Expressão das quimiocinas MIP-1α e MCP-1 em relação à carga parasitária em cães com leishmaniose visceral

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Prevalência da infecção pelos Polyomavirus JC e BK em pacientes com Doença Renal Crônica e transplantados

O presente estudo teve como objetivo realizar a investigação molecular da infecção pelos Poliomavírus JC e BK em pacientes com Doença Renal Crônica (DRC) terminal, transplantados e em indivíduos sem DRC. Foram testadas 295 amostras de urina, que após a extração de DNA, foram submetidas à amplificação de um fragmento de 173 pb do gene do antígeno-T de Polyomavirus por meio da PCR seguida pela análise de RFLP, utilizando a endonuclease de restrição BamHI, na qual foi detectado 17,6% (52/295) de infecção por Polyomavirus, sendo 3,9% (4/102) nos pacientes com DRC, 30,5% (18/59) nos pacientes transplantados e 22,4% (30/134) nos assintomáticos. A prevalência da infecção pelo BKV foi de 88,9% (16/18) nos transplantados e de 10,0% (3/30) nos assintomáticos, não sendo detectada a infecção pelo BKV em pacientes com DRC. A prevalência de infecção pelo JCV foi de 3,9% (4/102) nos pacientes com DRC, de 11,1% (2/16) no transplantados e de 90,0% (27/30) nos assintomáticos. O risco de infecção por BKV foi determinada ser 72 vezes maior em pacientes transplantados do que em assintomáticos. A baixa frequência de infecção encontrada entre os pacientes com DRC pode estar relacionada ao fato de que esses pacientes apresentam uma elevada taxa de excreção de uréia na urina, assim como, baixo volume e densidade urinária, podem ser outros dois fatores contribuintes para a ausência de amplificação por estarem associados à baixa carga viral presente. De acordo com estes resultados, sugere-se que a investigação da infecção por Polyomavirus deve ser realizada, rotineiramente, nos pacientes pré e póstransplante, assim como nos doadores de órgãos, uma vez que a infecção por BKV tem sido associada com rejeição de enxerto em transplante de rins.

Imunopatogenia da interação entre acrófagos e/ou células de Langerhans e Lacazia loboi

A lobomicose é uma infecção subcutânea crônica, granulomatosa, causada pela implantação traumática do fungo Lacazia loboi nos tecidos cutâneo e subcutâneo. Ocorre predominantemente na região Amazônica e atinge qualquer grupo populacional. Histologicamente, observa-se reação inflamatória crônica caracterizada por intensa histiocitose e fibroplasia, abundante número de macrófagos, células gigantes multinucleadas do tipo corpo estranho e presença de considerável número de células leveduriformes. Os macrófagos são células fagocíticas que participam do reconhecimento e da resposta a patógenos através da fagocitose, da apresentação de antígenos aos linfócitos T e da produção de citocinas. As células de Langerhans (LC) são um grupo de Células dendríticas (CD) derivadas da medula óssea situadas principalmente em uma camada suprabasal da epiderme. Estudos envolvendo a interação fungo-hospedeiro na doença de Jorge Lobo são escassos. Assim, Este estudo é um passo importante para o melhor entendimento da biologia e patogenia do L. loboi, e para o estudo da imunopatologia da interação patógeno versus hospedeiro desta doença emergente e pouco conhecida. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi analisar a interação in vitro entre macrófagos peritoneais não ativados e/ou LC, isolados de camundongos BALB/c, com L. loboi recém-isolado de pacientes com doença de Jorge Lobo, bem como determinar os índices de infecção, fagocitose e fusão, e medir a produção das citocinas TNF-α, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10 e IL-12. Os resultados demonstraram que L. loboi é fagocitado por macrófagos, mas não por LC. O índice de infecção na interação entre macrófagos e L. loboi foi semelhante à interação entre macrófagos, LC e L. loboi em todos os tempos analisados. A média do número de fungos por macrófago também foi praticamente igual entre as interações e ao longo do tempo, variando de 1,2 a 1,6 fungos/macrófagos. Não houve a formação de células gigantes em macrófagos cultivados ou LC cultivadas isoladamente e em nenhum dos co-cultivos. Não houve diferença significante na produção de IL-4, IL-2 e IL-10 nas interações estudadas. Os níveis de TNF-α diminuem ao longo do tempo na interação entre macrófagos e L. loboi, enquanto a adição de LC induz aumento da produção de TNF-α, principalmente após 48 horas. LC modulam negativamente a produção de IL-6 por macrófagos e L. loboi também inibem essa produção por macrófagos isoladamente ou em co-cultivo com LC. L. loboi estimulam significativamente a produção de IL-12 por macrófagos co-cultivados com LC, mas não em LC ou macrófagos isoladamente.

