Bases filosóficas e implicações técnicas na Gestalt-terapia

Este trabalho tem por objetivo fazer uma reflexão epistemológica das bases filosóficas da Gestalt-terapia, procurando relacioná-las com suas técnicas e procedimentos terapêuticos. A Gestalt-terapia é apresentada a partir de sua origem, incluindo-se uma biografia de Fritz Perls, onde fica evidenciada a influência de outras abordagens no seu pensamento. Os pressupostos filosóficos são enfocados procurando relacionar alguns conceitos centrais da fenomenologia e do existencialismo com a Gestalt-terapia. Inseriu-se uma breve apresentação dos pressupostos te6ricos básicos, a fim de colaborar para uma melhor compreensão da abordagem como um todo. A atitude terapêutica é investigada tomando-se por base a visão de homem exposta nos fundamentos filosóficos. Finalizou-se com algumas considerações críticas à Gestalt-terapia. Esta análise conduz às seguintes conclusões quanto à linha terapêutica enfocada: Filosoficamente, baseia-se numa visão existencialista de homem, que valoriza a vivência, a subjetividade e a singularidade, deixando emergir a dor, a angústia e o sofrimento. Afirma que não há natureza humana. O homem é um ser inter-relacional, que confirma sua existência na relação com o outro e a sua essência última é o mistério. O ser humano só se revela em liberdade; um ser responsivel por suas escolhas. - A atitude terapêutica adotada fenomenológica existencial. Os fenômenos da situação terapêutica são vistos isentos de qualquer a priori. O terapeuta acompanha o fluxo de consciência do cliente, buscando compreender o que lhe está sendo desvelado e captar seu sentido.

O ritual de desmaterialização dos objetos singularizados e a transformação da relação pessoa-objeto

A transformação da sociedade nos últimos anos faz contraponto ao desejo de posse e acumulação física dos consumidores. A realidade digital abre inúmeras possibilidades de consumo e tem modificado a relação dos indivíduos com os objetos físicos e as posses materializadas. Consequentemente, vários pesquisadores de consumo (BELK, 2013; BARDHI et al., 2012; MAGAUDDA, 2011, 2012) têm se dedicado ao estudo ​​da desmaterialização (o desaparecimento físico dos objetos). Embora estudos anteriores avancem na pesquisa sobre a singularização do objeto e sua re-commoditização (EPP; PRICE, 2010), contextos e processos em que indivíduos desmaterializam suas posses singularizadas carecem de mais pesquisas. A desmaterialização até aqui foi observada como sinônimo de digitalização (BELK, 2013) ou a transformação de objetos físicos em virtuais (MAGAUDDA, 2011). Em contraste, o presente trabalho analisa a desmaterialização como transcendendo o mundo digital. A desmaterialização é vista como o processo de ver as posses desaparecendo fisicamente da vida dos consumidores por meio de doação, venda, descarte ou digitalização. A desmaterialização pode ser uma forma de distanciamento físico, mantendo o valor imaterial, garantindo o acesso, salvaguardando a singularidade do objeto, e protegendo-o da comoditização. A contradição entre a materialização física e a liquidez na sociedade nos abre um promissor campo de estudo por elucidar como o processo de afastamento das posses influencia as transformações dos indivíduos (ROSTER, 2014; CHERRIER, 2010; MAGAUDDA, 2011, 2012; MOLESWORTH; DENEGRIT-KNOTT, 2012). Para compreensão do fenômeno, foram realizadas 11 entrevistas existencial-fenomenológicas com colecionadores de livros em diferentes fases do processo de desmaterialização. A Abordagem hermenêutica foi usada para compreender como as pressões da sociedade contemporânea modificam a forma como as pessoas interagem com os objetos singularizados. A análise revelou que a relação pessoa-objeto entre colecionadores e seus livros é permeada por sonhos e desejos. Ela existe em um espaço liminar entre o real e o imaginário. Este espaço liminar que o livro físico ocupa na mente dos proprietários é o elo que permite a desmaterialização. O valor do livro vem da sua capacidade de possuir e transferir o conhecimento imaterial. A relação que colecionadores tem com seus livros é essencialmente emocional, principalmente devido ao valor imaterial. Mas, por outro lado, a ligação física é o que torna difícil o ritual de desmaterialização. Quando colecionadores desmaterializam uma coleção de livros, eles enfrentam seus valores relativos à materialidade, ao apego e ao passado, e vivenciam a possibilidade de compartilhamento e transformação da relação com os objetos e outros seres humanos. Assim, a desmaterialização pode ser considerada como uma continuação do processo de autoconhecimento que começou com os rituais de materialização. Esta descoberta tem implicações significativas para a compreensão da natureza experiencial do consumo para os indivíduos. O presente trabalho aprofunda a compreensão da relação pessoa-objeto e a transformação das relações que os indivíduos estabelecem com outros objetos e o mundo ao seu redor.

