Ascorbic acid and flavanone glycosides in citrus: Relationship with antioxidant activity

The effects of cultivar and orchard on the content of ascorbic acid and flavanone glycosides as well as on the antioxidant activity of citrus juices were studied. Ascorbic acid and flavanone glycosides were determined using HPLC method. For antiradicalar activity evaluation, TAEC and ORAC methods were used. Citrus of 'Valencia late' from Faro and 'D. Joao' presented the highest levels of hesperidin in contrast to the citrus of 'Valencia late' from Silves with 0.4 mg/ml, a value closer to those of Navel oranges 'Navelate' and 'Lanelate'. Citrus of 'Valencia late' from Silves and 'D. Joao' presented the lowest levels of narirutin. 'Ortanique' and 'Encore' cultivars were poorer in ascorbic acid compared with the oranges. When the TEAC method was used for the determination of antioxidant activity, 'Valencia late' from Faro presented the best activity. A good relation was observed between antiradical activity measured through the TEAC method and the amount of ascorbic acids in samples. None relation was found between the levels of flavanones and antiradical activity. When the ORAC method was applied, the best activity was found for 'Navelate' and 'Encore' samples and practically none relation between this method and the amounts of ascorbic acid and flavanones was found.

Caraterização dos supressores p20 e p23 do Citrus tristeza virus e avaliação da possibilidade da sua inibição

No presente trabalho pretendeu-se caracterizar a capacidade supressora das proteínas p20 e p23 de diferentes grupos filogenéticos do CTV e o possível silenciamento da p23 de forma a ser incluída numa estratégia de proteção. A atividade supressora local da proteína p23 de todos os grupos filogenéticos foi caracterizada em Nicotiana benthamiana da linha 16C. Todas as proteínas testadas foram capaz de suprimir o silenciamento local, mas não o silenciamento a curta distância. A supressão local mais eficiente verificou-se para a p23 do Gp 5 e a menos eficiente para os isolados dos Gps 2 e M. Surpreendentemente, a p23 do Gp 5 aboliu completamente o silenciamento sistémico, sugerindo que existe uma relação entre a intensidade do silenciamento local e sistémico. A capacidade supressora local conjunta das proteínas p20 e p23 foi avaliada. A coexpressão de ambas as proteínas revelou atividade supressora mais forte comparada com a capacidade de cada proteína individual, mesmo quando inoculada com metade da densidade ótica, sugerindo a existência de sinergismo entre as proteínas p20 e p23. Para analisar as propriedades supressoras a longo prazo, as proteínas p20 e p23 foram inseridas no vetor viral TRV que assegurou a sua disseminação pela planta e expressão por um período mais alargado. Foram observados sintomas em N. benthamiana para todas as modalidades testadas, tais como, nanismo da planta, lesões necróticas severas nas folhas inoculadas e nas folhas novas ligeiros sintomas de mosaico e enrolamento. Contudo, sistemicamente não foram registadas diferenças na capacidade supressora das proteínas p20 e p23. A possibilidade para silenciar sistemicamente a proteína p23 quando incluída num genoma viral foi avaliada através do uso de plantas e enxertos transgénicos para a p23. A estratégia que envolve o uso de enxertos transgénicos parece indicar resultados promissores que conduzem ao silenciamento da p23, contudo, são resultados que devem ser encarados como preliminares.

Irrigation scheduling for Sovereign Coronation grapevine based upon evapotranspiration calculations and crop coefficients /

Several irrigation treatments were evaluated on Sovereign Coronation table grapes at two sites over a 3-year period in the cool humid Niagara Peninsula of Ontario. Trials were conducted in the Hippie (Beamsville, ON) and the Lambert Vineyards (Niagara-on-the-Lake, ON) in 2003 to 2005 with the objective of assessing the usefulness of the modified Penman-Monteith equation to accurately schedule vine irrigation needs. Data (relative humidity, windspeed, solar radiation, and temperature) required to precisely calculate evapotranspiration (ETq) were downloaded from the Ontario Weather Network. One of two ETq values (either 100 or 150%) were used in combination with one of two crop coefficients (Kc; either fixed at 0.75 or 0.2 to 0.8 based upon increasing canopy volume) to calculate the amount of irrigation water required. Five irrigation treatments were: un irrigated control; (lOOET) X Kc =0.75; 150ET X Kc =0.75; lOOET X Kc =0.2-0.8; 150ET X Kc =0.2-0.8. Transpiration, water potential (v|/), and soil moisture data were collected each growing seasons. Yield component data was collected and berries from each treatment were analyzed for soluble solids (Brix), pH, titratable acidity (TA), anthocyanins, methyl anthranilate (MA), and total volatile esters (TVE). Irrigation showed a substantial positive effect on transpiration rate and soil moisture; the control treatment showed consistently lower transpiration and soil moisture over the 3 seasons. Transpiration appeared accurately reflect Sovereign Coronation grapevines water status. Soil moisture also accurately reflected level of irrigation. Moreover, irrigation showed impact of leaf \|/, which was more negative throughout the 3 seasons for vines that were not irrigated. Irrigation had a substantial positive effect on yield (kg/vine) and its various components (clusters/vine, cluster weight, and berries/cluster) in 2003 and 2005. Berry weights were higher under the irrigated treatments at both sites. Berry weight consistently appeared to be the main factor leading to these increased yields, as inconsistent responses were noted for some yield variables. Soluble solids was highest under the ET150 and ET100 treatments both with Kc at 0.75. Both pH and TA were highest under control treatments in 2003 and 2004, but highest under irrigated treatments in 2005. Anthocyanins and phenols were highest under the control treatments in 2003 and 2004, but highest under irrigated treatments in 2005. MA and TVE were highest under the ET150 treatments. Vine and soil water status measurements (soil moisture, leaf \|/, and transpiration) confirmed that irrigation was required for the summers of 2003 and 2005 due to dry weather in those years. They also partially supported the hypothesis that the Penman-Monteith equation is useful for calculating vineyard water needs. Both ET treatments gave clear evidence that irrigation could be effective in reducing water stress and for improving vine performance, yield and fruit composition. Use of properly scheduled irrigation was beneficial for Sovereign Coronation table grapes in the Niagara region. Findings herein should give growers some strong guidehnes on when, how and how much to irrigate their vineyards.