Glycolipid Sensing and Innate Immunity in Paracoccidioidomycosis

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Genotipagem de HLA de classe I e II para seleção de células precursoras dendríticas para estudo da imunobiologia do vírus associado ao Sarcoma de Kaposi (KSHV)

The Kaposi-associated Herpesvirus (KSHV) also known as Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) is associated with the development of Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) and others limphoprolipheratives diseases such as Primary Effusion Lymphoma (PEL) and Multicentric Castleman Disease (MCD). Even though the virus is considered lymphotropic, it is able to infect others cell types such as macrophages, dendritic cells, endothelial cells, monocytes and fibroblasts. After infection, KSHV be latent expressing essential viral genes to its maintenance in a infected cell. However, in some circumstances may occur the reactivation of lytic cycle producing new viral particles. K1 protein of KSHV interferes in the cellular signaling inducing proliferation and supporting cellular transformation. K1 is encoded by viral ORF-K1, which shows high variability between different genotypes of KSHV. So far, it is not clear whether different isoforms of K1 have specific immunobiological features. The KSHV latency is maintained under strict control by the immune system supported by an adequate antigen presentation involving Human Leucocyte Antigen (HLA) class I and II. Polymorphisms of HLA class I and II genes confer an enormous variability in molecules that recognize a large amount of antigens, but also can increase the susceptibility to autoimmune diseases. Therefore, the present study aims to genotype HLA class I (A and B) and class II (DR and DQ) from volunteers to identify haplotypes that can provide better response to K1 epitopes of different KSHV genotypes. First of all, 20 volunteers were selected to genotype HLA genes. In our results we observed prevalence of certain HLA class I haplotypes as HLAA1, HLA-A2, HLA-A24, HLA-A26, HLA-B8, HLA-B18 e HLA-B44. After the in silico analysis using BIMAS and SYFPEITHI databases, we observed high scores for epitopes from the B genotype of KSHV, indicating...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Differential expression of the costimulatory molecules CD86, CD28, CD152 and PD-1 correlates with the host-parasite outcome in leprosy

Leprosy is a spectral disease exhibiting two polar sides, namely, lepromatous leprosy (LL) characterised by impaired T-cell responses and tuberculoid leprosy in which T-cell responses are strong. Proper T-cell activation requires signalling through costimulatory molecules expressed by antigen presenting cells and their ligands on T-cells. We studied the influence of costimulatory molecules on the immune responses of subjects along the leprosy spectrum. The expression of the costimulatory molecules was evaluated in in vitro-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells of lepromatous and tuberculoid patients and healthy exposed individuals (contacts). We show that LL patients have defective monocyte CD86 expression, which likely contributes to the impairment of the antigen presentation process and to patients anergy. Accordingly, CD86 but not CD80 blockade inhibited the lymphoproliferative response to Mycobacterium leprae. Consistent with the LL anergy, there was reduced expression of the positive signalling costimulatory molecules CD28 and CD86 on the T-cells in these patients. In contrast, tuberculoid leprosy patients displayed increased expression of the negative signalling molecules CD152 and programmed death-1 (PD-1), which represents a probable means of modulating an exacerbated immune response and avoiding immunopathology. Notably, the contacts exhibited proper CD86 and CD28 expression but not exacerbated CD152 or PD-1 expression, suggesting that they tend to develop a balanced immunity without requiring immunosuppressive costimulatory signalling.