Emigração madeirense para a Venezuela (1940-1974)

A Ilha da Madeira, rodeada pelo Oceano Atlântico, foi sempre um ponto estratégico de passagem de barcos, de diversos países, pelos mais variados motivos. O contacto com os tripulantes originou um crescente desejo de emigrar, de conhecer o que estava para além do vasto mar. Começaram a circular notícias sobre as facilidades de emprego noutros países que se estavam a desenvolver, como Brasil, Curaçau, África do Sul, Venezuela, bem como noutras partes do mundo. O trabalho na Ilha era árduo. O madeirense, cansado de trabalhar em terrenos de difícil cultivo e de transportar mercadoria às costas por caminhos íngremes e perigosos, deixou-se incentivar por estas notícias, que eram realçadas pelos engajadores. O ilhéu começou a olhar para a emigração como uma possibilidade de melhorar as condições de vida e de trabalho. As novidades do sucesso de outros conterrâneos na Venezuela motivaram os madeirenses. Depois de obterem a documentação necessária, nomeadamente a autorização consular (permisso) e o termo de responsabilidade ou carta de chamada, partiam para este país com o desejo de lucro. Começando, muitas vezes, a trabalhar por conta de outrem, os madeirenses, por serem empreendedores, rapidamente tornavam-se comerciantes. Dominaram e enriqueceram nas mais diversas actividades: padarias, snacks de sandes e sumos (fuentes de soda), mercearias (abastos), restaurantes, construção civil, agências de viagens, transportes colectivos, entre outras. A par da documentação histórica, há que considerar o tratamento literário da emigração para a Venezuela: a criação da imagem do país de acolhimento, do “outro”, o venezuelano, e do “eu” emigrante, o português, que se depara com uma situação existencial de diferença. A literatura recorre a aspectos relacionados com o ambiente sócio-cultural e com a época em questão: o casamento por procuração, a partida do homem que deixa a noiva ou a mulher em terra natal, as remessas enviadas pelos emigrados, a viagem no transatlântico Santa Maria, um dos mais prestigiosos navios da Companhia Colonial de Navegação, entre outros assuntos. Em suma, a literatura funciona como um espelho da realidade da história da emigração.

Ética e espiritualidade: contributos para o exercício competente da liderança e eficácia das organizações educativas

A vivência da pós-modernidade, caracterizada por imprevisibilidades, descontinuidade e ritmo acelerado, tem conduzido o homem globalizado a sentimentos de desajustamento e inadequação permanentes com repercussões a nível existencial. Perante um espaço e tempo histórico onde impera um individualismo narcísico próprio de uma sociedade consumista, egoísta e alheia à noção de Bem Comum, assiste-se a um (re)pensar e (re)valorizar as questões da ética e da espiritualidade que, em oposição às noções de produtividade e competitividade, emergem como garante de uma acção humana que se pretende autêntica e, por isso mesmo, eficaz e repleta de sentido e significação. Tratando-se de uma temática profundamente rica e abrangente, assistida por um crescendo inegável do interesse da comunidade científica nacional e internacional, o presente trabalho investigativo pretende assumir-se como um contributo efectivo para a compreensão das representações que têm as lideranças escolares acerca da ética e da espiritualidade e das relações/implicações que essas mesmas representações assumem no exercício da liderança competente e na eficácia das organizações educativas. A pertinência do estudo, de natureza qualitativa, decorre do facto de as organizações educativas serem organizações que traduzem valores, estarem organizadas em torno de valores e terem como finalidade última a educação para os valores. Os resultados apresentados sugerem que as representações da ética e da espiritualidade das lideranças educativas são condicionadas pelas crenças pessoais; que as lideranças educativas, em contexto organizacional, regem as suas acções de forma consistente mediante um conjunto de princípios assumidamente pessoais e que esta sua forma de actuar contribui para o estabelecimento de relações positivas no trabalho com os liderados que, desta forma, se sentem envolvidos no atingir dos objectivos organizacionais, melhorando o seu empenho e aumentando a sua produtividade.

