Scalable UWB photonic generator based on the combination of doublet pulses

We propose and experimentally demonstrate a scalable and reconfigurable optical scheme to generate high order UWB pulses. Firstly, various ultra wideband doublets are created through a process of phase-tointensity conversion by means of a phase modulation and a dispersive media. In a second stage, doublets are combined in an optical processing unit that allows the reconfiguration of UWB high order pulses. Experimental results both in time and frequency domains are presented showing good performance related to the fractional bandwidth and spectral efficiency parameters.

UWB Monocycle Generator based on the non-linear effects of an SOA-integrated structure

In this letter, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a novel and single structure to generate ultra-wideband (UWB) pulses by means of the cross-phase modulation present in a semiconductor optical amplifier unified structure. The key components of this system is an integrated Mach-Zehnder interferometer with two semiconductor optical amplifiers and an optical processing unit. The fusion of these two components permits the generation and customization of UWB monocycle pulses. The polarity of the output pulses is easily modified through the single selection of a specific input port. Moreover, the capacity of transmitting several data sequences is demonstrated and the potentiality to adapt the system to different modulation formats is analyzed.

Contribución al análisis eficiente y a la mejora de prestaciones de antenas reflectarray

El diseño de una antena reflectarray bajo la aproximación de periodicidad local requiere la determinación de la matriz de scattering de estructuras multicapa con metalizaciones periódicas para un gran número de geometrías diferentes. Por lo tanto, a la hora de diseñar antenas reflectarray en tiempos de CPU razonables, se necesitan herramientas númericas rápidas y precisas para el análisis de las estructuras periódicas multicapa. En esta tesis se aplica la versión Galerkin del Método de los Momentos (MDM) en el dominio espectral al análisis de las estructuras periódicas multicapa necesarias para el diseño de antenas reflectarray basadas en parches apilados o en dipolos paralelos coplanares. Desgraciadamente, la aplicación de este método numérico involucra el cálculo de series dobles infinitas, y mientras que algunas series convergen muy rápidamente, otras lo hacen muy lentamente. Para aliviar este problema, en esta tesis se propone un novedoso MDM espectral-espacial para el análisis de las estructuras periódicas multicapa, en el cual las series rápidamente convergente se calculan en el dominio espectral, y las series lentamente convergentes se calculan en el dominio espacial mediante una versión mejorada de la formulación de ecuaciones integrales de potenciales mixtos (EIPM) del MDM. Esta versión mejorada se basa en la interpolación eficiente de las funciones de Green multicapa periódicas, y en el cálculo eficiente de las integrales singulares que conducen a los elementos de la matriz del MDM. El novedoso método híbrido espectral-espacial y el tradicional MDM en el dominio espectral se han comparado en el caso de los elementos reflectarray basado en parches apilados. Las simulaciones numéricas han demostrado que el tiempo de CPU requerido por el MDM híbrido es alrededor de unas 60 veces más rápido que el requerido por el tradicional MDM en el dominio espectral para una precisión de dos cifras significativas. El uso combinado de elementos reflectarray con parches apilados y técnicas de optimización de banda ancha ha hecho posible diseñar antenas reflectarray de transmisiónrecepción (Tx-Rx) y polarización dual para aplicaciones de espacio con requisitos muy restrictivos. Desgraciadamente, el nivel de aislamiento entre las polarizaciones ortogonales en antenas DBS (típicamente 30 dB) es demasiado exigente para ser conseguido con las antenas basadas en parches apilados. Además, el uso de elementos reflectarray con parches apilados conlleva procesos de fabricación complejos y costosos. En esta tesis se investigan varias configuraciones de elementos reflectarray basadas en conjuntos de dipolos paralelos con el fin de superar los inconvenientes que presenta el elemento basado en parches apilados. Primeramente, se propone un elemento consistente en dos conjuntos apilados ortogonales de tres dipolos paralelos para aplicaciones de polarización dual. Se ha diseñado, fabricado y medido una antena basada en este elemento, y los resultados obtenidos para la antena indican que tiene unas altas prestaciones en términos de ancho de banda, pérdidas, eficiencia y discriminación contrapolar, además de requerir un proceso de fabricación mucho más sencillo que el de las antenas basadas en tres parches apilados. Desgraciadamente, el elemento basado en dos conjuntos ortogonales de tres dipolos paralelos no proporciona suficientes grados de libertad para diseñar antenas reflectarray de transmisión-recepción (Tx-Rx) de polarización dual para aplicaciones de espacio por medio de técnicas de optimización de banda ancha. Por este motivo, en la tesis se propone un nuevo elemento reflectarray que proporciona los grados de libertad suficientes para cada polarización. El nuevo elemento consiste en dos conjuntos ortogonales de cuatro dipolos paralelos. Cada conjunto contiene tres dipolos coplanares y un dipolo apilado. Para poder acomodar