The Cysteine-Rich Protein Thimet Oligopeptidase as a Model of the Structural Requirements for S-glutathiolation and Oxidative Oligomerization

Thimet oligopeptidase (EP24.15) is a cysteine-rich metallopeptidase containing fifteen Cys residues and no intra-protein disulfide bonds. Previous work on this enzyme revealed that the oxidative oligomerization of EP24.15 is triggered by S-glutathiolation at physiological GSSG levels (10-50 mu M) via a mechanism based on thiol-disulfide exchange. In the present work, our aim was to identify EP24.15 Cys residues that are prone to S-glutathiolation and to determine which structural features in the cysteinyl bulk are responsible for the formation of mixed disulfides through the reaction with GSSG and, in this particular case, the Cys residues within EP24.15 that favor either S-glutathiolation or inter-protein thiol-disulfide exchange. These studies were conducted by in silico structural analyses and simulations as well as site-specific mutation. S-glutathiolation was determined by mass spectrometric analyses and western blotting with anti-glutathione antibody. The results indicated that the stabilization of a thiolate sulfhydryl and the solvent accessibility of the cysteines are necessary for S-thiolation. The Solvent Access Surface analysis of the Cys residues prone to glutathione modification showed that the S-glutathiolated Cys residues are located inside pockets where the sulfur atom comes into contact with the solvent and that the positively charged amino acids are directed toward these Cys residues. The simulation of a covalent glutathione docking onto the same Cys residues allowed for perfect glutathione posing. A mutation of the Arg residue 263 that forms a saline bridge to the Cys residue 175 significantly decreased the overall S-glutathiolation and oligomerization of EP24.15. The present results show for the first time the structural requirements for protein S-glutathiolation by GSSG and are consistent with our previous hypothesis that EP24.15 oligomerization is dependent on the electron transfer from specific protonated Cys residues of one molecule to previously S-glutathionylated Cys residues of another one.

Maternal LAMP/p55gagHIV-1 DNA Immunization Induces In Utero Priming and a Long-Lasting Immune Response in Vaccinated Neonates

Infants born to HIV-infected mothers are at high risk of becoming infected during gestation or the breastfeeding period. A search is thus warranted for vaccine formulations that will prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission. The LAMP/gag DNA chimeric vaccine encodes the HIV-1 p55gag fused to the lysosome-associated membrane protein-1 (LAMP-1) and has been shown to enhance anti-Gag antibody (Ab) and cellular immune responses in adult and neonatal mice; such a vaccine represents a new concept in antigen presentation. In this study, we evaluated the effect of LAMP/gag DNA immunization on neonates either before conception or during pregnancy. LAMP/gag immunization of BALB/c mice before conception by the intradermal route led to the transfer of anti-Gag IgG1 Ab through the placenta and via breastfeeding. Furthermore, there were an increased percentage of CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ T cells in the spleens of neonates. When offspring were immunized with LAMP/gag DNA, the anti-Gag Ab response and the Gag-specific IFN-gamma-secreting cells were decreased. Inhibition of anti-Gag Ab production and cellular responses were not observed six months after immunization, indicating that maternal immunization did not interfere with the long-lasting memory response in offspring. Injection of purified IgG in conjunction with LAMP/gag DNA immunization decreased humoral and cytotoxic T-cell responses. LAMP/gag DNA immunization by intradermal injection prior to conception promoted the transfer of Ab, leading to a diminished response to Gag without interfering with the development of anti-Gag T- and B-cell memory. Finally, we assessed responses after one intravenous injection of LAMP/gag DNA during the last five days of pregnancy. The intravenous injection led to in utero immunization. In conclusion, DNA vaccine enconding LAMP-1 with Gag and other HIV-1 antigens should be considered in the development of a protective vaccine for the maternal/fetal and newborn periods.