Bergson leitor de lucrécio: as implicações existenciais do determinismo

Tomamos como objeto de análise a obra precoce de Bergson, os Extraits de Lucrèce, procurando mostrar que ao privilegiar as implicações existenciais negativas do determinismo, prefigura e justifica o fato de dedicar grande parte de seu pensamento filosófico posterior à crítica ao determinismo e à defesa da liberdade.

Fé & Cia. LTDA: consumo religioso na sociedade contemporânea

The present work is an exercise of analysis from the cultural exercises related to movie high one of its raised status more with the deity, the human being surrenders it Religion leaving puzzleds the prophets of its end. The purpose of this work is to show that the religious phenomenon is one of the essential components of the socialization human being. The religious dimension, although to have been kept out of society in modernity - it was cybernetics, is an indispensable compassing to guide the human being in the discovery of its true existencial direction. For this, to attenuate the legacy without appropriate title, overwhelming and despairing of the producing and consumer goods society, it is indispensable to add as basic part to the practical one of the religion. And this practice is specify at the acquirement as of commodities objects , than it is to they are consecrate, exercising um magical power under the assistants from the religion. The fair religious Expo Religious, like the Expo Crest (fair as of commodities and service of the Evangelist) and the one Expo Catholic (fair as of commodities and service of the Catholics), appears at the I initiate from the century 21 at the association Brazilian about to cater the litigation of the market religious at every their segments. The and objective of this research is bring forward those two fairs in the format as of Expo and your contribution at the dynamic from the religion crest at the association he acts

A construção das representações sociais na relação da polícia militar e a sociedade Aracajuana

In recent years, issues involving public safety have gained more prominence in scientific debates, the media, and common sense, because undoubtedly the feeling of fear and insecurity caused by the increase in violence overall, has spread like construction element of social representations, both in individual levels, as well as collectively. Violence is a social phenomenon existing in human manifestations, from the older societies, ie it was present in all historical periods, but in different ways in the subjective and objective, having had the task of being the central element in modeling process for the formation of individual behavior, both in older societies as in modern society. However, it has a peculiar feature of acquiring new contours to the extent that the individual and collective behaviors are modified in relation individual-violence. In this sense, the institutions that establish the order from the control of violence, have their social representations in the context of social relationships permeated by elements of violence, fear and insecurity, that shift the subjective feeling of insecurity, or existential, for a concrete plan and goal, namely to the level of physical insecurity in daily life in the modern world. The objective of this study was to capture the construction of social representations of the population in Aracaju on the police institution and the figure of the policeman in the contemporary context. We focus our attention only to the institutions of order, which constitute the field of the apparatus of public security and social protection of our state

Juventude e consumo emocional nas redes sociais da internet. Análise das marcas: Coca-Cola, Pepsi, BlackBerry, Nokia, Riachuelo e C&A

In The paradoxical happiness , Gilles Lipovetsky elects five major paradigmatic models that command the pleasure and happiness in our societies. Starting with the paradigmatic models of penia (where it is emphasized the existential dissatisfaction supplied by the consumption and where advertising has a special place, bombarding consumers and creating consumer needs, in addition to selling a lifestyle rather than the products themselves), and narcissus (model constructed on the basis of self-exaltation and abdication of the social and political) intends to examine the relationship between the consumption exercised by young people and the advertising displayed on social networking sites, focusing on the social media Facebook, observing the virtual fan pages of the following brands: Coca-Cola; Pepsi; BlackBerry, Nokia, Riachuelo and C&A and their relationships with their consumers

Assistência a mulher com câncer de mama em um cenro de referência no Estado da Paraíba