los dos conjuntos de dipolos en una sola celda de la antena reflectarray, el conjunto de dipolos de una polarización está desplazado medio período con respecto al conjunto de dipolos de la otra polarización. Este hecho permite usar solamente dos niveles de metalización para cada elemento de la antena, lo cual simplifica el proceso de fabricación como en el caso del elemento basados en dos conjuntos de tres dipolos paralelos coplanares. Una antena de doble polarización y doble banda (Tx-Rx) basada en el nuevo elemento ha sido diseñada, fabricada y medida. La antena muestra muy buenas presentaciones en las dos bandas de frecuencia con muy bajos niveles de polarización cruzada. Simulaciones numéricas presentadas en la tesis muestran que estos bajos de niveles de polarización cruzada se pueden reducir todavía más si se llevan a cabo pequeñas rotaciones de los dos conjuntos de dipolos asociados a cada polarización. ABSTRACT The design of a reflectarray antenna under the local periodicity assumption requires the determination of the scattering matrix of a multilayered structure with periodic metallizations for quite a large number of different geometries. Therefore, in order to design reflectarray antennas within reasonable CPU times, fast and accurate numerical tools for the analysis of the periodic multilayered structures are required. In this thesis the Galerkin’s version of the Method of Moments (MoM) in the spectral domain is applied to the analysis of the periodic multilayered structures involved in the design of reflectarray antennas made of either stacked patches or coplanar parallel dipoles. Unfortunately, this numerical approach involves the computation of double infinite summations, and whereas some of these summations converge very fast, some others converge very slowly. In order to alleviate this problem, in the thesis a novel hybrid MoM spectral-spatial domain approach is proposed for the analysis of the periodic multilayered structures. In the novel approach, whereas the fast convergent summations are computed in the spectral domain, the slowly convergent summations are computed by means of an enhanced Mixed Potential Integral Equation (MPIE) formulation of the MoM in the spatial domain. This enhanced formulation is based on the efficient interpolation of the multilayered periodic Green’s functions, and on the efficient computation of the singular integrals leading to the MoM matrix entries. The novel hybrid spectral-spatial MoM code and the standard spectral domain MoM code have both been compared in the case of reflectarray elements based on multilayered stacked patches. Numerical simulations have shown that the CPU time required by the hybrid MoM is around 60 times smaller than that required by the standard spectral MoM for an accuracy of two significant figures. The combined use of reflectarray elements based on stacked patches and wideband optimization techniques has made it possible to design dual polarization transmit-receive (Tx-Rx) reflectarrays for space applications with stringent requirements. Unfortunately, the required level of isolation between orthogonal polarizations in DBS antennas (typically 30 dB) is hard to achieve with the configuration of stacked patches. Moreover, the use of reflectarrays based on stacked patches leads to a complex and expensive manufacturing process. In this thesis, we investigate several configurations of reflectarray elements based on sets of parallel dipoles that try to overcome the drawbacks introduced by the element based on stacked patches. First, an element based on two stacked orthogonal sets of three coplanar parallel dipoles is proposed for dual polarization applications. An antenna made of this element has been designed, manufactured and measured, and the results obtained show that the antenna presents a high performance in terms of bandwidth, losses, efficiency and cross-polarization discrimination, while the manufacturing process is cheaper and simpler than that of the antennas made of stacked patches. Unfortunately, the element based on two sets of three coplanar parallel dipoles does not provide enough degrees of freedom to design dual-polarization transmit-receive (Tx-Rx) reflectarray antennas for space applications by means of wideband optimization techniques. For this reason, in the thesis a new reflectarray element is proposed which does provide enough degrees of freedom for each polarization. This new element consists of two orthogonal sets of four parallel dipoles, each set containing three coplanar dipoles and one stacked dipole. In order to accommodate the two sets of dipoles in each reflectarray cell, the set of dipoles for one polarization is shifted half a period from the set of dipoles for the other polarization. This also makes it possible to use only two levels of metallization for the reflectarray element, which simplifies the manufacturing process as in the case of the reflectarray element based on two sets of three parallel dipoles. A dual polarization dual-band (Tx-Rx) reflectarray antenna based on the new element has been designed, manufactured and measured. The antenna shows a very good performance in both Tx and Rx frequency bands with very low levels of cross-polarization. Numerical simulations carried out in the thesis have shown that the low levels of cross-polarization can be even made smaller by means of small rotations of the two sets of dipoles associated to each polarization.