Peptidomic Analysis of HEK293T Cells: Effect of the Proteasome Inhibitor Epoxomicin on Intracellular Peptides

Peptides derived from cytosolic, mitochondrial, and nuclear proteins have been detected in extracts of animal tissues and cell lines. To test whether the proteasome is involved in their formation, HEK293T cells were treated with epoxomicin (0.2 or 2 mu M) for 1 h and quantitative peptidomics analysis was performed. Altogether, 147 unique peptides were identified by mass spectrometry sequence analysis. Epoxomicin treatment decreased the levels of the majority of intracellular peptides, consistent with inhibition of the proteasome beta-2 and beta-5 subunits. Treatment with the higher concentration of epoxomicin elevated the levels of some peptides. Most of the elevated peptides resulted from cleavages at acidic residues, suggesting that epoxomicin increased the processing of proteins through the beta-1 subunit. Interestingly, some of the peptides that were elevated by the epoxomicin treatment had hydrophobic residues in P1 cleavage sites. Taken together, these findings suggest that, while the proteasome is the major source of intracellular peptides, other peptide-generating mechanisms exist. Because intracellular peptides are likely to perform intracellular functions, studies using proteasome inhibitors need to be interpreted with caution, as it is possible that the effects of these inhibitors are due to a change in the peptide levels rather than inhibition of protein degradation.

Activation of PAF-receptor induces regulatory dendritic cells through PGE2 and IL-10

Activation of the platelet-activating factor receptor (PAFR) in macrophages is associated with suppressor phenotype. Here, we investigated the PAFR in murine dendritic cells (DC). Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BALB/c) were cultured with GM-CSF and maturation was induced by LPS. The PAFR antagonists (WEB2086, WEB2170, PCA4248) and the prostaglandin (PG) synthesis inhibitors (indomethacin, nimesulide and NS-398) were added before LPS. Mature and immature DCs expressed PAFR. LPS increased MHCII, CD40, CD80, CD86, CCR7 and induced IL-10, IL-12, COX-2 and PGE2 expression. IL-10, COX-2 and PGE2 levels were reduced by PAFR antagonists and increased by cPAF. The IL-10 production was independent of PGs. Mature DCs induced antigen-specific lymphocyte proliferation. PAFR antagonists or PG-synthesis inhibitors significantly increased lymphocyte proliferation. It is proposed that PAF has a central role in regulatory DC differentiation through potentiation of IL-10 and PGE2 production.

Redox regulation of the proteasome via S-glutathionylation

The proteasome is a multimeric and multicatalytic intracellular protease responsible for the degradation of proteins involved in cell cycle control, various signaling processes, antigen presentation, and control of protein synthesis. The central catalytic complex of the proteasome is called the 20S core particle. The majority of these are flanked on one or both sides by regulatory units. Most common among these units is the 19S regulatory unit. When coupled to the 19S unit, the complex is termed the asymmetric or symmetric 26S proteasome depending on whether one or both sides are coupled to the 19S unit, respectively. The 26S proteasome recognizes poly-ubiquitinylated substrates targeted for proteolysis. Targeted proteins interact with the 19S unit where they are deubiquitinylated, unfolded, and translocated to the 20S catalytic chamber for degradation. The 26S proteasome is responsible for the degradation of major proteins involved in the regulation of the cellular cycle, antigen presentation and control of protein synthesis. Alternatively, the proteasome is also active when dissociated from regulatory units. This free pool of 20S proteasome is described in yeast to mammalian cells. The free 20S proteasome degrades proteins by a process independent of poly-ubiquitinylation and ATP consumption. Oxidatively modified proteins and other substrates are degraded in this manner. The 20S proteasome comprises two central heptamers (β-rings) where the catalytic sites are located and two external heptamers (α-rings) that are responsible for proteasomal gating. Because the 20S proteasome lacks regulatory units, it is unclear what mechanisms regulate the gating of α-rings between open and closed forms. In the present review, we discuss 20S proteasomal gating modulation through a redox mechanism, namely, S-glutathionylation of cysteine residues located in the α-rings, and the consequence of this post-translational modification on 20S proteasomal function.

