Institucionalização da Gestão Escolar no Brasil: em foco as primeiras décadas do século XX (1911-1950)

This work aims to investigate the institutionalization of management processes in the legislation of the Brazilian education. For this study was considered the first decades of the twentieth century (1911-1950). The laws of Brazil in the early Republic were derived from tradition or forged by the great legislators. In turn, the tradition is inserted in the power of social organization that is preserved, in a more forceful manner, through the norms and rules. With this assumption, the study chose the Rivadávia and Carlos Maximiliano Reforms, both of the beginning of the century, and the Organic Laws of Teaching, granted by the government in this period, to understand how legislation institutionalized the role of the director in basic education in this context history. The reflections presented introduce historical elements that demonstrate actions and relationships that remain in the form of habits in the school managements. These institutionalized elements contribute to the debate about the political and pedagogical difficulties pointed out by scholars and professionals, related to the promotion of democratic management in the public school.

A moldura em análise

Considering that our practice is intended to deconstruct stigmas andstereotypes socially produced and institutionalized from normativities ofgender and sexuality, this work proposes a reflection on two issues which hascaused concerns: the secrecy and the ethics in relation to the patients whocome to us. This is because, most of these are LGBTs (lesbian, gay, bisexual,transvestite, transsexual and transgender), and that by being in a situation ofghettoization created by homophobia and resized by inner city context, aresubject to coexist and to relate, what makes be serviced by the same internshipproject or have friends or lovers in this. And, in this configuration, the group isquestioned by ethical dilemmas which imposes on the therapeutic relationship,forcing him to repositioning the respect of aesthetics, this is, the pictureframe setting, the treatment policy, the transference, the ethics and thesecrecy, forcing these concepts to the limit.

Emprego de redes complexas para modelar e analisar a disseminação de microrganismos da familia enterobacteriaceae em pacientes mantidos em unidades de terapia intensiva

Nowadays the studies of different methodologies to interfere in the growing and spread of serious infections and systemic status in institutionalized patients those kept on intensive therapy units are relevant to understanding these complex systems and bring benefits to several health areas, particularly public health. In this study, it was analyzed the clinical and microbiological data from patients hospitalized in intensive therapy units. The interaction between patients and caregivers was modeled and analyzed using dynamic system model and complex network theory, identifying outbreaks values of microorganisms of Enterobacteriaceae Family.

Percepção de acadêmicos de odontologia sobre o envelhecimento

The changes on learning space where Dentistry Students stay in front of social reality, by university extension, represent a strategy to form dentists according to Brazilian Curricular Directresses. In Araçatuba Dental School (FOA-UNESP), one of alternatives to add students on real locals of dentistry practices is the “Always Smiling Project – Dental Attention for institutionalized elderly in Araçatuba City, São Paulo State – Brazil”. The aim of this study was to verify the self-perception of dentistry students about aging before and after participation in this Project during one school year. To data collection, an instrument with 3 opened questions was performed and applied on 45 students, in the beginning of activities in 2009 and after 8 months. The answers were analyzed by content categorization. The results showed that the perception of students about old people was negative relating them with frail person that needs help and the students’ expectations were higher about clinical aspects of attention. In the end of school year was clear the difference of students’ comprehension about aging and their thoughts demonstrated the empathy resulting from relation. Besides, students related knowledge gain and noted that health attention involve others aspects that are over than biological space. It was possible to conclude that insertion of students in “Always Smiling” contributed to reflection and learn about aging process and suggest that practices like these should be added in Brazilian Universities.

A importância da integração universidade e serviços de saúde

Brazilian Curricular Directrix demand changes on teaching dental surgeon, proposing new scenes of learning and study other than the classroom. So, pedagogic projects should search for integral and adequate education by relating teaching, research and extension/assistance. This paper discusses the importance of university extension activities on teaching Odontology students and relates the experience of Araçatuba Dental School of São Paulo State University. This school develops some university extension activities since the 60s by Dental Service Beyond School (SEMO, in portuguese). Among the activities included by SEMO there are several projects, such as: “Program of Dental Attention for Pregnant Women”, “Program of Dental Attention to Juvenile Foundation at Araçatuba”, “Always Smiling – Health Promotion for Institutionalized Elderlies”, “Santa Clara de Assis Nursery School Program of Dental Attention”, and "Promotion of oral health in Araçatuba public kindergarten schools”. These programs give the student knowledge of structure dimensions of public health services; chance to participate on attendance for the population, comprehension of oral health politics, and the role of dental surgeon in social context, where these students will work in the future. The positive impact obtained with these services is perceived by students return. Most of them feel satisfied about the experience lived there.