Elucidation of odour-potent compounds and sensory profiles of Vidal blanc and Riesling icewines from the Niagara Peninsula : effect of harvest date and crop level

I t was hypothesized that the freeze/thaw cycles endured by icewine grapes would change their chemical composition, resulting in unique chemical fingerprint and sensory properties, and would be affected by harvest date (HD) and crop level (CL). The objectives were: 1) to identify odour-active compounds using gas chromatographic and sensory analysis; 2) to determine the effect of CL and HD on these compounds; 3) to determine the icewine sensory profiles; 4) to correlate analytical and sensory results for an overall icewine profile. CharmAnalysis™ determined the Top 15 odour-potent compounds in Vidal and Riesling icewine and table wines; 24 and 23 compounds, respectively. The majority of the compounds had the highest concentrations in the icewines compared to table wines. These compounds were used as the foundation for assessing differences in icewine chemical profiles from different HD and CL. Vidal and Riesling icewine were made from grapes picked at different HD; HI : 19 December; H2: 29 December; H3: 18 January; H4: 11 February (Vidal only). HI wines differed from H3 and H4 wines in both Vidal and Riesling for aroma compounds and sensory profiles. - Three·CL [control (fully cropped), cluster thin at fruit set to one basal cluster/shoot (TFS), and cluster thin at veraison to one basal cluster/shoot (TV)] were evaluated for Riesling and Vidal cultivars over two seasons. Vidal icewines had the highest concentration of aroma compounds in the control and TV icewines in 2003 and in TFS icewines in 2004. In Riesling, most aroma compounds had the highest concentration in the TV icewines and the lowest concentration in the TFS wine for both years. The thinned treatments were associated with almost all of the sensory attributes in both cultivars, both years. HD and CL affected the chemical variables, aroma compounds and sensory properties of Vidal and Riesling icewines and freeze/thaw events changed their sensory profile. The most odour-potent compounds were p-damascenone, cis-rose oxide, 1- octen-3-ol, 4-vinylguaiacol, ethyl octanoate, and ethyl hexanoate. The role of Pdamascenone as a marker compound for icewine requires further investigation. This research provides a strong foundation for the understanding the odour-active volatiles and sensory profiles important to icewine.

IMPACT OF CROP LEVEL AND HANG TIME ON THE COMPOSITION OF FOUR WINE GRAPE CULTIVARS FROM THE NIAGARA REGION

This study analyzed the use of two viticultural practices: “crop level” (half crop; HC, and full crop; FC) and “hang times”, and their impact on the composition of four grape cultivars; Pinot gris, Riesling, Cabernet Franc and Cabernet Sauvignon from the Niagara Region and wine volatile composition by GC-MS. It was hypothesized that keeping a full crop with a longer hang time would have a greater impact on wine quality than reducing the crop level. In all cultivars, a reduction of crop level induced reductions in yield, clusters per vine and crop load, with increases in Brix. Extended hang time also increased Brix related to desiccation. The climatic conditions at harvest had an impact on hang time effects. The GC-MS analysis detected the presence of 30 volatile components in the wine, with different odour activity values. Harvest time had a positive impact than crop reduction in almost all compounds.

Statement of John O'Connor Damaged Wheat Crop

Statement (handwritten, 3 pages) in which John O’Connor states that his wheat crop of 1834 was damaged. A fence was also down which resulted in his wheat crop being destroyed by cattle and pigs. The defendants had to pay the plaintiff for damages. S. D. Woodruff was the arbitrator in this case, Aug. 1835.

Chart of station 2, crop sections of the old back ditch on the south side of the feeder, station 45, station 118 and the total length from the culvert to lot no. 5

Chart of station 2, crop sections of the old back ditch on the south side of the feeder, station 45, station 118 and the total length from the culvert to lot no. 5. This is signed by Fred Holmes, April 13, 1857.

Regeneración in vitro de naranja agrio (Citrus aurantium Linn)

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias con Especialidad en Química de Productos Naturales) UANL

Efecto de patrones de cítricos tolerantes al virus tristeza de los cítricos en el contenido nutrimental en naranja valencia (Citrus sinensis. Osbeck)

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias con Especialidad en Producción Agrícola) UANL

Producción forzada de naranja valencia (citrus sinensis) en la región de Montemorelos, Nuevo León

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias en Producción Agrícola) UANL

Aislamiento, caracterización y evaluación biológica de los constituyentes antituberculosos de la cáscara de citrus aurantifolia.

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias con Orientación en Farmacia) UANL, 2011.

Efecto de la fertilización orgánica y sintética en el rendimiento y calidad de fruta de toronja (citrus paradisi macf) .

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias en Producción Agrícola) UANL, 2013.

Morphophysiological traits in crop improvement case study-sorghum [by] Ratikanta Maiti; ed. [by] Pedro A. Wesche-Ebeling, Manuel Rojas Garcidueñas [and] Paul R. Earl

UANL