Evaluation of glycoconjugate antigens as vaccine candidates against group A Streptococcus and human immunodeficiency virus infections

This PhD thesis discusses the rationale for design and use of synthetic oligosaccharides for the development of glycoconjugate vaccines and the role of physicochemical methods in the characterization of these vaccines. The study concerns two infectious diseases that represent a serious problem for the national healthcare programs: human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Group A Streptococcus (GAS) infections. Both pathogens possess distinctive carbohydrate structures that have been described as suitable targets for the vaccine design. The Group A Streptococcus cell membrane polysaccharide (GAS-PS) is an attractive vaccine antigen candidate based on its conserved, constant expression pattern and the ability to confer immunoprotection in a relevant mouse model. Analysis of the immunogenic response within at-risk populations suggests an inverse correlation between high anti-GAS-PS antibody titres and GAS infection cases. Recent studies show that a chemically synthesized core polysaccharide-based antigen may represent an antigenic structural determinant of the large polysaccharide. Based on GAS-PS structural analysis, the study evaluates the potential to exploit a synthetic design approach to GAS vaccine development and compares the efficiency of synthetic antigens with the long isolated GAS polysaccharide. Synthetic GAS-PS structural analogues were specifically designed and generated to explore the impact of antigen length and terminal residue composition. For the HIV-1 glycoantigens, the dense glycan shield on the surface of the envelope protein gp120 was chosen as a target. This shield masks conserved protein epitopes and facilitates virus spread via binding to glycan receptors on susceptible host cells. The broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibody 2G12 binds a cluster of high-mannose oligosaccharides on the gp120 subunit of HIV-1 Env protein. This oligomannose epitope has been a subject to the synthetic vaccine development. The cluster nature of the 2G12 epitope suggested that multivalent antigen presentation was important to develop a carbohydrate based vaccine candidate. I describe the development of neoglycoconjugates displaying clustered HIV-1 related oligomannose carbohydrates and their immunogenic properties.

Einfluss immunevasiver Strategien des humanen Cytomegalovirus auf die MHC-Klasse-I-Präsentation der viralen Antigene pp65 und IE1

