Determinantes sociais condicionantes das altas clínicas dos utentes da rede nas UCCI: um estudo de caso

Introdução: O adiamento das altas clínicas nas Unidades de Cuidados Continuados Integrados (UCCI) por motivos sociais é actualmente considerado um dos principais motivos que impedem a integração atempada de novos clientes na Rede Nacional de Cuidados Continuados, RNCC, daqui em diante designada como a REDE. Este atraso tem impacto ao nível da recuperação e estabilização dos utentes, bem como ao nível de eficiência e eficácia da UCCI, não podendo deixar de se considerarem os aspectos sociais e económicos. Objectivo Geral: Identificar os determinantes que influenciam as altas clínicas em UCCI. Métodos e População do Estudo: Este é um estudo de caso colectivo, em que os dados observacionais, transversais, são recolhidos por meio de questionário de auto-relato (por cada área de intervenção directa) e por análise dos processos de consulta de pacientes. O objecto desta pesquisa abrange dois grupos: o grupo de amostra composto por 70 profissionais de saúde que lidam directamente com os utentes e o grupo amostra composto de utentes internados na UCCI L Nostrum, com alta clínica entre 1/1/2011 e 31/12/2012, e que foram integrados através da REDE. Foram recolhidos os dados de 293 utentes sendo objecto de estudo os casos de 83 utentes integrados através da REDE e com prolongamento de internamento por motivos sociais. Resultados: Na percepção dos profissionais de saúde, as respostas institucionais apresentam-se como a condicionante mais indicada, tanto para os utentes em geral, com 22 indicações (88%) como para os utentes da REDE, com 10 indicações (40%). Relativamente aos motivos familiares há referência de 76% para os utentes em geral e de 36% para os utentes da REDE. Os motivos económicos também apresentam, para os profissionais inquiridos, um valor expressivo (68%) nos utentes em geral, estando nos da REDE este factor condicionante a par com os motivos familiares (36%). Os motivos estruturais têm menor expressão tanto nos utentes em geral (32%) como nos utentes da REDE (16%). “Outros” para os utentes em geral, refere-se a dependência funcional (4%). Nos motivos familiares, para os utentes em geral, 23 (92%) foi mais vezes indicada a insuficiência de suporte familiar, para os utentes da REDE, 13 (52%). A ausência de suporte familiar, para os utentes em geral, representa 48% das respostas, seguindo-se o suporte inadequado (28%) e a ausência de cuidadores (24%). Para os utentes da REDE, o suporte inadequado apresenta-se como segundo motivo (7%), seguindo-se a ausência de suporte familiar (16%). Na percepção dos profissionais, os utentes da REDE estão também condicionados pela distância geográfica (8%) da sua área residencial. Em termos estruturais, os motivos mais assinalados pelos profissionais para a generalidade dos utentes foram as barreiras físicas à mobilidade (80%) e a habitação sem condições básicas de habitabilidade (78%). Os mesmos motivos foram assinalados para os utentes da REDE, barreiras físicas à mobilidade (40%) e habitação sem condições de habitabilidade (28%). No entanto, relativamente aos utentes em geral, a ausência de habitação (29%) e a distância geográfica (4%) também foram motivos assinalados. Dos motivos económicos percebidos pelos profissionais, a insuficiência de rendimentos é o factor mais assinalado pela generalidade dos utentes (84%) e pelos da REDE (68%), seguida da percepção da capacidade de reposta limitada das instituições, 64% para a generalidade dos utentes e 28% para os da REDE e por fim os tipos de respostas insuficientes para as necessidades individuais dos utentes (20% dos utentes em geral e 12% da REDE). No total dos dois anos, 2011 e 2012, verificaram-se na UCCI L Nostrum 293 prorrogações (100%) das quais 210 (71,6%) foram consideradas dentro do prazo e justificadas com motivos clínicos, enquanto 83 (28,3%) foram efectivamente protelamentos por motivos sociais, tendo em conta que nestes casos os utentes já não tinham critérios clínicos que justificassem a sua permanência na UCCI. Das 210 prorrogações consideradas dentro do prazo e justificadas com motivos clínicos, 93 (44,3%) foram-no por tempo de espera para transferência de UCCI. Em 2011, dos 146 utentes com alta protelada (100%), 50 utentes (34,2%) permaneceram na UCCI por motivos sociais, enquanto em 2012 houve registo de 33 casos de protelamento (22,4%) em 147 (100%) altas prorrogadas. Conclusões: Dos factores identificados como motivo de protelamento nos 83 utentes, estritamente por motivos sociais, destaca-se o protelamento de alta por espera de integração em equipamento/resposta adequada, nomeadamente lar ou serviços de apoio domiciliário (79,5%), seguindo-se a insuficiência de rendimentos do utente/familiares para contratação de serviços ou resposta institucional (74,7%), a inexistência de condições habitacionais para regresso ao domicílio (63,9%) e a insuficiência de suporte familiar (54,2%). Regista-se também a inadequação do suporte familiar (31,3%), a inexistência de suporte familiar (28,9%) e, em menor percentagem, a ausência de condições estruturais (13,3%). A ausência de domicílio (sem abrigo) (8,4%) e a ausência de rendimentos (4,8%) também foram factores inibidores da alta clínica. Dos 293 utentes identificados que tiveram protelamento da alta por motivos sociais verificou-se que 144 (49,1%) dos utentes permaneceram unicamente pela existência de condicionantes institucionais e familiares/estruturais. Aspectos éticos: ao longo deste estudo, foram assegurados e respeitados, todos os procedimentos de garantia da confidencialidade e rigor na recolha dos dados, e a não interferência nas dinâmicas da instituição, dos utentes e dos profissionais.

