Chromosomal evolution of neotropical cichlids: The role of repetitive DNA sequences in the organization and structure of karyotype

Cichlids are important in the aquaculture and ornamental fish trade and are considered models for evolutionary biology. However, most studies of cichlids have investigated African species, and the South American cichlids remain poorly characterized. Studies in neotropical regions have focused almost exclusively on classical cytogenetic approaches without investigating physical chromosomal mapping of specific sequences. The aim of the present study is to investigate the genomic organization of species belonging to different tribes of the subfamily Cichlinae (Cichla monoculus, Astronotus ocellatus, Geophagus proximus, Acaronia nassa, Bujurquina peregrinabunda, Hoplarchus psittacus, Hypselecara coryphaenoides, Hypselecara temporalis, Caquetaia spectabilis, Uaru amphiacanthoides, Pterophyllum leopoldi, Pterophyllum scalare, and Symphysodon discus) and reexamine the karyotypic evolutionary patterns proposed for this group. Variations in some cytogenetic markers were observed, although no trends were found in terms of the increase, decrease, or maintenance of the basal diploid chromosome number 2n = 48 in the tribes. Several species were observed to have 18S rDNA genetic duplications, as well as multiple rDNA loci. In most of the taxa analyzed, the 5S rDNA was located in the interstitial region of a pair of homologous chromosomes, although variations from this pattern were observed. Interstitial telomere sites were also observed and appear to be involved in chromosomal rearrangement events and the accumulation of repeat-rich satellite DNA sequences. Our data demonstrated the karyotypic diversity that exists among neotropical cichlids, suggesting that most of this diversity is due to the repetitive sequences present in heterochromatic regions and that repeat sequences have greatly influenced the karyotypic evolution of these fishes. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

Social vulnerability, insurance and risk diversification in Latin America and the Caribbean

Includes bibliography

Basel II: developing countries and portfolio diversification

Includes bibliography

Policies for economic diversification

Includes bibliography

Export diversification and growth in emerging economies

Includes bibliography

Politiques de diversification économique

Inclut la bibliographie

Regional integration and export diversification in MERCOSUR: the case of Argentina and Brazil

Includes bibliography

Free trade agreements in Latin America since 1990: an evaluation of export diversification

Includes bibliography

Interclonal Variations in the Molecular Karyotype of Trypanosoma cruzi: Chromosome Rearrangements in a Single Cell-Derived Clone of the G Strain

Trypanosoma cruzi comprises a pool of populations which are genetically diverse in terms of DNA content, growth and infectivity. Inter- and intra-strain karyotype heterogeneities have been reported, suggesting that chromosomal rearrangements occurred during the evolution of this parasite. Clone D11 is a single-cell-derived clone of the T. cruzi G strain selected by the minimal dilution method and by infecting Vero cells with metacyclic trypomastigotes. Here we report that the karyotype of clone D11 differs from that of the G strain in both number and size of chromosomal bands. Large chromosomal rearrangement was observed in the chromosomes carrying the tubulin loci. However, most of the chromosome length polymorphisms were of small amplitude, and the absence of one band in clone D11 in relation to its reference position in the G strain could be correlated to the presence of a novel band migrating above or below this position. Despite the presence of chromosomal polymorphism, large syntenic groups were conserved between the isolates. The appearance of new chromosomal bands in clone D11 could be explained by chromosome fusion followed by a chromosome break or interchromosomal exchange of large DNA segments. Our results also suggest that telomeric regions are involved in this process. The variant represented by clone D11 could have been induced by the stress of the cloning procedure or could, as has been suggested for Leishmania infantum, have emerged from a multiclonal, mosaic parasite population submitted to frequent DNA amplification/deletion events, leading to a 'mosaic' structure with different individuals having differently sized versions of the same chromosomes. If this is the case, the variant represented by clone D11 would be better adapted to survive the stress induced by cloning, which includes intracellular development in the mammalian cell. Karyotype polymorphism could be part of the T. cruzi arsenal for responding to environmental pressure. © 2013 Lima et al.

Technological dimensions of economic diversification and development in the Caribbean with specific reference to the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS)

Includes bibliography

Application of the concepts of agro-tourism, agricultural diversification and food and nutrition for the development of Caribbean communities with reference to standards and priority setting