Das Humane Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) stellt eine große Bedrohung für Patienten mit geschwächtem oder unausgereiftem Immunsystem dar. Bei immunkompetenten Personen hingegen werden schwere Erkrankungen insbesondere durch die Wirkung antiviraler zytotoxischer CD8+-T-Lymphozyten (CTL) weitgehend verhindert. Aus Zellkultur-Systemen war bekannt, dass virale Glykoproteine, welche in der US2-US11-Region des HCMV-Genoms kodiert werden, inhibitorisch in den MHC-Klasse-I-Präsentationsweg eingreifen und somit die entsprechende Präsentation durch infizierte Zellen behindern. Über die Bedeutung dieser US2-US11-vermittelten Immunevasion für die Präsentation viraler Antigene im Kontext der Virusinfektion war jedoch nichts bekannt. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit sollte daher der Einfluss der Immunevasion auf die MHC-Klasse-I-Präsentation der beiden wichtigsten CTL-Zielstrukturen von HCMV, dem Tegumentprotein pp65 und dem regulatorischen immediate early Protein IE1, untersucht werden. In Ergänzung dazu sollte das immunevasive Potential eines durch HCMV kodierten Homologs des immunmodulatorischen Zytokins Interleukin-10 (cmvIL-10) analysiert werden. Hierzu wurden über Peptidimmunisierung HLA-A2-transgener Mäuse CTL-Klone hergestellt, welche ausgesuchte Peptide aus pp65 und IE1 in Assoziation mit HLA-A2 mit hoher Spezifität und Sensitivität erkannten. Auf diese Weise konnte eine direkte Beeinflussung der MHC-Klasse-I-Präsentation durch cmvIL-10 falsifiziert und somit der Hypothese, dass das von infizierten Zellen freigesetzte Zytokin die MHC-Klasse-I-Präsentation nicht infizierter Nachbarzellen beeinflussen könnte, widersprochen werden. Mit Hilfe einer US2-US11-Deletionsmutante des Virus konnte zum ersten Mal gezeigt werden, dass die Präsentation von sowohl pp65 als auch IE1 durch die Immunevasion beeinträchtigt wird. Dabei war die Präsentation des IE1-Peptids zu jedem untersuchten Zeitpunkt nach Infektion vollständig unterdrückt. Die Präsentation des pp65-Peptids hingegen war noch bis zu 72 Stunden nach Infektion detektierbar. Diese anhaltende Präsentation wurde dabei durch MHC-Klasse-I-Komplexe hervorgerufen, die trotz der Expression der US2-US11-Region an die Zelloberfläche transportiert wurden. Anhand des pp65 konnte somit erstmals gezeigt werden, dass die Immunevasion von HCMV Bildung und Transport bestimmter MHC-Klasse-I-Peptid-Komplexe zwar beeinträchtigen, jedoch nicht vollständig blockieren kann. Weitere Untersuchungen ergaben, dass die Präsentation von IE1-Peptiden durch das Vorhandensein des pp65-Proteins nicht beeinflusst wurde. Damit konnten aus der Literatur bekannte Daten anderer widerlegt werden. Mit Hilfe einer weiteren Virusmutante konnte schließlich gezeigt werden, das die Expression eines der Immunevasine, des gpUS11, hinreichend ist, die IE1-Präsentation vollständig zu unterdrücken, jedoch keinerlei messbaren Einfluss auf die Präsentation von pp65 ausübt. Die vorliegende Arbeit hat wichtige Erkenntnisse erbracht, die die Grundlage für weiterführende Untersuchungen zur Aufklärung der Bedeutung der einzelnen Immunevasionsgene für die Präsentation viraler Antigene im Rahmen der Virusinfektion darstellen.

Der Einfluss der regulierten Expression der onkogenen Kinase PKB,Akt auf die T-Zell-vermittelte Tumorabstoßung

Eine wesentliche Voraussetzung für die maligne Transformation von Zellen ist die Inaktivierung des programmierten Zelltodes (Apoptose). Die dabei erworbenen Defekte der Apoptose-Signalwege führen häufig zu Resistenzen gegenüber Radio- und Chemotherapien. Immuntherapeutische Ansätze haben zum Ziel, solche resistenten Tumorzellen spezifisch zu entfernen. Resistenzen gegenüber Immuntherapien können wiederum in einer gestörten Immunerkennung der Tumorzellen oder deren Resistenz gegenüber Immuneffektormechanismen begründet sein. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war, zu überprüfen, ob durch Proteinkinase B (PKB)/Akt Immunresistenz vermittelt werden kann. Hierbei zeigte sich, dass die Aktivierung des PKB/Akt-Signalweges in Tumorzellen einen deutlichen Schutz gegenüber verschiedenen Apoptosestimuli in vitro vermittelt. Die konditionale Aktivierung von PKB/Akt hemmte sowohl die pharmakologisch, als auch die durch ZTL induzierte Apoptose-Signalkaskade über eine posttranskriptionelle Stabilisierung des anti-apoptotischen Proteins MCL-1. Diese Beobachtung konnte auch in einem murinen Tumorimmuntherapiemodell in vivo bestätigt werden. Unstimulierte Splenozyten von C57Bl/6-Mäusen wurden adoptiv in NOD/SCID-Mäuse mit etablierten, PKB/Akt-exprimierenden, murinen Fibrosarkomen transferiert. Die konditionale Aktivierung von PKB/Akt inhibierte den tumorsuppressiven Effekt dieser transplantierten Splenozyten signifikant. Des Weiteren konnte gezeigt werden, dass die PKB/Akt-abhängige Immunresistenz auch in vivo durch anti-apoptotisches MCL-1 vermittelt wird. PKB/Akt-exprimierende Fibrosarkome mit supprimierter endogener MCL-1-Expression verloren ihre Resistenz gegenüber der durch adoptiven Splenozytentransfer vermittelten Tumorsuppression. Dies bestätigte endogenes MCL-1 als entscheidenden Faktor der PKB/Akt-vermittelten Immunresistenz. Ferner konnte gezeigt werden, dass eine Hemmung der PKB/Akt-induzierten Signaltransduktion auf der Ebene der nachgeschalteten Kinase mTOR etablierte Fibrosarkome gegenüber adoptiver Lymphozytentherapie sensitiviert. Der mTOR-Inhibitor Rapamycin verhinderte die PKB/Akt-induzierte Aufregulation von MCL-1 und die damit einhergehende Resistenzentwicklung in vivo. Zusammengefasst wurde erstmalig gezeigt, dass eine Deregulation des PKB/Akt-Signalweges Resistenz gegenüber immunologischer Tumorsuppression vermitteln kann. PKB/Akt stellt somit ein entscheidendes Zielmolekül für die Verbesserung von Krebsimmuntherapien dar.