Riskfaktorer för och omvårdnadsåtgärder vid akut delirium : En litteraturstudie

Syftet med litteraturstudien var att beskriva vilka faktorer som i omvårdnadsforskningen beskrivs som bidragande faktorer till akut delirium. Syftet var vidare att beskriva vilka omvårdnadsåtgärder som omvårdnadsforskningen tar upp som kan minska risken för uppkomst av akut delirium. Resultatet baserades på vetenskapliga artiklar som söktes i följande databaser: Elin@dalarna, BlackwellSynergy, PubMed och EBSCO host. Följande sökord användes: delirium, acute, elderly, nursing, patients, caring, management, confusional state, needs. Artiklarna granskades enligt en granskningsmall med avseende på vetenskaplig kvalité. Betydande riskfaktorer för akut delirium var ålder, flera samtidiga sjukdomar, antalet mediciner och typ av medicin. Förutom att genomgå operation var också många åtgärder, framför allt invasiva åtgärder, tidigt under sjukhusvistelsen riskfaktorer för akut delirium. Även flera rumsbyten var en riskfaktor. Viktiga åtgärder för att förebygga akut delirium var psykiatrisk konsultation, tekniker för att underlätta orientering, emotionellt stöd, patientundervisning och anhörigundervisning, patientorientering, fysisk kontakt med patient samt att upprätta kontakt med kurator.

Fallolyckor i äldre personers egna hem : en retrospektiv registerstudie

Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur fallfrekvensen var fördelad mellan män och kvinnor, hur antalet fall var fördelade i åldersgrupperna över respektive under 80 år, när de flesta fallolyckor i det egna hemmet inträffade och om fallen medförde några konsekvenser.Studien var en retrospektiv registerstudie och inkluderade fall hos personer i eget boende med trygghetslarm och/eller hjälp av nattpatrull. Fallolyckorna registrerades på ett instrument som var speciellt utvecklat för projektet. Data från en sex månaders studie med totalt 510 fall av 213 individer analyserades. Resultatet visade att det var främst äldre personer över 80 år som föll och som hamnade på sjukhus. Fallen inträffade oftast förmiddagar och eftermiddagar. Få fall inträffade mellan klockan 00-09. Kvinnorna föll framförallt under december månad. Antal fall som ledde till sjukhusvård var 4.5 % och av dessa var nästan alla individer över 80 år och flertalet var kvinnor. Av de fall som ledde till sjukhusvård inträffade 39 % vid första och enda fallet. Då många vårdtagare föll ett flertal gånger och antalet fall kunde vara mycket högt bör de fallförebyggande åtgärderna ses över. Downton fallriskindex skulle kunna vara ett komplement till övriga fallpreventioner i hemmet. Studien ger användbar data med möjlighet att till exempel utforma hemtjänstens schema utifrån studieresultatet och på så sätt minska antalet fallolyckor i hemmen.