Introduction There is a renewed call for a new approach to development with emphasis on community empowerment or participation, with the belief that more sustainable activities will be undertaken in those communities. Much of that call, however, is coming not from within the communities, but primarily from advocates of change who may have little to do with those communities. What then will the new approach bring apart from a change in who are the decision-makers? And how do we ensure that the change that is called for will, in fact, bring added benefits to the communities themselves? To be sure, there are some successful stories of a community approach to problem solving. However, there are also many more stories of project failures. Serious analytical work, therefore, needs to be done to determine the factors that promote a successful community-based approach; when this approach should be used; and the methodology that should be employed. In an attempt to determine these factors, a brief analysis will be made of some of the governing structures in the subregion and their possible impact on the proposed new approach. Some of the earlier efforts at stakeholder and community approach to projects will also be examined as well as the new development strategy that is prompting the call for this new paradigm. The new paradigm focuses to a large extent on decision-making and community empowerment. With few exceptions, it is short on the promotion of tangible activities that are based on the resource inventory of the communities. This is not surprising, since, as noted before, the advocates of community empowerment may have very little connection with the communities and, in most cases, are unfamiliar with the resource base. Hence, a theoretical case is made, suggesting more style than substance. Another obvious shortcoming of this new paradigm is its continued over- dependence on assistance from the outside to build communities. Externally funded projects, seminars and meetings outside of the communities and foreign technical assistance continue to dominate these projects. While, of course, all communities have basic common needs such as water, health, education and electricity, there is sufficient diversity within communities to allow for tailoring of activities and programmes such that their differences become assets. It is in that context, that agro-tourism activities, standards, agricultural diversification, food and nutrition and priority setting have been chosen as aspects and activities for promoting community development, drawing on the various strengths of communities, rural or urban.

Towards diversification of the tourism sector: A recreational demand study of yachting and marina services in the Caribbean

Includes bibliography.

The international trade position of Argentina. Towards a process of export diversification?

Includes bibliography.

Descrição cariotípica de peixes dos gêneros Baryancistrus, Parancistrus, Peckoltia e Ancistrus (Ancistrinae, Loricariidae) da Bacia Amazônica

A subfamília Ancistrinae é uma das mais diversificadas entre os Loricariidae, incluindo cerca de 200 espécies distribuídas em 26 gêneros. Esses peixes são facilmente reconhecidos pela presença de placas ósseas dispostas em séries ao longo do corpo e pela presença de boca em posição ventral anterior. São vulgarmente conhecidos por acaris, bodós, cascudos. As espécies da subfamília Ancistrinae representam um importante recurso sócio-econômico, constituindo uma das mais importantes atividades comerciais no município de Altamira-PA. Foram analisadas, através das técnicas convencionais (Giemsa, bandeamento C e Ag-NORs) e técnica de fluorocromo (Cromomicina A3), dez espécies de peixes da subfamília Ancistrinae pertencentes a quatro gêneros (Baryancistrus, Parancistrus, Peckoltia e Ancistrus). As espécies do gênero Baryancistrus revelaram um número diplóide 2n= 52 e NF=104. A NOR foi encontrada em posição intersticial no braço curto de um par cromossômico do tipo meta/submetacêntrico. A espécie B. aff. niveatus apresentou grandes blocos heterocromáticos ricos em pares de bases G-C como apomorfia, sendo esta espécie considerada como mais derivada cariotipicamente entre os Baryancistrus. As espécies do gênero Parancistrus apresentaram uma estrutura cariotípica muito similar àquela encontrada em Baryancistrus, apresentando as Regiões Organizadoras de Nucléolos como uma provável sinapomorfia entre os dois gêneros. Os representantes do gênero Peckoltia possuem número diplóide 2n=52 e NF=102. Todas as espécies analisadas apresentaram grandes blocos heterocromáticos, envolvendo quase todos os braços longos de alguns pares cromossomos do tipo submetacêntricos e subtelocêntricos, sendo esta característica uma provável sinapornorfia para este grupo. A NOR foi localizada no braço longo de um par de cromossomos submetacêntricos em P. vittata e em no máximo três cromossomos nas espécies Peckoltia sp.1 e Peckoltia sp.2. A espécie Ancistrus ranunculus foi a que apresentou o cariótipo mais derivado entre as espécies estudadas, com o número dipló ide igual a 48 cromossomos e NF 80. As análises citogenéticas feitas até agora sugerem que os principais eventos de diversificação cariotípica para os Ancistrinae foram às inversões, a exceção de Ancistrus ranunculus que apresentou também rearranjos Robertsonianos.

The karyotype of Alouatta fusca clamitans from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Evidence for a y-autosome translocation

Os cariótipos referentes a quatro machos de Alouatta fusca clamitans oriundos do Rio de Janeiro foram analisados através de técnicas de bandamento G, C e NOR. O número diplóide em todos os espécimes foi igual a 49, com a presença de três cromossomos não pareados. A comparação dos padrões de bandamento G com espécimes previamente descritos com 2n = 50 revelou a ocorrência de uma translocação do tipo Y-autossomo, modificando o sistema cromossômico de determinação sexual para o tipo múltiplo, X1X2Y/X1X1 X2X2. Os blocos de heterocromatina constitutiva se distribuíram na região pericentromérica de todos os cromossomos; segmentos intercalares e teloméricos foram visualizados em um par acrocêntrico e em outro submetacêntrico, respectivamente. As regiões organizadoras de nucléolo se localizaram no braço longo de dois pares de pequenos acrocêntricos.