Immunevasion des murinen Cytomegalovirus: Regulatoren der MHC-Klasse-I vermittelten Antigenpräsentation

Zu den Immunevasionsmechanismen des murinen Cytomegalovirus, die sich im Laufe der Koevolution von Virus und Wirt entwickelt haben, gehört die Interferenz von drei viralen Regulatoren mit der Antigenpräsentation über MHC-Klasse-I-Moleküle, wodurch die Aktivierung von zytotoxischen CD8 T-Zellen beeinflusst wird: Während m152/gp40 peptidbeladene MHC-Klasse-I-Komplexe im cis-Golgi-Kompartiment akkumuliert, führt m06/gp48 diese Komplexe der lysosomalen Degradation zu. Im Gegensatz dazu vermittelt m04/gp34 deren Transport an die Zelloberfläche, wurde in der Literatur bisher aber trotzdem als Inhibitor der CD8 T-Zellaktivierung beschrieben. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, den Einfluss dieser viralen Proteine auf die Peptidpräsentation bzw. die T-Zellaktivierung zu untersuchen. Dazu wurde ein Set von Viren verwendet, das neben mCMV-WT aus mCMV-Deletionsmutanten besteht, die jedes der regulatorischen Proteine einzeln bzw. in allen möglichen Kombinationen exprimieren, einschließlich einer Mutante, die keines der Proteine besitzt. Entgegen der bisher gültigen Annahme konnte in der vorliegenden Arbeit gezeigt werden, dass m04/gp34 die Antigenpräsentation nicht inhibiert. Wird es allein exprimiert, bleibt die T-Zellaktivierung unbeeinflusst. Wird es zusammen mit m152/gp40 exprimiert, stellt es die T-Zellaktivierung wieder her, indem es den herunter regulierenden Effekt von m152/gp40 antagonisiert. Dieser positiv regulierende Effekt von m04/gp34 wird wiederum durch m06/gp48 aufgehoben. Es konnte ebenfalls gezeigt werden, wie die verschiedenen Effekte dieser Virusproteine in vivo das Überleben im infizierten Wirt steuern. So wird im adoptiven Transfermodell die Infektion mit der Deletionsmutante, die m152/gp40 alleine exprimiert, schlechter kontrolliert als die Infektion mit der m152/gp40 und m04/gp34 exprimierenden Mutante. Dieser die CD8 T-Zellkontrolle verbessernde Effekt von m04/gp34 wird durch m06/gp48 wieder aufgehoben. Dass ein viraler Erreger nicht nur negative Regulatoren der Antigenpräsentation exprimiert, sondern auch einen positiven Regulator, der den Effekt eines negativen Regulators wieder aufhebt, ist in der Literatur beispiellos. Durch differentielle Expression dieser Regulatoren eröffnet sich damit dem Virus die Möglichkeit, die Antigenpräsentation gezielt zu modulieren.