Berörd av beröring : Effekter och användning av beröring på demenssjuka personer- En litteraturstudie

Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att beskriva olika former av beröring samt dess effekt för personer med sjukdomen demens. Sökningarna har gjorts i databaserna Pubmed, Cinahl och sökmotorn ELIN@du.se med sökorden: massage, dementia, nursing, home, touch, older, patients, therapeutic touch, care och therapy. Artiklarna var utförda mellan år 2000 till 2009 och var kvalitativa och kvantitativa och utgjorde urvalet. För att värdera de utvalda artiklarna användes granskningsmallar. Resultat visade att beröring gav positiva effekter på stress och agiterat beteende såsom skrikbeteende och fysiskt upprört beteende. Beröringen bidrog till att patienterna slappnade av fick lättare att somna. Beröringen minskade oro, depression och nedstämdhet och bidrog till en högre grad av välmående. Beröringen gav däremot ingen effekt på fysiskt aggressivt beteende. Användning av beröring förstärkte relationen mellan vårdare och patient. Beröringen ska ges med full uppmärksamhet till patienten. Patienten ska kunna avbryta beröringen om den upplevs som obehaglig. Slutsatsen som uppsatsförfattarna drog var att beröring gav positiva effekter, oberoende var på kroppen beröringen gavs samt vilken sorts beröring som gavs. Beröringen ska även ske tillsammans med en god kommunikation med den dementa personen för att uppnå bäst resultat.

Anhörigas upplevelser när en familjemedlem som drabbats av demens flyttar in på ett särskilt boende

Bakgrund: När beslutet att flytta in på ett särskilt boende fattats förändras livssituationen för både den som drabbats av demens som för de anhöriga. Syftet: Syftet med denna litteraturöversikt var att studera och beskriva anhörigas upplevelser i samband med att en person som drabbats av demens flyttar in på ett särskilt boende. Metod: Studien genomfördes som en litteraturöversikt. Litteratur­sökningarna gjordes i databaserna Medline och Cinahl efter relevanta artiklar. Sökord som användes var relatives, experience, caregivers burden, coping, dementia, nursing home, placement, decision, Sweden, family caregivers. Sexton vetenskapliga artiklar analyserades med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Analysen resulterade i fem olika kategorier: att skapa en relation att känna sig delaktig, att känna skuld, att känna osäkerhet samt att fatta rätt beslut. Resultat: Att ta beslutet att flytta en person som drabbats av demens var svårt, eftersom det ofta är förknippat med skuldkänslor, att inte känna sig delaktig, samt en känsla av osäkerhet, och en oro om att inte ha tagit rätt beslut. Slutsats: Rollen som anhörig till en person som drabbats av demens är svår och det innebär en hög belastning samt en hög nivå av stress. Det är viktigt att den anhörige får stöd och uppmuntran och där har vårdpersonalen en viktig roll.

A therapy dog's impact on daytime activity and night-time sleep for older persons with Alzheimer's disease : a case study

Background: Animal-Assisted Therapy using dogs have been described as having a calming effect, decrease sundowning and blood-pressure in persons with Alzheimer’s disease. The aim was to investigate how continuous and scheduled visits by a prescribed therapy dog affected daytime and night-time sleep for persons with Alzheimer’s disease. Methods: In this case study, registration of activity and sleep curves was conducted from five persons with moderate to severe Alzheimer’s disease living at a nursing home, over a period of 16 weeks using an Actiwatch. Data was analysed with descriptive statistics. Result: The study shows no clear pattern of effect on individual persons daytime activity and sleep when encounter with a therapy dog, but instead points to a great variety of possible different effects that brings an increased activity at different time points, for example during night-time sleep. Conclusions: Effects from the use of a Animal-Assisted Therapy with a dog in the care of persons with Alzheimer’s disease needs to be further investigated and analysed from a personcentred view including both daytime and nightime activities.