Análisis prospectivo del despliegue de redes de comunicaciones móviles LTE en nuevas bandas de frecuencia mediante el desarrollo de modelos tecnoeconómicos

El estándar LTE se ha posicionado como una de las claves para que los operadores de telecomunicación puedan abordar de manera eficiente en costes el crecimiento de la demanda de tráfico móvil que se prevé para los próximos años, al ser una tecnología más escalable en el núcleo de la red y más flexible en la interfaz radio que sus predecesoras. En este sentido, es necesario también que los reguladores garanticen un acceso al espectro radioeléctrico adecuado, equitativo y no discriminatorio, que permita un entorno estable para el despliegue de redes de comunicaciones móviles avanzadas. Además de la flexibilización del marco regulador del espectro radioeléctrico en Europa, que ha permitido el despliegue de nuevas tecnologías en las bandas de frecuencia históricas de GSM, se ha puesto a disposición espectro adicional para sistemas IMT en nuevas bandas de frecuencia, lo que ha planteando a su vez nuevos retos para la tecnología y la regulación. La fragmentación del espectro disponible para comunicaciones móviles ha impulsado el desarrollo de técnicas de agregación de portadoras en las nuevas versiones del estándar LTE, que permiten explotar mejor los recursos radio en su conjunto. No obstante, el espectro inferior a 1 GHz sigue siendo escaso, ya que el tráfico móvil aumenta y la banda de 900 MHz aún se utiliza para servicios GSM, lo que no ha conseguido sino agravar la disputa entre los servicios de radiodifusión terrestre y de comunicaciones móviles por la parte superior de la banda UHF. En concreto, la banda de 700 MHz se perfila como una de las próximas para aumentar el espectro disponible para los servicios en movilidad, si bien su liberación por parte de las actuales redes de Televisión Digital Terrestre presenta no pocas dificultades en los Estados miembros en los que ésta es la principal plataforma audiovisual de acceso gratuito, abriendo un debate sobre el modelo audiovisual a largo plazo en Europa. Por otro lado, las políticas públicas de promoción del acceso a la banda ancha rápida y ultrarrápida de la presente década han establecido objetivos ambiciosos para el año 2020, tanto en el ámbito europeo como en los diferentes Estados miembros. La universalización del acceso a redes de banda ancha de al menos 30 Mbps constituye uno de los principales retos. Las expectativas generadas por la tecnología LTE y la puesta a disposición de nuevas bandas de frecuencia hace posible que los servicios de acceso fijo inalámbrico adquieran especial relevancia ante los objetivos de política pública establecidos que, como ha sido reconocido en diversas ocasiones, no podrán lograrse sino con un compendio de diferente tecnologías. Para esta Tesis Doctoral se han desarrollado una serie modelos tecnoeconómicos con el objetivo de realizar un análisis prospectivo que evalúa tres casos de especial relevancia en el despliegue de redes LTE: en primer lugar, la valoración económica de la banda de 700 MHz; en segundo lugar, la evaluación de modelos de negocio y reducción de costes considerando tecnologías femtocelulares; y finalmente, la viabilidad de las redes LTE de acceso fijo inalámbrico para el cierre de la brecha digital en el acceso a la banda ancha de 30 Mbps. En relación con la aplicación del análisis tecnoeconómico para la valoración del espectro de 700 MHz, los resultados obtenidos ponen de manifiesto dos cuestiones fundamentales. En primer lugar, la necesidad de asignar a los operadores más espectro para satisfacer las previsiones de demanda de tráfico móvil a medio plazo. En segundo, existe una diferencia notable en los costes de despliegue de una red LTE cuando se dispone de espectro en frecuencias inferiores a 1 GHz y cuando no, pero esta diferencia de costes disminuye a medida que se añade nuevo espectro sub-1GHz. De esta manera, la atribución de la banda de 700 MHz a servicios de comunicaciones móviles supone una reducción relevante en los costes de despliegue si el operador no dispone de espectro en la banda de 800 MHz, pero no así si ya dispone de espectro en bandas bajas para el despliegue. En este sentido, puede concluirse que el precio que los operadores estarán dispuestos a pagar por el espectro de la banda de 700 MHz dependerá de si ya tienen disponible espectro en la banda de 800 MHz. Sin embargo, dado que la competencia por ese espectro será menor, los ingresos esperables en las licitaciones