The assistance to women who have breast cancer is studied in a Reference Center in Paraiba and also the way this assistance is performed in a School Hospital maintained by SUS (Single Health System) is questioned. Breast cancer demands institutional organization, provision of financial, material and human resources, requiring, from the health system, effective assistance with new technologies which make it possible for the population their access to specialized medical services although it not always is able to guarantee those services nor the rights which the legislation granted them, inhibiting a proper relationship between the health professional and the patient. The theme is discussed through a transdisciplinary knowledge view and has as its theoretical referential the contribution of classical and contemporary authors from the human and social sciences and, as an empirical research strategy, the structured interview. The objectives of the research were: identify how the assistance to women with breast cancer is carried on at a Reference Center on Oncology in Campina Grande, Paraiba, identifying their difficulties and their satisfaction with the received assistance; draw up a profile of the women with breast cancer who were assisted in this Reference Center; understand their gynecological and obstetric antecedents, life styles, age group and stage of the disease when the treatment started; check their knowledge about their rights and which benefits they had received. Most women ranged between 40 and 59 years old (63%), which corresponds to the risk range of developing breast cancer. As to their occupations, 38.3% were housewives and 30.1% retired, whose family income was among those who received between less than a minimum salary and one minimum salary (58.2%). This population was mainly constituted of married women (60.2%), whose most frequent schooling was an incomplete elementary school (27.6%) and complete elementary school (24.1%), which added up to 51.6%. It was observed that the majority of the women seemed to be satisfied with the assistance received, noting that a minimum care was enough to define this satisfaction, although it is perceived that the access to the health system does not ensure the ideal attention conditions they need; it was verified that the availability of the services and the assistance itself are seen (in the local culture) as a favor and not as a right. It is also observed that only 30% of the women mentioned that they knew about their rights and the most mentioned ones were the disease assistance (13%), the medicines (13%) and the treatment (12%), which represent the most important triad to face the disease and around which the oncologic assistance most focus on. It is concluded that the condition of the users´ minimum existential of a public health unit and the condition of belonging to a lower social stratum were variables that influenced the respondents´ satisfaction in relation to the assistance received but the importance of the Reference Center for the women with breast cancer´s assistance for the whole region cannot be denied as well as the need to broaden the way the policy of the oncologic assistance in Brazil in the local realm is seen

O princípio da vedação ao retrocesso social e o papel dos poderes públicos na efetivação dos direitos fundamentais sociais

The purpose of this dissertation is to analyze the role of Public Powers in the enforcement of fundamental social rights, according to the principle of prohibition to social regression. The Federal Constitution of Brazil, situated in a position normative hierarchical superior, disciplines the legal and political process of the country, determining how Public Powers (Legislative, Executive and Judiciary) should act to enforce fundamental rights (social). Thus, features a cast of fundamental rights that aim to ensure social justice, highlighting the concern to ensure social values aimed at reducing social inequalities. The will of the state should be prevented by controlling the constitutionality of measures which restrict fundamental social rights, assuming the principle of human dignity, pillar of Social and Democratic State of Right, a dual role in the brazilian legal system, acting as the presupposition of jurisdictional control of the constitutionality of restrictive acts and as supervisory of omission or insufficient action of the State in the fulfillment of their fundamental duties. The constitutional determinations remove from the legislator the option to create or not the law that prints effectiveness to the social rights, as well as from the Executive the option of to execute or not rules directed at realization of the constitutional parameters, and Judiciary to behave or not in accordance with the Constitution, being given to the Powers only the arbitrariness of "how" to do, so that all functions performed by public actors to use the Constitution as a repository of the foundational values of the collectivity. Any situation that does not conform the principle of proportionality in relation to the enforcement of fundamental rights, especially the social, represents an unacceptable social regression unconstitutional. The constitutional rules and principles postulated by the realization of the rights, freedoms and guarantees of the human person, acting the principle of prohibition to social regression to regulate a concrete situation, whenever it is intended to change, reducing or deleting, the content of a social right. This paper of limit of state action serves to provide to the society legal security and protection of trust, ensuring the core of every social right. This should be effected to be sheltered the existential minimum, as a guarantee of the inviolability of human life, respecting the constitutional will, not falling into social regression

Animais não humanos: a construção da titularidade jurídica como novos sujeitos de direito

This work has the main goal on the recognition of the inherent value of nonhuman animals, under the constitutional framework. It is presented the main philosophical formulations of the current pattern of behavior that rules the relationship between man and animals: first those that have excluded animals from moral consideration and then the thinkers which do have included, in some way, in order to elucidate the origin of the anthropocentric thought over the natural world. In this way, the analysis these thinkers that have included animals in moral consideration will contribute to a paradigm change from the anthropocentric view, initiating legal debates. It will be made a simplified analysis of different philosophical and legal points of view that have been demonstrating the posture in which the human beings have been dealing with the environment, with the replacement of the anthropocentric thinking for the biocentric view, in which life becomes the center of existence. Life is life, no matter whether it is human or not, has a value in itself, and must be protected and respected by the legal system. Then, it will be analized the constitutionalization of the nonhuman animal dignity in comparative law; the infraconstitutional legislation which concerning the intrinsic value of all life forms and, finally, the 1988 Constitution. It will be advocated for non-human animals the condition of subjects, presenting some cases that the Habeas Corpus was used in animal defense. In this new Brazilian Habeas Corpus theory of for apes the argument of genetic proximity was used in order to overcome the literal meaning of natural person to achieve hominids in order to assure the fundamental right of physical freedom. It is realized that the fact that the great apes being recognized as a person does not preclude the possibility of other living beings be recognized as subjects of law. In this way, animals can be considered non-human subjects of law, according to the theory of depersonalized entities and may enjoy a legal category that allows a respect for existential minimum, and can hold constitutional fundamental rights

