction (PCR) reaction to conditions of arbitrarily variable amplification efficiency and initial population size. Generalisation of the model to these conditions improves the correspondence to observed and expected behaviours of PCR, and restricts the extent to which the model may explore sequence space for a prescribed set of parameters. Error-prone PCR in realistic reaction conditions is predicted to be less effective at generating grossly divergent sequences than the original model. The estimate of mutation rate per cycle by sampling sequences from an in vitro PCR experiment is correspondingly affected by the choice of model and parameters. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A low delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol cannabis extract induces hyperphagia in rats

Appetite stimulation via partial agonism of cannabinoid type 1 receptors by Δ9tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9THC) is well documented and can be modulated by non-Δ9THC phytocannabinoids. Δ9THC concentrations sufficient to elicit hyperphagia induce changes to both appetitive (reduced latency to feed) and consummatory (increased meal one size and duration) behaviours. Here, we show that a cannabis extract containing too little Δ9THC to stimulate appetite can induce hyperphagia solely by increasing appetitive behaviours. Twelve, male Lister hooded rats were presatiated before treatment with a low-Δ9THC cannabis extract (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mg/kg). Hourly intake and meal pattern data were recorded and analyzed using one-way analyses of variance followed by Bonferroni post-hoc tests. The cannabis extract significantly increased food intake during the first hour of testing (at 4.0 mg/kg) and significantly reduced the latency to feed versus vehicle treatments (at doses ≥1.0 mg/kg). Meal size and duration were unaffected. These results show only the increase in appetitive behaviours, which could be attributed to non-Δ9THC phytocannabinoids in the extract rather than Δ9THC. Although further study is required to determine the constituents responsible for these effects, these results support the presence of non-Δ9THC cannabis constituent(s) that exert a stimulatory effect on appetite and likely lack the detrimental psychoactive effects of Δ9THC.

The British Lower Palaeolithic of the early Middle Pleistocene

The archaeology of Britain during the early Middle Pleistocene (MIS 19–12) is represented by a number of key sites across eastern and southern England. These sites include Pakefield, Happisburgh 1, High Lodge, Warren Hill, Waverley Wood, Boxgrove, Kent's Cavern, and Westbury-sub-Mendip, alongside a ‘background scatter’ lithic record associated with the principal river systems (Bytham, pre-diversion Thames, and Solent) and raised beaches (Westbourne–Arundel). Hominin behaviour can be characterised in terms of: preferences for temperate or cool temperate climates and open/woodland mosaic habitats (indicated by mammalian fauna, mollusca, insects, and sediments); a biface-dominated material culture characterised by technological diversity, although with accompanying evidence for distinctive core and flake (Pakefield) and flake tool (High Lodge) assemblages; probable direct hunting-based subsistence strategies (with a focus upon large mammal fauna); and generally locally-focused spatial and landscape behaviours (principally indicated by raw material sources data), although with some evidence of dynamic, mobile and structured technological systems. The British data continues to support a ‘modified short chronology’ to the north of the Alps and the Pyrenees, with highly sporadic evidence for a hominin presence prior to 500–600 ka, although the ages of key assemblages are subject to ongoing debates regarding the chronology of the Bytham river terraces and the early Middle Pleistocene glaciations of East Anglia.