Projeto Sempre Sorrindo: 10 anos de atenção ao idoso institucionalizado

Introduction: To correctly attend the health needs of the elderly population, it is necessary to invest in training of human resources. Thus, it becomes indispensable to insert the geriatric dentistry content into graduation courses. Objective: To describe the experiences and the results obtained during 10 years of an university extension project focused on oral health care of institutionalized elderly. Methodology: This is a documental and descriptive work, which was analyzed the institutional process of ten years of the University Extension Program, “Always Smiling - Dental Care for the Elderly Institutionalized of Araçatuba, “ developed at the Araçatuba Dental School, FOA/ UNESP. It were collected quantitative and qualitative data, and these were classified and interpreted according to the technique of categorizing the content. Results: In ten years of implementation, the project “Always Smiling” involved undergraduate students, professors and post-graduate students, who together have developed practical activities such as health education, hygiene supervision, recreational and educational activities, epidemiological surveys of oral health conditions and consequently, dental care according to the need of the treatment. Conclusion: The project “Always Smiling” serves as a working model for elderly health care, because it acts involves many aspects, from the prevention of diseases, even to the training of elderly caregivers, benefiting the institutionalized elderly and health professionals.

O conceito de saúde geral e bucal na visão dos cuidadores de idosos

The aim of this study was to analyze the perception of elderly caregivers in relation to the meaning of general and oral health and about oral health status of the institutionalized aged. It was performed a qualitative study, using Discourse of Collective Subject method. It were interviewed 42 caregivers who worked in longterm care facilities of Araçatuba City, SP and Passo Fundo City, RS – Brazil, applying a structured questionnaire. The interviews were recorded and transcript to be performed the qualitative analysis. The answers were analyzed and them it was elaborated the discourses of collective subject (DCS). Oral health, according to caregivers, was hygiene habits and good diet, while the absence of oral health was sequelae of oral diseases. It's possible to note that older means of health were being substituted by new perceptions of quality of life and is very divergent between older professionals and those who graduated during last two decades. However, according to caregivers, this health perception as quality of life was not included in Dentistry, where the old mean "absence of symptoms" was prevalent. For part of them, the institutionalized elderly have no oral health and the only way to improve their condition was through clinical attendance.

Estratégias de prevenção e contenção do bullying nas escolas: as propostas governamentais e de pesquisa no Brasil e na Espanha

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Estado nutricional e ocorrência de hipertensão arterial e de diabetes em idosos residentes e não residentes em instituições geriátricas

The aging process involves challenges in meeting social needs, economic and health. Physiopathological changes and socio-economic predispose the elderly population at nutritional risk. The monitoring of nutritional status predict some complications of obesity or malnutrition, and is a tool for health care. The objective to know the nutritional status and risk of chronic diseases of the elderly in geriatric institutions and volunteers. The elderly population of 3 geriatric institutions (n=122) and non-institutionalized elderly (n=75) were evaluated. The body mass index was evaluated according to Nutrition Screening Initiative. For waist circumference, was used the World Health Organization criteria. For statistical analysis, chi-square was used. A high proportion of obesity (46%) was observed. The underweight affects 4% and 20% of noninstitutionalized and institutionalized, respectively. The frequency of the risk of diseases associated with obesity was higher among non-institutionalized. Hypertension affects more than 50% of the elderly. The nutritional status was different between the two situations, with high incidence of overweight and visceral adiposity, in volunteers, and wasting among institutionalized. The data emphasize that it is necessary special attention and appropriate measures to prevent morbidity and mortality and to improve quality of life.

Factors related to poor self-perceived oral health among community-dwelling elderly individuals in São Paulo, Brazil

The present study investigated the prevalence of poor self-perceived oral health and its association with oral health, general health and socioeconomic factors among elderly individuals from São Paulo, Brazil. The sample consisted of 871 elderly individuals enrolled in the Health, Wellbeing and Aging cohort study. Self-perceived oral health was measured by the question: "How would you rate your oral health?". Most subjects self-rated their oral health as good. Among dentate individuals, poor oral health was related to depression, poor self-rated health, dental treatment, dental checkups and the psychosocial subscale scores of the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index. Edentulous individuals were more likely to report poor oral health, whereas those with higher psychosocial scores were less likely to report poor self-rated oral health. Poor self-rated oral health is associated with general health factors and the psychosocial impact of oral health on quality of life, regardless of socioeconomic and clinical health measures.