de esta nueva banda serán en general menores, a pesar de que para algunos operadores este espectro sería tan valioso como el de 800 MHz. En segundo lugar, en relación con el despliegue de femtoceldas pueden extraerse algunas conclusiones en términos de ahorro de costes de despliegue y también de cara a la viabilidad de los modelos de negocio que posibilitan. El ahorro que supone la introducción de femtoceldas en el despliegue de una red LTE frente al caso de un despliegue exclusivamente macrocelular se ha demostrado que es mayor cuanto menor es el ancho de banda disponible para la red macrocelular. En esta línea, para un operador convergente el despliegue de femtoceldas tiene sentido económico si el ancho de banda disponible es escaso (en torno a 2x10 MHz), que, en el caso de España, puede reflejar el caso de los operadores del segmento fijo que son nuevos entrantes en el móvil. Por otro lado, los modelos de acceso abierto son interesantes para operadores exclusivamente móviles, porque consiguen flexibilizar los costes sustituyendo estaciones base macrocelulares por el despliegue de femtoceldas, pero necesitan desplegarse en zonas con una densidad de población relativamente elevada para que éstas descarguen tráfico de varios usuarios de la red macrocelular simultáneamente. No obstante, las femtoceldas son beneficiosas en todo caso si es el usuario quien asume los costes de la femtocelda y el backhaul, lo que sólo parece probable si se integran en el modelo de negocio de comercialización de nuevos servicios. Por tanto, el despliegue de femtoceldas en buena parte de la casuística estudiada sólo tiene sentido si consiguen aumentar los ingresos por usuario comercializando servicios de valor añadido que necesiten calidad de servicio garantizada y exploten a la vez de esa forma su principal ventaja competitiva respecto a la tecnología WiFi. Finalmente, en relación con el papel de la tecnología LTE para la provisión de servicios de acceso fijo inalámbrico para la banda ancha de 30 Mbps, se ha desarrollado un modelo TD-LTE y mediante la metodología de análisis tecnoeconómico se ha realizado un estudio prospectivo para el caso de España. Los resultados obtenidos preciden una huella de cobertura de FTTH del 74% para 2020, y demuestran que una red TD-LTE en la banda de 3,5 GHz resulta viable para aumentar la cobertura de servicios de 30 Mbps en 14 puntos porcentuales. Junto con la consideración de la cobertura de otras redes, la cobertura de 30 Mbps de acuerdo a la viabilidad de los despliegues alcanzaría el 95% en España en el año 2020. Como resumen, los resultados obtenidos muestran en todos los casos la capacidad de la tecnología LTE para afrontar nuevos desafíos en relación con el aumento del tráfico móvil, especialmente crítico en las zonas más urbanas, y el cierre de la brecha digital en el acceso a la banda ancha rápida en las zonas más rurales. ABSTRACT The LTE standard has been pointed out as one of the keys for telecom operators to address the demand growth in mobile traffic foreseen for the next years in a cost-efficient way, since its core network is more scalable and its radio interface more flexible than those of its predecessor technologies. On the other hand, regulators need to guarantee an adequate, equitable and non-discriminatory access to radio spectrum, which enable a favorable environment for the deployment of advanced mobile communication networks. Despite the reform of the spectrum regulatory framework in Europe, which allowed for the deployment of new technologies in the historic GSM bands, additional spectrum has been allocated to IMT systems in new frequency bands, what in turn has set out new challenges for technology and regulation. The current fragmentation of available spectrum in very different frequency bands has boosted the development of carrier aggregation techniques in most recent releases of the LTE standard, which permit a better exploitation of radio resources as a whole. Nonetheless, spectrum below 1 GHz is still scarce for mobile networks, since mobile traffic increases at a more rapid pace than spectral efficiency and spectrum resources. The 900 MHz frequency band is still being used for GSM services, what has worsen the dispute between mobile communication services and terrestrial broadcasting services for the upper part of the UHF band. Concretely, the 700 MHz frequency band has been pointed out as one of the next bands to be allocated to mobile in order to increase available spectrum. However, its release