Performance as social practice

Starting point for these outputs is a large scale research project in collaboration with the Zurich University for the Arts and the Kunstmuseum Thun, looking at a redefinition of Social Sculpture (Joseph Beuys/ Bazon Brock, 1970) as a functional device re-deployed to expand the art discourse into a societal discourse. Although Beuys‘ version of a social sculpture involved notions of abstruse mysticism and reformulations of a national identity these were never-the less part of a social transformation that shifted and re-arranged power relations. Following Laclau and Mouffe in their contention that democray is a fundamentally antagonistic process and contesting Grant Kester’s understanding of a ethically based relational practice, this work is alignes itself with Hirschhorn’s claim to an aesthetic practice within communities, following the possibility to view a socially based practice from both ends of the ethics debate, whereby ethical aspects fuels the aethetic to “create situations that are beautiful because they are ethical and shocking because they are ethical, thus in turn aesthetic because they are ethical” (O’Donnell). This project sets out to engage in activities which interact with surrounding communities and evoce new imaginations of site, thereby understanding site as a catalysts for subjective emergences. Performance is tested as a site for social practice. Archival research into local audio/visual resources, such as the Swiss Radio Archive, the Swiss Military Film Archives and zoological film archives of the Basel Zoo, was instrumental to the navigation of this work, under theme of crisis, catastrophy, landscape, fallout, in order to create a visual language for an active performance site. Commissioned by the Kunstmuseum Thun in collaboration with the University for the Arts in Zurich as part of a year long exhibition programme, (other artists are Jeanne Van Heeswijk (NL) and San Keller (CH), ) this project brings together a series of different works in a new performace installation. The performance process includes a performance workshop with 30 school children from local Swiss schools and their teachers, which was conducted publicly in the museum spaces. It enabled the children to engage with an unexpected set of tribal and animalistic behaviours, looking at situations of flight and rescue, resulting in a large performance choreography orchestration without an apparent conductor, it includes a collaboration with renowned Swiss zoologist, Prof Klaus Zuberbühler(University of St Andrews) and the Colonal General Haldimann commander of the military base in Thun. The installation included 2 static video images, shot in an around spectacular local cave site (Beatus Caves) including 3 children. The project will culminate in an edited edition of the Oncurating Journal, (issue no, tbc, in 2012) including interviews and essays from project collaborators. (Army Commander General, Thun, Jörg Hess, performance script, Timothy Long, and others)

A comprehensive meta-analysis of common genetic variants in autism spectrum conditions

Background Autism spectrum conditions (ASC) are a group of neurodevelopmental conditions characterized by difficulties in social interaction and communication alongside repetitive and stereotyped behaviours. ASC are heritable, and common genetic variants contribute substantial phenotypic variability. More than 600 genes have been implicated in ASC to date. However, a comprehensive investigation of candidate gene association studies in ASC is lacking. Methods In this study, we systematically reviewed the literature for association studies for 552 genes associated with ASC. We identified 58 common genetic variants in 27 genes that have been investigated in three or more independent cohorts and conducted a meta-analysis for 55 of these variants. We investigated publication bias and sensitivity and performed stratified analyses for a subset of these variants. Results We identified 15 variants nominally significant for the mean effect size, 8 of which had P values below a threshold of significance of 0.01. Of these 15 variants, 11 were re-investigated for effect sizes and significance in the larger Psychiatric Genomics Consortium dataset, and none of them were significant. Effect direction for 8 of the 11 variants were concordant between both the datasets, although the correlation between the effect sizes from the two datasets was poor and non-significant. Conclusions This is the first study to comprehensively examine common variants in candidate genes for ASC through meta-analysis. While for majority of the variants, the total sample size was above 500 cases and 500 controls, the total sample size was not large enough to accurately identify common variants that contribute to the aetiology of ASC.

Head shape evolution in Tropidurinae lizards: does locomotion constrain diet?

Different components of complex integrated systems may be specialized for different functions, and thus the selective pressures acting on the system as a whole may be conflicting and can ultimately constrain organismal performance and evolution. The vertebrate cranial system is one of the most striking examples of a complex system with several possible functions, being associated to activities as different as locomotion, prey capture, display and defensive behaviours. Therefore, selective pressures on the cranial system as a whole are possibly complex and may be conflicting. The present study focuses on the influence of potentially conflicting selective pressures (diet vs. locomotion) on the evolution of head shape in Tropidurinae lizards. For example, the expected adaptations leading to flat heads and bodies in species living on vertical structures may conflict with the need for improved bite performance associated with the inclusion of hard or tough prey into the diet, a common phenomenon in Tropidurinae lizards. Body size and six variables describing head shape were quantified in preserved specimens of 23 species, and information on diet and substrate usage was obtained from the literature. No phylogenetic signal was observed in the morphological data at any branch length tested, suggesting adaptive evolution of head shape in Tropidurinae. This pattern was confirmed by both factor analysis and independent contrast analysis, which suggested adaptive co-variation between the head shape and the inclusion of hard prey into the diet. In contrast to our expectations, habitat use did not constrain or drive head shape evolution in the group.

