Challenges of the Cooperative Movement In Addressing Issues of Human Security In the Context of a Neoliberal World: the Case of Argentina

The response of some Argentine workers to the 2001 crisis of neoliberalism gave rise to a movement of worker-recovered enterprises (empresas recuperadas por sus trabajadores or ERTs). The ERTs have emerged as former employees took over the control of generally fraudulently bankrupt factories and enterprises. The analysis of the ERT movement within the neoliberal global capitalist order will draw from William Robinson’s (2004) neo-Gramscian concept of hegemony. The theoretical framework of neo-Gramscian hegemony will be used in exposing the contradictions of capitalism on the global, national, organizational and individual scales and the effects they have on the ERT movement. The ERT movement has demonstrated strong level of resilience, despite the numerous economic, social, political and cultural challenges and limitations it faces as a consequence of the implementation of neoliberalism globally. ERTs have shown that through non-violent protests, democratic principles of management and social inclusion, it is possible to start constructing an alternative social order that is based on the cooperative principles of “honesty, openness, social responsibility and caring for others” (ICA 2007) as opposed to secrecy, exclusiveness, individualism and self-interestedness. In order to meet this “utopian” vision, it is essential to push the limits of the possible within the current social order and broaden the alliance to include the organized members of the working class, such as the members of trade unions, and the unorganized, such as the unemployed and underemployed. Though marginal in number and size, the members of ERTs have given rise to a model that is worth exploring in other countries and regions burdened by the contradictory workings of capitalism. Today, ERTs serve as living proofs that workers too are capable of successfully running businesses, not capitalists alone.

The World Trade Organization’s Legitimacy Crisis: What Does The Beast Look Like?

The concept of legitimacy has many facets. The article reviews from a politics and law perspective the diagnosis of an ``institution in crisis''. This article is divided into three sections. It starts with a cautionary note on existing fallacies about assessing multilateral intergovernmental institutions and discusses competing schools of thought that approach the World Trade Organization (WTO) with varying perceptions of democracy and legitimacy. Section II takes up the actual debate on redesigning the WTO and directs attention to the question of balancing input and output legitimacy. Section III sketches potential avenues of research that have been neglected in the past.

Reconstruyendo imaginarios sobre democracia : a propósito de las elecciones a partir de la crisis del 2001

El trabajo aborda la relación democracia y ciudadanía desde la dimensión subjetiva de la política e indaga las representaciones mentales del imaginario político sobre participación y representación ciudadana a partir de los procesos electorales. El objetivo es rescatar las significaciones que sostienen o transforman la institucionalidad democrática. La crisis del 2001 en Argentina generó nuevas formas de participación y un redimensionamiento de la democracia. Los resultados del trabajo atribuyen la escasa calidad democrática a la dirigencia política aunque abren la posibilidad de un mayor compromiso, participación y autonomía ciudadana y recuperación de lo político, como inescindible de lo social.

Procesos políticos, crisis y tendencias regionales actuales en América Latina

América Latina es abordada como región y como parte de un sistema mundial, cuyas expresiones se entroncan con nuevas dinámicas hemisféricas, las cuales tienen en la hegemonía norteamericana a uno de sus principales ejes de articulación. En este encuadre, se estudian las características de los procesos políticos actuales, desde el punto de vista de las principales tensiones internas y externas a la región. Al hacerlo, se privilegia la categoría de democracia, no sólo como régimen, sino como cambio político de la sociedad y el Estado. La línea argumental reconoce el contexto del neoliberalismo en su fase de cuestionamiento generalizado, especialmente por sus resultados y, a la vez, una tendencia que se orienta hacia proyectos alternativos de desarrollo e integración.