Validação de conteúdo do instrumento para consulta de enfermagem na visita domiciliar às pessoas com lesão medular: um enfoque no autocuidado

This study aimed to validate the contents of an Instrument for Nursing Consultation in the Home Visit of people with Spinal Cord Injury (INCEVDOP-LM), based on the Self-Care Deficit Theory. The methodological development study was conducted with spinal cord injured (SCI) people ascribed in the Family Health Units the city of Natal/RN/Brazil, and with the nurses of these institutions. The study was conducted from Januray 2012 to January 2013 in two phases: the first aimed to identify the need for self-care of persons with SCI, and the second to develop and validate the INCEVDOP-LM. The first phase consisted of a census study of people with SCI living in Natal/RN. In the second phase, a non-probabilistic convencience sample of subjects was selected to form two groups: First stage - Group 1 of the first stage was comprised by 73 adults with SCI diagnosed with paraplegia or tetraplegia, with cognitive function preserved and that were registered to some family health unit; Group 2 of the Second phase was composed of six experts that were nurses with doctoral formation, scientific experience in the area of technology development or assistance to persons with SCI, and with publications in periodicals Qualis A2. Data collection of the first phase was conducted through home visits of people with SCI that responded three instruments: Questionnaire I (comprised of demographic and socioeconomic variables), The Competency Rating Scale for Self-care (ASA) and the Barthel Index (an instrument for evaluation of functional capacity). The research for the second phase was conducted in two stages: I-construction of the INCEVDOP LM; II-validation of the INCEVDOP-LM. The instrument and an evaluation form were forwarded to the experts for the validation. The correlations between the responses were analyzed by the Kappa test, with accepting values of>0.75. The evaluation criteria were: organization, clarity, simplicity, readability, appropriateness of vocabulary, objectivity, accuracy, reliability and suitability and the positive responses with frequency values of≥90% were considered excellent. The chi-square test was used to investigate the differences between proportions. The study attended to the principles of Human Rights CNS Resolution 196/96. Results were reported by means of four articles derived from the study. The findings indicate that the items that showed disagreement among experts (k=0.02) were diagnoses, interventions and evaluation of the nursing features pertaining to the domains of Nutrition, Hygiene, Elimination, Physical, Social and Psychological, and of the Ability to perform work activities feature. Agreement among the experts were reported for the other items, with kappa ranging from 0.72 to 1. After removing items with disagreement, all criteria achieved excellent rates and no significant differences were observed between the proportions of responses of evaluation of experts (p>0.05). We conclude that the instrument shows validity to serve as a guide for nurses to conduct a systematic consultation during the home visit to people with spinal cord injury, with emphasis on self-care. The instrument must go through other levels of validation when applied in the clinical setting

Prevalence of pre-frailty for the component of gait speed in older adults

OBJETIVO: investigar a pré-fragilidade e os fatores associados a essa condição, considerando as medidas de velocidade da marcha dos idosos. MÉTODO: a seleção dos participantes ocorreu por meio de critérios de inclusão/exclusão e teste de rastreamento cognitivo. A amostra foi calculada com base na estimativa da proporção populacional e constituída por 195 idosos, usuários de uma Unidade Básica de Saúde de Curitiba, PR. Os dados foram coletados mediante questionário sociodemográfico/clínico e teste de velocidade da marcha. RESULTADOS: a pré-fragilidade para velocidade da marcha possui moderada prevalência (27,3%) e associou-se à faixa etária entre 60 e 69 anos, baixa escolaridade, não se sentir solitário, utilizar anti-hipertensivo, apresentar doença cardiovascular e sobrepeso. CONCLUSÃO: considera-se relevante identificar os idosos na condição de pré-fragilidade, pois, dessa maneira, existe a possibilidade de intervenção imediata com a finalidade de estacionamento do quadro. É significativo o déficit de estudos sobre a síndrome da fragilidade em idosos brasileiros, principalmente aqueles que se referem a um componente isolado. Visto que a enfermagem gerontológica se encontra nos primeiros passos referentes à temática, entende-se que a identificação da prevalência deve ser o ponto primordial das pesquisas sobre o tema.