Validering av Alberta Context Tool (ACT) för bruk inom svensk kommunal äldrevård : Ett verktyg för implementering av evidensbaserad vård

The aim of this study was to conduct an instrument test of the Canadian questionnaire Alberta Context Tool (ACT) version Long-Term care for Swedish conditions. ACT is designed in order to measure the context in the care environment and different behaviours related to the changes in clinical practice. In total, 159 Licensed Practical Nurses (LPNs) and Registered Nurses (RNs) within municipality care of the elderly were included in the survey. The test included the instrument's reliability and face validity.The reliability test was implemented through calculation of Cronbach´s Alpha, and showed internal consistency for five of the scales of the ACT-instrument with Cronbach´s Alpha values ranging between 0,728 and 0,873. However, three dimensions got lower values (0,558 - 0,683).The analysis was carried out with content analysis and carried out for LPNs and RNs in separate groups. The majority of LPNs expressed that it was easy to respond to the questions (56%), while nine percent considered it as difficult. Eleven comments were given about questions that were perceived to be unclear, complicated or contained difficult words. In the RN group only 30 percent considered that the questions were easy to respond to. One third of the RNs considered that part of the questions were unclear, and six RNs expressed also which questions they experienced as unclear. In general, the questions in the ACT were perceived as relevant. The instrument's relevance as a tool to measure contextual factors that influence the implementation of evidence based nursing can also be considered to be determined. By modifying the content in the questionnaire in accordance with what appeared in this survey and to implement yet another test, the instrument should be considered to be relevant for use within Swedish municipality care of the elderly. ACT can be used both as a tool in the work on improvement of clinical practice and as a tool for further research about implementation of evidence based nursing.

Towards a Monitoring Framework for Agent-Based Contract Systems

The behaviours of autonomous agents may deviate from those deemed to be for the good of the societal systems of which they are a part. Norms have therefore been proposed as a means to regulate agent behaviours in open and dynamic systems, and may be encoded in electronic contracts in order to specify the obliged, permitted and prohibited behaviours of agents that are signatories to such contracts. Enactment and management of electronic contracts thus enables the use of regulatory mechanisms to ensure that agent behaviours comply with the encoded norms. To facilitate such mechanisms requires monitoring in order to detect and explain violation of norms. In this paper we propose a framework for monitoring that is to be implemented and integrated into a suite of contract enactment and management tools. The framework adopts a non-intrusive approach to monitoring, whereby the states of a contract with respect to its contained norms can be inferred on the basis of messages exchanged. Specifically, the framework deploys agents that observe messages sent between contract signatories, where these messages correspond to agent behaviours and therefore indicate whether norms are, or are in danger of, being violated.

A Framework for Monitoring Agent-Based Normative Systems

The behaviours of autonomous agents may deviate from those deemed to be for the good of the societal systems of which they are a part. Norms have therefore been proposed as a means to regulate agent behaviours in open and dynamic systems, where these norms specify the obliged, permitted and prohibited behaviours of agents. Regulation can effectively be achieved through use of enforcement mechanisms that result in a net loss of utility for an agent in cases where the agent's behaviour fails to comply with the norms. Recognition of compliance is thus crucial for achieving regulation. In this paper we propose a generic architecture for observation of agent behaviours, and recognition of these behaviours as constituting, or counting as, compliance or violation. The architecture deploys monitors that receive inputs from observers, and processes these inputs together with transition network representations of individual norms. In this way, monitors determine the fulfillment or violation status of norms. The paper also describes a proof of concept implementation and deployment of monitors in electronic contracting environments.

A Framework for Monitoring Agent-Based Normative Systems

The behaviours of autonomous agents may deviate from those deemed to be for the good of the societal systems of which they are a part. Norms have therefore been proposed as a means to regulate agent behaviours in open and dynamic systems, where these norms specify the obliged, permitted and prohibited behaviours of agents. Regulation can effectively be achieved through use of enforcement mechanisms that result in a net loss of utility for an agent in cases where the agent’s behaviour fails to comply with the norms. Recognition of compliance is thus crucial for achieving regulation. In this paper we propose a generic architecture for observation of agent behaviours, and recognition of these behaviours as constituting, or counting as, compliance or violation. The architecture deploys monitors that receive inputs from observers, and processes these inputs together with transition network representations of individual norms. In this way, monitors determine the fulfillment or violation status of norms. The paper also describes a proof of concept implementation and deployment of monitors in electronic contracting environments.