As ações afirmativas para afrodescendentes articuladas a partir de parcerias intersetoriais: uma análise argumentativa do caso Geração XXI

Objetiva-se com este trabalho aprofundar o conhecimento sobre as parcerias intersetoriais entre Estado, mercado e sociedade civil, a partir da análise argumentativa de um caso, o projeto Geração XXI, a primeira ação afirmativa para jovens negros no Brasil. Este trabalho utiliza as teorias da argumentação, sobretudo a teoria da ação comunicativa de Habermas, para avaliar a validade dos discursos manifestados pelos diferentes parceiros e a capacidade destes de criar "situações dialógicas" que busquem possíveis soluções por vias argumentativas. O trabalho baseia-se numa pesquisa qualitativa que combinou a observação participante com entrevistas semiestruturadas. A conclusão apontará que, apesar de o projeto ter sido bem gerenciado desde o ponto de vista da racionalidade instrumental, houve falhas na construção de um significado aceitável por todos os colaboradores de conceitos-chave - ação afirmativa, gestão da diversidade e responsabilidade social, bem como nos procedimentos de comunicação institucionalizados, que afetaram negativamente os processos e resultados finais do projeto.

Estudio de las prácticas corporales, artísticas / recreativas, realizadas en instituciones y lugares de las ciudades de Neuquén / Cipolletti, y Bariloche

La creciente participación de niños, jóvenes y adultos en el espacio público y privado de las ciudades, su presencia cada vez más generalizada en la práctica de disciplinas que involucran al cuerpo en movimiento pero realizadas por fuera de los marcos institucionales, revelan un escenario intrigante para la investigación en detalle de esas prácticas. Muchas de ellas involucran formas de la experiencia estética del movimiento, en escuelas de danza, de comedia musical, de expresión corporal, y otras que se encuadran en la mímica y las actividades circenses, los malabarismos, las destrezas de danza aérea, el clawn. Asimismo, muchas de ellas, se enseñan y se aprenden en el espacio público urbano, o bien en espacios institucionales que adquieren un carácter 'alternativo' en relación a su uso cotidiano: Escuelas y Colegios en horarios de contraturno, gimnasios, salones comunitarios, etc... Es necesario conocer el actual estado, describirlo y analizarlo, buceando especialmente en los modelos de organización interna de estas pequeñas agrupaciones o 'formaciones' (Williams) de personas que realizan actividades corporales con sentido 'estético' y/o 'recreativo y artístico', pero sin pretensiones de participación en espacios institucionalizados. A su vez, se considera necesario reconocer esta nueva conformación 'figuracional' (Elias N.), ya que permite identificar un nuevo escenario de relaciones sociales, reconocerlos como lugares de producción y reproducción de la cultura corporal. Es también, la posibilidad de construir un 'prisma' que permita leer críticamente los modelos didácticos de la Educación corporal en las instituciones

Apuntes sobre los discursos en Alberto Langlade como estudiante de Educación Física (1943-1945)

El presente trabajo aborda diferentes elementos que estructuran los discursos en Alberto Langlade durante el período de su formación como profesor de Educación Física (EF) desde 1943 a 1946. Es parte una indagación de mayor alcance, que pretende desplegar los sentidos de la enseñanza vinculados a la formación de profesores de Educación Física en el ámbito público, en el período 1945-1966, ubicándonos en lo que Dogliotti (2009) denominó consolidación de la formación terciaria. La figura de Alberto Langlade, demanda detenerse en el análisis de sus discursos, por su reconocimiento central en la Gimnasia, el deporte y la EF, tanto a nivel nacional como internacional. Los discursos no serán tomados como expresión única de la conciencia que corrobore la continuidad en el tiempo de una racionalidad moderna, sino como acontecimientos posiblemente constitutivos de ésta. La biografía no se presenta como una cronología, sino que entra en juego para pensar las condiciones reunidas de lo que ha sido posible de ser dicho en un momento concreto, y para lo que entendemos resulta oportuno anclarlo provisoriamente en el suelo de discursos institucionalizados que fija sus reglas

Saberes literarios en algunos modos de leer literatura : Continuidades y tensiones entre la enseñanza literaria en la escuela media y en la universidad

La instancia de pasaje institucional genera tensiones en los modos de leer y concebir lo literario, y en las prácticas de escritura que pretenden dar cuenta de esos conocimientos. Desde una perspectiva cualitativa -que se considera la más ajustada para analizar estas problemáticas- se advierte cómo los ingresantes a las carreras de Letras despliegan lecturas que en buena medida responden a modos de leer institucionalizados y valorados en el ámbito de la escuela media, en un complejo entramado de creencias y tradiciones que, por ejemplo, actualizan la noción de autor como dador de sentido en un texto literario, en tanto saber privilegiado para el conocimiento de la literatura. Sin embargo, esos saberes legitimados por la formación anterior aparecen, en los mismos escritos, puestos en cuestión o tensionados porunas nuevas formas de apropiación de los conocimientos que el Curso de Ingreso está habilitando para los estudiantes. Esas tensiones no estarían mostrando los remanidos "problemas de comprensión y escritura", sino que estarían dando cuenta de unas resignificaciones de los conocimientos que los alumnos poseen, resignificaciones que a la vez deben encontrar, para su manifestación en la escritura, las formas de un discurso ajeno o en buena medida desconocido, acorde a los modos de legitimación propios de la institución universitaria