Crisis de representación política en Argentina a fines de los '90 : Algunas vías de análisis

La crisis de representación política en Argentina a fines de los noventa es abordada en esta tesina desde diversas vías de análisis. Se presentan las contradicciones propias de la democracia en un sistema representativo que limita la posibilidad del llamado "gobierno del pueblo", así como los dilemas de la relación entre representante y representado. Los cambios políticos, la crisis del Estado de Bienestar y las transformaciones de los partidos ofrecen el marco general para el análisis de las distintas interpretaciones sobre el problema de la crisis en Argentina. Las teorías utilizadas en este estudio ofrecen una amplia mirada sobre el tema, desde las que consideran que se trata de un problema de representatividad de los partidos hasta las que tratan otras dimensiones tales como el Estado, el régimen político, los políticos, la ciudadanía, los liderazgos, entre otros. Los niveles de análisis abordados permiten configurar el estado de situación del problema de la crisis de representación, se incluyen cuestiones de la democracia per se y se relacionan los problemas políticos generales que han afectado a varios países con aquellos específicos de la crisis de representación en Argentina.

Crisis de representación política en Argentina a fines de los '90 : Algunas vías de análisis

La crisis de representación política en Argentina a fines de los noventa es abordada en esta tesina desde diversas vías de análisis. Se presentan las contradicciones propias de la democracia en un sistema representativo que limita la posibilidad del llamado "gobierno del pueblo", así como los dilemas de la relación entre representante y representado. Los cambios políticos, la crisis del Estado de Bienestar y las transformaciones de los partidos ofrecen el marco general para el análisis de las distintas interpretaciones sobre el problema de la crisis en Argentina. Las teorías utilizadas en este estudio ofrecen una amplia mirada sobre el tema, desde las que consideran que se trata de un problema de representatividad de los partidos hasta las que tratan otras dimensiones tales como el Estado, el régimen político, los políticos, la ciudadanía, los liderazgos, entre otros. Los niveles de análisis abordados permiten configurar el estado de situación del problema de la crisis de representación, se incluyen cuestiones de la democracia per se y se relacionan los problemas políticos generales que han afectado a varios países con aquellos específicos de la crisis de representación en Argentina.

Crisis de representación política en Argentina a fines de los '90 : Algunas vías de análisis

La crisis de representación política en Argentina a fines de los noventa es abordada en esta tesina desde diversas vías de análisis. Se presentan las contradicciones propias de la democracia en un sistema representativo que limita la posibilidad del llamado "gobierno del pueblo", así como los dilemas de la relación entre representante y representado. Los cambios políticos, la crisis del Estado de Bienestar y las transformaciones de los partidos ofrecen el marco general para el análisis de las distintas interpretaciones sobre el problema de la crisis en Argentina. Las teorías utilizadas en este estudio ofrecen una amplia mirada sobre el tema, desde las que consideran que se trata de un problema de representatividad de los partidos hasta las que tratan otras dimensiones tales como el Estado, el régimen político, los políticos, la ciudadanía, los liderazgos, entre otros. Los niveles de análisis abordados permiten configurar el estado de situación del problema de la crisis de representación, se incluyen cuestiones de la democracia per se y se relacionan los problemas políticos generales que han afectado a varios países con aquellos específicos de la crisis de representación en Argentina.

Democratic Legitimation of Trade Policy Tomorrow: TTIP, Democracy and Market in the Swiss Constitution

Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) are increasingly more concerned with regulatory convergence, rather than trade liberalisation through elimination of tariffs. This appears to result more often in so-called dynamic trade agreements, which still evolve after adoption. Further economic integration in democracies, however, depends on the support of the constituency. This article takes a closer look at the democratic legitimation of global economic integration in a case study on Switzerland. It finds that the current principles and institutions of democracy in Switzerland are unlikely to fully accommodate the new regulatory challenges of dynamic FTAs.