Como desenvolver e implementar um programa de segurança empresarial - o caso da fundação getulio vargas

A Segurança Empresarial é um programa preventivo que visa proteger os valores de uma empresa, para preservação das condições operacionais dentro da normalidade. As empresas estão sujeitas a ameaças relacionadas às suas atividades no mercado em que atuam. Muitas dessas ameaças são conhecidas e identificadas e, dentro do possível, é estabelecido um programa de proteção de seus interesses. Entretanto, as ameaças aos demais bens da empresa não são evidentes, nem perceptíveis tão facilmente. As medidas tomadas para prevenir a efetivação dessas ameaças, por meio de um Programa de Segurança Empresarial ou para minorar os problemas decorrentes da concretização dessas ameaças, até a volta às condições habituais de operação das empresas, por meio da execução de um Plano de Contingência, são vistas, não raramente, como despesas e poucas vezes como investimento com retomo. Nem geram resultados operacionais para a empresa. o objetivo final desta dissertação de mestrado foi estabelecer um Programa de Segurança Empresarial para a Fundação Getulio Vargas - FGV, recomendando a revisão das normas e procedimentos de segurança que comporão o Manual de Segurança e sugerir que a FGV o inclua no Plano Estratégico. Para alcançar o objetivo final. foram definidos: Conceitos Básicos de Segurança e Contingência; Critérios de Classificação de Dados; Gestão do Processo de Segurança e Contingência; Função Administração de Segurança. Alguns tipos de pesquisa foram aplicados. Quanto aos meios, caracterizou-se como estudo de caso; para a elaboração das recomendações de revisão das normas e procedimentos de segurança, foram aplicadas pesquisas bibliográfica, documental e de campo. Quanto ao fim, pesquisa aplicada, motivada pela necessidade de resolver problemas concretos, com finalidade prática. Foram efetuadas visitas e entrevistas nas instalações da sede da FGV e no prédio da Bolsa de Valores do Rio de Janeiro - BVRJ. Dada a complexidade e abrangência da Segurança Empresarial, o estudo foi limitado a tratar de segurança física. Foi observada a necessidade da FGV rever as Normas e Procedimentos de Segurança Empresarial, buscando melhorar o nível de segurança geral e adotar instrumentos modernos de prevenção de ocorrência de sinistros que ponham em risco os valores da FGV, a saber: pessoas, instalações físicas, equipamentos, informações, suprimentos e facilidades de comunicação. Está sendo recomendada a adoção da metodologia Sistemática Integrada de Segurança e Contingência - SISC, para minimizarão dos impactos de situações emergências.

Planejamento governamental : aspectos teoricos e uma analise das experiencias mundial, brasileira e cearense