El psicoanálisis frente al familiarismo de la época

El presente trabajo se encuentra inscripto en la investigación Vicisitudes del lazo amoroso en la época (en el Gran La Plata). Metodológicamente, analizaremos material bibliográfico actual y revisaremos la casuística que se desprende de las entrevistas que colaboradores en la investigación realizaron a psicólogos, psiquiatras y psicoanalistas que trabajan en instituciones tanto privadas como públicas en nuestra región. Nos centraremos en relación a quién es el agente del pedido de consulta por un niño y en las transformaciones propias de la práctica actual. Ubicamos en una instancia previa, las condiciones de nacimiento del psicoanálisis. En el II Congreso Internacional de Investigación, tras echar un vistazo a la Viena de Wittgenstein, la Viena de Freud, mostrábamos cómo el psicoanálisis ha sido, conforme las variaciones de la figura del padre, a la vez el síntoma y el remedio de un malestar de la época. Partiremos en esta ocasión de situar que en 'El malestar en la cultura' el padre del psicoanálisis hacía de la familia una necesidad de la civilización, basada en el poder del amor: 'pues el varón no quería estar privado de la mujer como objeto sexual y ella no quería separarse del hijo, carne de su carne.' (p.99) Siendo el amor un efecto de discurso, será variable en la historia. Sin embargo, Lacan se dedicó a diferenciar entre operadores estructurales y nociones que provienen de ciertas experiencias históricas contingentes; como la organización de la familia patriarcal, su concepción del Edipo y su promoción a un 'mas allá del Edipo' advierte, como lo señalamos en el anterior informe, de los riesgos para los psicoanalistas de mantenerse en una concepción 'familiarista'. La declinación de la función paterna, que verificamos cotidianamente en los distintos ámbitos de extensión del psicoanálisis, no es cosa nueva. No obstante, situábamos, como rasgo hipermoderna, el ascenso al cenit del objeto a. El capitalismo actual nos presenta sujetos incompletos, ahora bien, divididos más por el mercado que promueve y requiere consumo que por la existencia del inconsciente. Se consumen, también, niños, tempranamente sometidos al discurso en el cual es el saber lo que ocupa el lugar de agente. Estos niños, institucionalizados a pocos días de nacer, van a la escuela, en las que docentes y directivos en lugar de ejercer su función de transmisión, se angustian y quejan con una bomba de tiempo a punto de estallar de continuo. Se arman 'códigos de convivencia' con derechos, obligaciones y consecuencias que sustituyen a los tradicionales y vetustos reglamentos, pero estos caducan antes de internalizarse. Ahora bien, la declinación paterna no solo deja al niño desprotegido frente al deseo materno, el padre no funciona como mediación entre él y la civilización. Como resultado, el niño es capturado directamente por el superyó social, muy tempranamente, la 'curva normal' reemplaza el 'savoir faire' familiar que otrora transmitieran las abuelas. Los niños recitan la declaración de sus derechos al tiempo que resisten a la presión, hiperactivos, no paran de moverse, no responden a las consignas, desafían a maestros, estos lo mandan al gabinete en el cual le aplicarán baterías de Tes. y terminarán como condición, derivándolo a terapia. No podemos pecar de ingenuos, ahí donde la terapia se transforma en un articulo (más o menos lujoso) de consumo. Ante esto ¿qué posición para el analista? Las consultas actuales por niños, según relatan diferentes psicólogos, psicoanalistas de nuestra ciudad en el marco de nuestra investigación, son realizadas cada vez mas a instancias de la institución escolar y sostenidas por otros parientes, particularmente abuelos. Reclaman, en ocasiones, al psicoanalista al lugar mismo en que la sociedad ha disuelto su solución simbólica familiar, diversas herramientas que se implementan ante el colapso de la ley del padre. Leemos estos eventos, no para tomar partido (ni apoyar ni oponernos) sino para calcular nuestra posición en la respuesta en cada caso en la clínica. Si bien los psicoanalistas reparamos la carencia por la simbolización, no es sin resto. Lacan nos ha dicho cómo "no es lo mismo haber tenido su mamá y no la mamá del vecino; se trata de un problema de existencia y no de puro significante". Nuestra brújula es el objeto a, en tanto que anuda el goce y la culpa de existir; no se trata, entonces de pasarles a estos sujetos desorientados los significantes amos de la tradición familiar, ni de reconstituir el inconsciente de antaño. Si se trata de un problema de existencia y no de puro significante, quedará a los analistas un desafío: proteger al niño de los delirios familiaristas