Edentulous patients' knowledge of dental hygiene and care of prostheses

Objective: The aim of this study was to analyse denture users' oral care habits with regard to the use of their prostheses. Background: Rehabilitative treatment is only successful when patients are motivated and aware of correct prosthesis use and hygiene. Materials and methods: Questionnaires were distributed to 150 complete denture users at the Federal University of Bahia School of Dentistry, the Esmeralda Natividade Health Center, the Bahian Science Development Foundation and a Salvador nursing home. The questionnaire included information on gender, age, length of prosthesis use, cleaning methods and materials, etc. The data were analysed using EpiInfo version 6 software. The chi-squared test was used for statistical analysis, with a significance level of 5%. Results: Questionnaire results showed that 78% of the subjects, with an average age of 67.3 years, had used the same complete denture for over 5 years. 64% slept with their prostheses and 44% removed them from the mouth only for cleaning. None of the patients interviewed knew anything about brushes designed specifically for complete dentures. 37.3% had a restricted diet and 44% believed that a complete denture would last for more than 10 years. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, it was concluded that the edentulous patients surveyed had limited awareness of prosthetic hygiene and long-term oral care despite extended periods of denture use. © 2008 The Authors.

A produção do espaço sagrado em Quixadá - Ceará: estudo das inter-relações econômicas, socioculturais e o lugar

Pós-graduação em Geografia - IGCE

A review of the cost effectiveness of bisphosphonates in the treatment of post-menopausal osteoporosis in Switzerland

The economic burden associated with osteoporosis is considerable. As such, cost-effectiveness analyses are important contributors to the diagnostic and therapeutic decision-making process. The aim of this study was to review the cost effectiveness of treating post-menopausal osteoporosis with bisphosphonates and identify the key factors that influence the cost effectiveness of such treatment in the Swiss setting. A systematic search of databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library) was conducted to identify published literature on the cost effectiveness of bisphosphonates in post-menopausal osteoporosis in the Swiss setting. Outcomes were compared with similar studies in Western European countries. Three cost-effectiveness studies of bisphosphonates in this patient population were identified; all were from a healthcare payer perspective. Outcomes showed that, relative to no treatment, treatment with oral bisphosphonates was predicted to be cost saving for most women aged ≥70 years with osteoporosis or at least one risk factor for fracture, and cost effective for women aged ≥75 years without prior fracture when used as a component of a population-based screen-and-treat programme. Results were most sensitive to changes in fracture risk, cost of fractures, cost of treatment, nursing home admissions and adherence with treatment. Swiss results were generally comparable to those in other European settings. Assuming similar clinical efficacy, lowering treatment cost (through the use of price-reduced brand-name or generic drugs) and/or improving adherence should both contribute to further improving the cost effectiveness of bisphosphonates in women with post-menopausal osteoporosis. Published evidence indicates that bisphosphonates are estimated to be similarly cost effective or cost saving in most treatment scenarios of post-menopausal osteoporosis in Switzerland and in neighbouring European countries.

Competence of Long-Term Care Residence to Participate in Decisions About Their Medical Care: A Brief, Objective Assessment

Data from 50 residents of a long-term care facility were used to examine the extent to which performance on a brief, objective inventory could predict a clinical psychologist's evaluation of competence to participate in decisions about medical care. Results indicate that the competence to participate in medical decisions of two-thirds of the residents could be accurately assessed using scores on a mental status instrument and two vignette-based measures of medical decision-making. These procedures could enable nursing home staff to objectively assess the competence of residents to participate in important decisions about their medical care.

Ethnic differences in do-not-resuscitate orders after intracerebral hemorrhage.