O planejamento provoca um fascínio e deslumbramento no homem desde os primórdios do seu aparecimento, quando procura antever o futuro, que se lhe apresenta desconhecido e misterioso. Uma das características do ser humano é fazer planos, sendo essa atividade uma atitude inerente ao homem e também às sociedades. A literatura brasileira, disponível sobre o tema, apresenta-se de uma certa forma dicotômica, quase sempre sem uma unidade orgânica, ora produzindo parcos estudos teóricos, ora fornecendo análises de experiências específicas de países, regiões e estados em períodos de tempo determinados. A dissertação de mestrado para a Escola Brasileira de Administração Pública - EBAP Fundaçâo Getúlio Vargas - FGV,Planejamento Governamental. Aspectos teóricos e uma análise das experiências mundial, brasileira e cearence, consolida num só estudo os aspectos teóricos e práticos dentro de um encadeamento lógico,didático com o objetivo de revisitar/esclarecer o tema e servir de mate rial de consulta/referência para cursos de graduação e pós-graduação da disciplina Planejamento Governamental. Para uma melhor compreensão das experiências de planejamento, apresenta inicialmente os aspectos teóricos, conceituando o tema e relacionando suas funções ~ características. O trabalho mostra o inter-relacionamento do, planejamento com o poder e a política, incluindo a discussão do mito da neutralidade e racionalidade, assim como' sua utilização como instrumento nas mãos dos que detêm o poder, Demonstra também o caráter do plnejamento como processo com definições e a descrição de três modelos teóricos - Bromley, Tristão e Hilhorst. Apresenta o dilema liberdade do setor privado versus intervenção governamental, desde as primeiras manifestações de planejamento na Rússia, após a revolução de outubro de 1917 passando pelas experiências da Europa e Estados Unidos da América, até a dos países subdesenvolvidos, cada qual com suas condições históricas e institucionais peculiares. Faz uma análise da experiências mundial e brasileira (dividida em fases: ocasional - até 1930, empírica 1930-1964 e científica 1964-1986), sendo que para esta última adota uma abordagem síntese baseada nos pontos de vista de diversos autores examinados, principalmente Benedicto Silva, Werner Baer, Issac Kerstenetzky, Anniba1 V. Villela, Jorge Vianna Monteiro e Luiz Roberto Aze vedo Cunha. No caso da experiência cearense ( 1963-1986 ), a descrição factual e linear dos planos tem uma seqUência temporal (a exemplo dos planos brasileiros), forma meramente didática escolhi da e visa uma melhor compreensão do assunto. Paralelamente, analisa os planos em seus aspectos econômico, social, político e cultural de forma integrada, numa tentativa de dimensionar a história total do planejamento estadual. O enfoque tradicional de comparação objetivos propostos/objetivos alcançados, muito comum nas análises das experiências de planejamento, é deixado de lado stricto-senso. Em contrapartida, dá ênfase a um aspecto que julga mais relevante: a identificação da evolução dos arranjos organizacionais, visto ser o planejamento algo que neles se traduz e cuja exequibilidade depende, em alto grau, do contexto institucional. Isentando o conceito do planejamento de culpa pelo seu fracasso no atingimento da maioria de seus objetivos, o trabalho aponta uma série de fatores particularmente desfavoráveis que configura uma situação de crise: Objetivos apologéticos e triunfalistas; retórica inócua; uso do planejamento no sentido de fortalecedor e viabilizador dos interesses da classe dominante; exarcebação da técnica e tese da neutralidade do planejamento para efeito de obtenção de poder; manipulação do planejamento como instrumento de mistificação, assim como seu uso como fetiche e servidor de "trampolim" para a política (principalmente no Ceará); a eliminação do caráter federativo da União Republicana, provocando a perda de autonomia dos estados com o sistema tributário, conduzindo a uma centralização das decisões ( e do poder )'; ausência de continuidade nas políticas econômicas de longo prazo tendo como corolário a descontinuidade administrativa e, por último, a própria natureza do planejamento posto em prática no Brasil e no Ceará que, sendo indicativo, não detém o controle de todas as variáveis do processo. O aparecimento de um novo paradigma para o planejamento governamental passaria, necessariamente, pela antítese dos entraves apontados no estudo.

Fundamentos da psicologia social

O tema central deste estudo é o dos fundamentos da Psicologia Social. Neste sentido, foram examinados pressupostos ontológicos, epistemológicos, lógicos e axiológicos mas, também, as bases conceituais, teóricas e metodológicas deste setor da Psicologia contemporânea. A justificar este empreendimento, encontram-se duas suposições: a de que qualquer ciência é inexoravelmente construída sobre postulados metafísicos e lógicos, e a de que a falta de clareza em relação a estes impede a instalação de programas de pesquisa consequentes. Os objetivos colimados na consecução deste trabalho podem ficar assim discriminados: caracterização da Psicologia social; análise de suas bases filosóficas e lógicas; especificação da origem e classificação dos conceitos psicossociológicos; avaliação do estágio de teorização atingido na Psicologia Social; e discussão de aspectos epistemológicos da metodologia de pesquisa psicossociológica. Este texto pode ser classificado como filosófico. E pode sê-lo em virtude da natureza dos problemas submetidos à investigação e da metodologia empregada para este fim. São três as conclusões mais relevantes: em primeiro lugar, a de que em todas as ciências sociais e humanas, por subsistirem diversos pressupostos antropológicos ou imagens do Homem, cabe fomentar o pluralismo teórico; a de que nas disciplinas-psicológicas, a orientação nomotética - uma dentre várias alternativas doutrinárias existentes - deve continuar a ser desenvolvida; e, finalmente, a de que a Psicologia Social insere-se como elemento importante no processo de autoconsciência do Homem.