by current Digital Terrestrial Television networks is challenging in Member States where it constitutes the main free access audiovisual platform, opening up a new debate around the audiovisual model in the long term in Europe. On the other hand, public policies of the present decade to promote fast and ultrafast broadband access has established very ambitious objectives for the year 2020, both at European and national levels. Universalization of 30 Mbps broadband access networks constitutes one of the main challenges. Expectations raised by LTE technology and the allocation of new frequency bands has lead fixed wireless access (FWA) services to acquire special relevance in light of public policy objectives, which will not be met but with a compendium of different technologies, as different involved stakeholders have acknowledged. This PhD Dissertation develops techno-economic models to carry out a prospective analysis for three cases of special relevance in LTE networks’ deployment: the spectrum pricing of the 700 MHz frequency band, an assessment of new business models and cost reduction considering femtocell technologies, and the feasibility of LTE fixed wireless access networks to close the 30 Mbps broadband access gap in rural areas. In the first place and regarding the application of techno-economic analysis for 700 MHz spectrum pricing, obtained results reveal two core issues. First of all, the need to allocate more spectrum for operators in order to fulfill mobile traffic demand in the mid-term. Secondly, there is a substantial difference in deployment costs for a LTE network when there is sub-1GHz spectrum available and when there is not, but this difference decreases as additional sub-1GHz spectrum is added. Thus, the allocation of 700 MHz band to mobile communication services would cause a relevant reduction in deployment costs if the operator does not count on spectrum in the 800 MHz, but not if it already has been assigned spectrum in low frequencies for the deployment. In this regard, the price operators will be willing to pay for 700 MHz spectrum will depend on them having already spectrum in the 800 MHz frequency band or not. However, since competition for the new spectrum will not be so strong, expected incomes from 700 MHz spectrum awards will be generally lower than those from the digital dividend, despite this spectrum being as valuable as 800 MHz spectrum for some operators. In the second place, regarding femtocell deployment, some conclusions can be drawn in terms of deployment cost savings and also with reference to the business model they enable. Savings provided by a joint macro-femto LTE network as compared to an exclusively macrocellular deployment increase as the available bandwidth for the macrocells decreases. Therefore, for a convergent operator the deployment of femtocells can only have economic sense if the available bandwidth is scarce (around 2x10 MHz), which might be the case of fix market operators which are new entrant in mobile market. Besides, open access models are interesting for exclusively mobile operators, since they make costs more flexible by substituting macrocell base stations by femtocells, but they need to be deployed relatively densely populated areas so that they can offload traffic from several macrocell users simultaneously. Nonetheless, femtocells are beneficial in all cases if the user assumes both femtocell and backhaul costs, which only seems probable if they are integrated in a business model commercializing new services. Therefore, in many of the cases analyzed femtocell deployment only makes sense if they increase revenues per user through new added value services which need from guaranteed quality of service, thus exploiting its main competitive advantage compared to WiFi. Finally, regarding the role of LTE technology in the provision of fixed wireless access services for 30 Mbps broadband, a TD-LTE model has been developed and a prospective study has been carried out through techno-economic methodology for the Spanish case. Obtained results foresee a FTTH coverage footprint of 74% households for 2020, and prove that a TD-LTE network in the 3.5 GHz band results feasible to increase 30 Mbps service coverage in additional 14 percentage points. To sum up, obtained results show LTE technology capability to address new challenges regarding both mobile traffic growth, particularly critical in urban zones, and the current digital divide in fast broadband access in most rural zones.