A mediação como instrumento concretizador do direito fundamental à saúde: uma alternativa à judicialização de conflitos Natal 2013

In Brazil, the 1946 Constitution enshrined the right to health, having it defined as the possession of the best state of health that the individual can achieve. Already the Federal Constitution of 1988 lifted that right to the status of fundamental social right, which transcends the effectiveness and cure of the disease is based on the joint liability of public entities for the provision of a quality service, efficient and prioritize human dignity and comprehensive evaluation of patients. According to the World Health Organization, the definition of health, first characterized as the mere absence of disease, has become recognized as the need to search for preventive mechanisms to ensure the welfare and dignity of the population. Garantista this context, the growing seem lawsuits that deal with the implementation of public policies, especially in the area of the right to health, the omission of which the Government can result in the risk of death. Hence the concern of law professionals about whether or not the intervention of the judiciary in cases that deal with providing material benefits of health care. It claims to break the principle of separation of powers, disobedience to the principle of equality and the impossibility of judicial intervention in the formulation of public policy to try and exclude the liability of public entities. In contrast, the judiciary has repeatedly guardianships granted injunctions or merit determining the supply of materials indicated by the medical benefits that accompany the treatment of patients who resort to a remedy. In this context, mediation, object of study and resolution presented in this work, is presented as an instrument conciliator between the reserve clause and the right to financially possible existential minimum, as it seeks to serve all through rationalization of health services , avoidance of negativistic influence of the pharmaceutical industry, with prioritizing the welfare of the individual and the quality of relationships. This is alternative way to judicialization that in addition to encouraging and developing active citizen participation in public policy formulation also allows the manager to public knowledge of community needs. It is in this sense that affirms and defends the right to health is no longer the mere provision of medical care and prescription drugs, but a dialogue conscious existential minimum to guarantee a dignified life

Parâmetros de concretização judicial do direito fundamental à saúde no fornecimento de medicamentos

In Brazil, social rights have always been considered secondary legal categories, whose implementation could wait for the pending of political decisions. At the end of the Second World War, International Law emphasizes the protection of human beings, raising his dignity as a legal pillar of the legal orders and one of the main foundations of Constitutions. At the post-positivism Constitutionalism, the realization of social rights receives special attention with the assumption of supremacy and normativity of the Constitutions, while the judiciary participates in the realization of democracy, not only as applicator of laws, but also as the guardian of constitutionality of the acts and administrative omissions, creatively contributing to the constitutional achievement, filling gaps and normative state omissions. In this aspect, the supply of medicines, whose costs can not be supported by the individual, keep a close connection with the right to life, health and dignity of the human being, as the subject of numerous lawsuits directed against the Public Administration. Such phenomenon has caused intense debate regarding judicial activism and legitimacy of these decisions, particularly on the need to define what are the limits and possibilities considering the principle of separation of powers and the principle of reserve of the possible; bieng this the problematic developed in this research. Thus, this research aims to verify the legitimacy of judicial decisions that determines to the Public Administration the compulsory providing of medicine to those who can not afford the cost of their treatment, as well as, contribute to the dogmatic constructions of parameters to be observed by judicial interference. Regarding the methodology, this research has an investigative and descriptive caracter and an theoretical approach based on bibliographical data collection (judicial and doutrine decisions) that received qualitative treatment and dialectical approach. As a result, it is known that the judicial decision that determines the supply of medicines to those individuals who can not afford them with their own resources is legitimate and complies with the democratic principle, not violating the principle of separation of powers and the reserve of the possible, since the judicial decison is not stripped with an uniform and reasonable criteria, failing to contain high burden of subjectivism and witch signifies a possible exacerbation of functions by the judiciary, suffering, in this case, of requirement of legal certainty. It is concluded that the Court decision that determines the government the providing of medicine to those who can not afford the cost of treatment should be based on parameters such as: the protection of human dignity and the minimum existencial principle, the inafastable jurisdiction principle; compliance critique of the possible reserve principle; subsidiarity of judicial intervention; proportionality (quantitative and qualitative) in the content of the decision; the questioning about the reasons for non-delivery of the drug through administrative via; and, finally, the attention not to turn the judiciary into a mere production factor of the pharmaceutical industry, contributing to the cartelization of the right to health