Antiausteridad y protesta en el contexto de la crisis económica y política en España e Italia

The crisis affecting European Union, and especially Mediterranean countries, is both an economic and a political crisis. In a broad sense, we can look at the crisis as the result of an internal crisis of the neoliberal model, exacerbating the perceived subordination of politics to the economy, and therefore the deficit of legitimacy and involvement that characterizes both European and national institutions. The decline in support for traditional political organizations and reduction of conventional political participation is accompanied by a process of reinvention of politics, which takes form in grass-root, non conventional participation. New political actors challenge economic and political institution and claim for a renewal of democracy and for a new relation between economy and politics. The article, after comparing steps and dimension of crisis, explores the characteristics of anti- austerity movements in Spain and in Italy, analyzing differences and similarities. Finally, we locate the movilization occurred in these two countries within the context of the global cycles of protest.

The crisis in Iraq and the twists and turns of Turkish Middle East policy. OSW Commentary No. 142, 29.07.2014

The spectacular offensive by Islamic radicals in Iraq this June has led the country to the verge of collapse, and is another scene of the deep crisis in the Middle East, in which Turkey is entangled. The immediate consequence of this is a severe crisis of prestige after the kidnapping by terrorists of Turkish diplomats and Ankara’s inability to resolve the situation; in the long term consequences include escalation of the Kurdish problem, and a further increase in threats to the security of Turkey itself as well as the fundamental principles of its foreign policy. Both Ankara’s options and its political will to actively respond to the crisis are extremely limited. Yet again in recent years, the current crisis, the broader situation in the Middle East, and finally the position of Turkey in the region elude unambiguous assessments and forecasts – these are prevented by the scale and growth of the reappraisals and tensions in the region. The only undoubted fact is that Turkey is strategically and irreversibly entangled in the Middle East’s problems, which are an important factor affecting the transformation of the state which the ruling AKP is implementing; and in the near future, this state of affairs will only deepen.

In a state of necessity. How has Orban changed Hungary. OSW Point of View Number 41, April 2014

Viktor Orban’s sweeping victory in the 2010 election ensured his party, Fidesz, a constitutional two-thirds majority in parliament. The party took over the rule of the country from the discredited political left when Hungary was plunged in political and economic crisis. Claiming that the circumstances were unusual and that it had a strong electoral mandate, Fidesz introduced radical changes in the country and thus challenged the previous economic and political order. These changes have led to an unprecedented concentration of power and provoked a discussion on the limits of democracy and the rule of law in the European Union. The state’s economic role has strengthened. The Orban government has been unable to overcome economic stagnation but it has managed to stabilise Hungary’s budget situation, which needs to deal with the high debt. Hungary’s relations with most partners in the EU and NATO have cooled due to controversial moves made by its government. As regards foreign policy and economic co-operation, Orban has granted high priority to the ‘Eastern opening’, where Russia has assumed the leading role.

The Challenges of the EU Banking Union - will it succeed in dealing with the next financial crisis? Bruges European Economic Policy Briefings 36/2015

The EU Banking Union combines micro- and macro-prudential regulation. It aims at breaking the “doom loop” between banks and sovereign debt, promoting financial stability and mitigating the next financial shock to the real EU economy, at the lowest possible cost to the financial institutions and to the taxpayers. Success, or failure, is determined by how the banking union copes with the challenges to its two main pillars, the Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM) and the Single Resolution Mechanism (SRM). Under the SSM, in its new supervisory role, the ECB may be subject to conflicts between the objectives of price and financial stability, and the single-supervisor role may be sub-optimal. Two regulators might have been preferable and more focus on ECB accountability will now be required. The shock-absorbing Single Resolution Fund (SRF), which is part of the SRM, may not have the capacity to deal with a crisis of the size of the one of 2008. Especially as the nature and severity of a future financial crisis cannot be forecasted. The design of the banking union is not the result of theoretical studies, but a political compromise to deal with an acute crisis. The theoretical studies that are included in this paper are not supportive of the banking union in its current form. Nevertheless, there is a good chance that the EU Banking Union may succeed, as ECB supervision of the 123 systemically important banks should contain potential demands on the SRM. In the event of a crisis that is too severe for the banking union to absorb with its current capability, the crucial assumption is that there is political will to rapidly provide new resources. The same applies, if a major financial crisis develops before the banking union is fully operational.