Fluorescent Biological Aerosol Particles in Coastal Canada and the Link to Atmospheric Ice Nuclei

Bioaerosols are a subgroup of atmospheric aerosols and are often linked to the spread of human, animal and plant diseases. Bioaerosols also may play an indirect effect on environmental processes, including the formation of precipitation and alteration of the global climate through their role as nuclei for cloud droplet formation. Several types of biological organisms (e.g., fungi and bacteria) have been shown to be effective ice nuclei (IN) and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). During 21 days in August 2013 we participated in a collaborative international campaign at a rural, coastal site near the village of Ucluelet on the west coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. The experiments were conducted as part of the NETCARE project (the NETwork on Climate and Aerosols: Addressing Key Uncertainties in Remote Canadian Environments), in part to examine cloud nuclei properties of marine aerosol. The study was conducted from a mobile trailer located approximately 100 m from the coast. A suite of aerosol instrumentation was operated for approximately one month. Key instruments utilized as a part of this thesis include the wideband integrated bioaerosol sensor (WIBS-4A) and the multiple orifice uniform deposition impactor (MOUDI) coupled with an off-line droplet freezing technique (DFT) for the measurement of ice nucleation activity of particles in immersion mode. The WIBS measures the concentration and properties of individual fluorescent particles suspended in the air, which can serve as a proxy for airborne biological particle content. Particles shown to be fluorescent by the WIBS instrument were divided into seven categories based on the pattern of fluorescence each particle exhibited in the three fluorescent channels. Results of the WIBS analysis show that the fluorescent particle concentration in the region correlated well with IN number. The fluorescent particle concentration correlated well with the number of particles shown to be ice active as a function of both particle size and freezing temperature. Correlations involving marine aerosols and marine biological activity indicate that the majority of IN measured at the coastal site likely are not from have marine sources.

DESIGN OF A MINIATURIZED SOP INTEGRATED GNSS RF FRONT-END MODULE

Navigation devices used to be bulky and expensive and were not widely commercialized for personal use. Nowadays, all useful electronic devices are turning into being handheld so that they can be conveniently used anytime and anywhere. One can claim that almost any mobile phone, used today, has quite strong navigational capabilities that can efficiently work anywhere in the globe. No matter where you are, you can easily know your exact location and make your way smoothly to wherever you would like to go. This couldn’t have been made possible without the existence of efficient and small microwave circuits responsible for the transmission and reception of high quality navigation signals. This thesis is mainly concerned with the design of novel highly miniaturized and efficient filtering components working in the Global Navigational Satellite Systems (GNSS) frequency band to be integrated within an efficient Radio Frequency (RF) front-end module (FEM). A System-on-Package (SoP) integration technique is adopted for the design of all the components in this thesis. Two novel miniaturized filters are designed, where one of them is a wideband filter targeting the complete GNSS band with a fractional bandwidth of almost 50% at a center frequency of 1.385 GHz. This filter utilizes a direct inductive coupling topology to achieve the required wide band performance. It also has very good out-of-band rejection and low IL. Whereas the other dual band filter will only cover the lower and upper GNSS bands with a rejection notch in between the two bands. It has very good inter band rejection. The well-known “divide and conquer” design methodology was applied for the design of this filter to help save valuable design and optimization time. Moreover, the performance of two commercially available ultra-Low Noise Amplifiers (LNAs) is studied. The complete RF FEM showed promising preliminary performance in terms of noise figure, gain and bandwidth, where it out performed other commercial front-ends in these three aspects. All the designed circuits are fabricated and tested. The measured results are found to be in good agreements with the simulations.