OBJECTIVE: To explore ethnic differences in do-not-resuscitate orders after intracerebral hemorrhage. DESIGN: Population-based surveillance. SETTING: Corpus Christi, Texas. PATIENTS: All cases of intracerebral hemorrhage in the community of Corpus Christi, TX were ascertained as part of the Brain Attack Surveillance in Corpus Christi (BASIC) project. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Medical records were reviewed for do-not-resuscitate orders. Unadjusted and multivariable logistic regression were used to test for associations between ethnicity and do-not-resuscitate orders, both overall ("any do-not-resuscitate") and within 24 hrs of presentation ("early do-not-resuscitate"), adjusted for age, gender, Glasgow Coma Scale, intracerebral hemorrhage volume, intraventricular hemorrhage, infratentorial hemorrhage, modified Charlson Index, and admission from a nursing home. A total of 270 cases of intracerebral hemorrhage from 2000-2003 were analyzed. Mexican-Americans were younger and had a higher Glasgow Coma Scale than non-Hispanic whites. Mexican-Americans were half as likely as non-Hispanic whites to have early do-not-resuscitate orders in unadjusted analysis (odds ratio 0.45, 95% confidence interval 0.27, 0.75), although this association was not significant when adjusted for age (odds ratio 0.61, 95% confidence interval 0.35, 1.06) and in the fully adjusted model (odds ratio 0.75, 95% confidence interval 0.39, 1.46). Mexican-Americans were less likely than non-Hispanic whites to have do-not-resuscitate orders written at any time point (odds ratio 0.37, 95% confidence interval 0.23, 0.61). Adjustment for age alone attenuated this relationship although it retained significance (odds ratio 0.49, 95% confidence interval 0.29, 0.82). In the fully adjusted model, Mexican-Americans were less likely than non-Hispanic whites to use do-not-resuscitate orders at any time point, although the 95% confidence interval included one (odds ratio 0.52, 95% confidence interval 0.27, 1.00). CONCLUSIONS: Mexican-Americans were less likely than non-Hispanic whites to have do-not-resuscitate orders after intracerebral hemorrhage although the association was attenuated after adjustment for age and other confounders. The persistent trend toward less frequent use of do-not-resuscitate orders in Mexican-Americans suggests that further study is warranted.

Implizites Gedächtnis: unwillkürlich, entwicklungsresistent und altersunabhängig

Studied explicit memory and implicit memory performance in children, young adults, and old adults. Human Ss: 21 normal male and female Swiss preschool and school-age children (aged 4 yrs 8 mo to 6 yrs 5 mo) (Exp I). 14 normal male and female Swiss university students (Exp I). 21 normal male and female Swiss preschool and school-age children (aged 5 yrs 3 mo to 6 yrs 10 mo) (Exp II). 21 normal male and female Swiss university students (Exp II). 17 normal male and female Swiss old adults (aged 64–85 yrs) (participants in a course for senior citizens) (Exp III). 14 normal male and female Swiss old adults (aged 73–92 yrs) (nursing home residents) (Exp III). Ss participated in a simple learning task involving visual inspection or naming of pictures. Explicit memory was assessed via free recall and recognition of the stimulus material. Implicit memory was assessed with a perceptual identification task. Age differences in memory performance and in the influence of priming effects on memory performances were analyzed.

A novel multidimensional geriatric screening tool in the ED: evaluation of feasibility and clinical relevance

PURPOSES Geriatric problems frequently go undetected in older patients in emergency departments (EDs), thus increasing their risk of adverse outcomes. We evaluated a novel emergency geriatric screening (EGS) tool designed to detect geriatric problems. BASIC PROCEDURES The EGS tool consisted of short validated instruments used to screen 4 domains (cognition, falls, mobility, and activities of daily living). Emergency geriatric screening was introduced for ED patients 75 years or older throughout a 4-month period. We analyzed the prevalence of abnormal EGS and whether EGS increased the number of EGS-related diagnoses in the ED during the screening, as compared with a preceding control period. MAIN FINDINGS Emergency geriatric screening was performed on 338 (42.5%) of 795 patients presenting during screening. Emergency geriatric screening was unfeasible in 175 patients (22.0%) because of life-threatening conditions and was not performed in 282 (35.5%) for logistical reasons. Emergency geriatric screening took less than 5 minutes to perform in most (85.8%) cases. Among screened patients, 285 (84.3%) had at least 1 abnormal EGS finding. In 270 of these patients, at least 1 abnormal EGS finding did not result in a diagnosis in the ED and was reported for further workup to subsequent care. During screening, 142 patients (42.0%) had at least 1 diagnosis listed within the 4 EGS domains, significantly more than the 29.3% in the control period (odds ratio 1.75; 95% confidence interval, 1.34-2.29; P<.001). Emergency geriatric screening predicted nursing home admission after the in-hospital stay (odds ratio for ≥3 vs <3 abnormal domains 12.13; 95% confidence interval, 2.79-52.72; P=.001). PRINCIPAL CONCLUSIONS The novel EGS is feasible, identifies previously undetected geriatric problems, and predicts determinants of subsequent care.