The Challenges of the EU Banking Union - will it succeed in dealing with the next financial crisis? Bruges European Economic Policy (BEEP) Briefings 36/2015

The EU Banking Union combines micro- and macro-prudential regulation. It aims at breaking the “doom loop” between banks and sovereign debt, promoting financial stability and mitigating the next financial shock to the real EU economy, at the lowest possible cost to the financial institutions and to the taxpayers. Success, or failure, is determined by how the banking union copes with the challenges to its two main pillars, the Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM) and the Single Resolution Mechanism (SRM). Under the SSM, in its new supervisory role, the ECB may be subject to conflicts between the objectives of price and financial stability, and the single-supervisor role may be sub-optimal. Two regulators might have been preferable and more focus on ECB accountability will now be required. The shock-absorbing Single Resolution Fund (SRF), which is part of the SRM, may not have the capacity to deal with a crisis of the size of the one of 2008. Especially as the nature and severity of a future financial crisis cannot be forecasted. The design of the banking union is not the result of theoretical studies, but a political compromise to deal with an acute crisis. The theoretical studies that are included in this paper are not supportive of the banking union in its current form. Nevertheless, there is a good chance that the EU Banking Union may succeed, as ECB supervision of the 123 systemically important banks should contain potential demands on the SRM. In the event of a crisis that is too severe for the banking union to absorb with its current capability, the crucial assumption is that there is political will to rapidly provide new resources. The same applies, if a major financial crisis develops before the banking union is fully operational.

EU democratization policies in the Neighbourhood countries and Russia’s reaction as a destabilizing factor. A comparative case study of Georgia and Moldova. Bruges Political Research Papers 45/2015.

The EU democratization policies have not achieved the expected results in Eastern Partnership (EaP) countries. On the contrary, they have led to the outbreak of the most important crisis in Europe after the end of the cold war. A new vision of cooperation in the field of democracy is necessary in the East, as long as even Georgia and Moldova, countries considered to be the most advanced among the EaP states, have not registered essential progress in the democratization of their societies. Assuming that democratization, as part of EU’s neighbourhood policies, can be considered a threat to Russia and hence a ‘destabilizing factor’ for the EU partners, this thesis tried to understand what changes can be made to EU policies and to what extent cooperation between EU and Russia is possible in the process developing democratization policies in Georgia and Moldova. While arguing for the revitalization of the instruments used for the implementation of the democratization policies, this thesis finds that cooperation between the EU and Russia in the field of democracy is excluded as long as the two geo-political actors have different values and different views on the notion of democracy. The most likely cooperation that might occur between EU and Russia is the establishment of a Common Economic Space ‘from Lisbon to Vladivostok’. Even though such a scenario would have the potential to reduce confrontation between the two actors in the common neighbourhood, this cooperation would, however, have a negative impact on the on-going democratic reforms in Georgia and Moldova.

An EU mechanism on Democracy, the Rule of Law and Fundamental Rights. CEPS Paper in Liberty and Security in Europe No. 91/April 2016 Thursday, 21 April 2016

The European Union is founded on a set of common principles of democracy, the rule of law, and fundamental rights, as enshrined in Article 2 of the Treaty on the European Union. Whereas future Member States are vetted for their compliance with these values before they accede to the Union, no similar method exists to supervise adherence to these foundational principles after accession. EU history proved that this ‘Copenhagen dilemma’ was far from theoretical. EU Member State governments’ adherence to foundational EU values cannot be taken for granted. Violations may happen in individual cases, or in a systemic way, which may go as far as overthrowing the rule of law. Against this background the European Parliament initiated a Legislative Own-Initiative Report on the establishment of an EU mechanism on democracy, the rule of law and fundamental rights and proposed among others a Scoreboard on the basis of common and objective indicators by which foundational values can be measured. This Research Paper assesses the need and possibilities for the establishment of an EU Scoreboard, as well as its related social, economic, legal and political ‘costs and benefits’.