A rare earth element study of complex zircons from early Archaean Amitsoq gneisses, Godthåbsfjord, south-west Greenland

We present high spatial resolution ion-microprobe rare earth element (REE) data for discrete growth phases of complex polyphase zircons from early Archaean Amitsoq gneisses, outer Godthabsfjord, SW Greenland. In Matsuda diagrams, the two major growth phases, >3.8 Ga cores and ca. 3.65 Ga rims, have steep positive slopes from La to Lu, prominent positive Ce anomalies and negative Eu anomalies that are consistent with growth in a melt. Exceptions to this are non-cathodolurnmescent zircon developed between the cores and rims, sometimes truncating zoning in the cores, and late Archaean prismatic tip overgrowths, both of which exhibit flatter light REE (LREE) patterns and have small or no Eu anomaly, which we interpret as the result of metamorphism and/or small-degree, isolated partial melting. Our data support previous interpretations that the ca. 3.65 Ga zircon phase was generated in a melt, with the >3.8 Ga phase representing either original protolith zircons in a large degree partial melt or inherited zircons in an introduced magma. Regardless which of these two interpretations is correct for these, and similar, rocks in the outer GodthAbsfjord, the 3.65 Ga event will have profoundly affected isotopic systems and obscured beyond recognition any earlier igneous features such as cross-cutting relationships, which may only be assigned a minimum 3.65 Ga age. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Comments on edge-to-edge matching and the equivalence of the invariant line, Delta g and Moire fringe approaches to the crystallographic features of precipitates

Three apparently distinct and different approaches have been proposed to account for the crystallographic features of diffusion-controlled precipitation. These three models are based on (a) an invariant line in the habit plane, (b) the parallelism of a pair of Deltags that are perpendicular to the habit plane and (c) the parallelism of a pair of Moire fringes that are in turn parallel to the habit plane. The purpose of the present paper is to show that these approaches are in fact absolutely equivalent and that when certain conditions are satisfied they are essentially the same as the recent edge-to-edge matching model put forward by the authors. (C) 2004 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Assigning dates to thin gneissic veins in high-grade metamorphic terranes: A cautionary tale from Akilia, southwest Greenland

A granodiorite from Akilia, southwest Greenland, previously suggested to date putative life-bearing rocks to greater than or equal to3.84 Ga, is re-investigated using whole-rock major and trace-element geochemistry, and detailed cathodoluminescence image-guided secondary ion mass spectrometer analyses of zircon U-Th-Pb and rare earth elements. Complex zircon internal structure reveals three episodes of zircon growth and/or recrystallization dated to c. 3.84 Ga, 3.62 Ga and 2.71 Ga. Rare earth element abundances imply a significant role for garnet in zircon generation at 3.62 Ga and 2.71 Ga. The 3.62 Ga event is interpreted as partial melting of a c. 3.84 Ga grey gneiss precursor at granulite facies with residual garnet. Migration of this 3.62 Ga magma (or melt-crystal mush) away from the melt source places a maximum age limit on any intrusive relationship. These early Archaean relationships have been complicated further by isotopic reworking in the 2.71 Ga event, which could have included a further episode of partial melting. This study highlights a general problem associated with dating thin gneissic veins in polyphase metamorphic terranes, where field relationships may be ambiguous and zircon inheritance can be expected.

A planar UWB antenna with signal rejection capability in the 4-6 GHz band

The design of a compact planar antenna featuring ultra wideband performance and simultaneous signal rejection in the 4-6 GHz band, assigned for IEEE802.11a and HIPERLAN/2, is presented. The design is demonstrated assuming RT6010LM substrate with a relative dielectric constant of 10.2 and thickness of 0.64 mm. The presented results show that the designed antenna of 27 mm * 20 mm dimensions has a bandwidth from 2.7 GHz to more than 10 GHz excluding the rejection band. The antenna features near omnidirectional characteristics and good radiation efficiency.

Blind multiuser receiver for DS-CDMA wireless system

We consider blind signal detection in an asynchronous code-division multiple-access (CDMA) system employing short spreading sequences in the presence of unknown multipath fading. This approach is capable of countering the presence of multiple-access interference (MAI) in CDMA fading channels. The proposed blind multiuser detector is based on an independent component analysis (ICA) to mitigate both MAI and noise. This algorithm has been utilised in blind source separation (BSS) of unknown sources from their mixtures. It can also be used for estimating the basis vectors of BSS. The aim is to include an ICA algorithm within a wireless receiver in order to reduce the level of interference in wideband systems. This blind multiuser detector requires no training sequence compared with the conventional multiuser detection receiver. The proposed ICA blind multiuser detector is made robust with respect to knowledge of signature waveforms and the timing of the user of interest. Several experiments are performed in order to verify the validity of the proposed ICA algorithm.

Frequency band selection of radars for buried object detection

Choice of the operational frequency is one of the most responsible parts of any radar design process. Parameters of radars for buried object detection (BOD) are very sensitive to both carrier frequency and ranging signal bandwidth. Such radars have a specific propagation environment with a strong frequency-dependent attenuation and, as a result, short operational range. This fact dictates some features of the radar's parameters: wideband signal-to provide a high range resolution (fractions of a meter) and a low carrier frequency (tens or hundreds megahertz) for deeper penetration. The requirement to have a wideband ranging signal and low carrier frequency are partly in contradiction. As a result, low-frequency (LF) ultrawide-band (UWB) signals are used. The major goal of this paper is to examine the influence of the frequency band choice on the radar performance and develop relevant methodologies for BOD radar design and optimization. In this article, high-efficient continuous wave (CW) signals with most advanced stepped frequency (SF) modulation are considered; however, the main conclusions can be applied to any kind of ranging signals.

Design of complementary UWB printed monopole antennas using simple formulas

Simple design formulas for designing ultra wideband (UWB) antennas in the form of complementary planar monopoles are described and their validity is tested using full electromagnetic wave simulations and measurements. Assuming dielectric substrate with relative permittivity of 10.2, the designed antennas feature a small size of 13 mmtimes26 mm. They exhibit a 10 dB return loss bandwidth from 3 to more than 15 GHz accompanied by near omnidirectional characteristics and good radiation efficiency throughout this band

Physical and MAC layer techniques for next generation satellite communications

In this thesis, we consider four different scenarios of interest in modern satellite communications. For each scenario, we will propose the use of advanced solutions aimed at increasing the spectral efficiency of the communication links. First, we will investigate the optimization of the current standard for digital video broadcasting. We will increase the symbol rate of the signal and determine the optimal signal bandwidth. We will apply the time packing technique and propose a specifically design constellation. We will then compare some receiver architectures with different performance and complexity. The second scenario still addresses broadcast transmissions, but in a network composed of two satellites. We will compare three alternative transceiver strategies, namely, signals completely overlapped in frequency, frequency division multiplexing, and the Alamouti space-time block code, and, for each technique, we will derive theoretical results on the achievable rates. We will also evaluate the performance of said techniques in three different channel models. The third scenario deals with the application of multiuser detection in multibeam satellite systems. We will analyze a case in which the users are near the edge of the coverage area and, hence, they experience a high level of interference from adjacent cells. Also in this case, three different approaches will be compared. A classical approach in which each beam carries information for a user, a cooperative solution based on time division multiplexing, and the Alamouti scheme. The information theoretical analysis will be followed by the study of practical coded schemes. We will show that the theoretical bounds can be approached by a properly designed code or bit mapping. Finally, we will consider an Earth observation scenario, in which data is generated on the satellite and then transmitted to the ground. We will study two channel models, taking into account one or two transmit antennas, and apply techniques such as time and frequency packing, signal predistortion, multiuser detection and the Alamouti scheme.

AC self-bearing motors with a bridge configured winding

Magnetic levitation bearings eliminate friction, wear and the need for lubrication and so have high speed capability and potential for vibration control. One noteworthy development in the realm of magnetic levitation is the self-bearing or bearingless motor - an electromagnetic machine that supports its own rotor by way of magnetic forces generated by windings on its stator. Accordingly, various winding schemes have been proposed to accomplish the task of force production. This thesis proposes a novel concept of winding based on a bridge connection for polyphase self-bearing rotating electrical machines with the following advantages: • the connection uses a single set of windings and thus power loss is relatively low when compared with self-bearing motors with conventional dual set of windings. • the motor and levitation controls are segregated such that only one motor inverter is required for the normal torque production and levitation forces are produced by using auxiliary power supplies of relatively low current and voltage rating. The usual way of controlling the motor is retained. • there are many variant winding schemes to meet special needs. • independent power supplies for levitation control offer redundancy for fault tolerance. This thesis dwells specifically on the conceptual design and implementation of the proposed single set of windings scheme. The new connection has been verified to exhibit characteristics of a self-bearing motor via coupled-field finite element analysis: results are crosschecked analytically. Power loss and other aspects such as cost, design implementation are compared to support the newly proposed connection as a potential alternative to present designs.