Sediment accumulation rates in subarctic lakes: insights into age-depth modeling from 22 dated lake records from the Northwest Territories, Canada

Age-depth modeling using Bayesian statistics requires well-informed prior information about the behavior of sediment accumulation. Here we present average sediment accumulation rates (represented as deposition times, DT, in yr/cm) for lakes in an Arctic setting, and we examine the variability across space (intra- and inter-lake) and time (late Holocene). The dataset includes over 100 radiocarbon dates, primarily on bulk sediment, from 22 sediment cores obtained from 18 lakes spanning the boreal to tundra ecotone gradients in subarctic Canada. There are four to twenty-five radiocarbon dates per core, depending on the length and character of the sediment records. Deposition times were calculated at 100-year intervals from age-depth models constructed using the ‘classical’ age-depth modeling software Clam. Lakes in boreal settings have the most rapid accumulation (mean DT 20 ± 10 years), whereas lakes in tundra settings accumulate at moderate (mean DT 70 ± 10 years) to very slow rates, (>100 yr/cm). Many of the age-depth models demonstrate fluctuations in accumulation that coincide with lake evolution and post-glacial climate change. Ten of our sediment cores yielded sediments as old as c. 9,000 cal BP (BP = years before AD 1950). From between c. 9,000 cal BP and c. 6,000 cal BP, sediment accumulation was relatively rapid (DT of 20 to 60 yr/cm). Accumulation slowed between c. 5,500 and c. 4,000 cal BP as vegetation expanded northward in response to warming. A short period of rapid accumulation occurred near 1,200 cal BP at three lakes. Our research will help inform priors in Bayesian age modeling.

Evidence supporting a role for N-epsilon-(3-formyl-3,4-dehydropiperidino)lysine accumulation in Muller glia dysfunction and death in diabetic retinopathy

Purpose: Recent evidence suggests that neuroglial dysfunction and degeneration contributes to the etiology and progression of diabetic retinopathy. Advanced lipoxidation end products (ALEs) have been implicated in the pathology of various diseases, including diabetes and several neurodegenerative disorders. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the possible link between the accumulation of ALEs and neuroretinal changes in diabetic retinopathy.

Methods: Retinal sections obtained from diabetic rats and age-matched controls were processed for immunohistochemistry using antibodies against several well defined ALEs. In vitro experiments were also performed using a human Muller (Moorfields/Institute of Ophthalmology-Muller 1 [ MIO-M1]) glia cell line. Western blot analysis was used to measure the accumulation of the acrolein-derived ALE adduct N epsilon-(3-formyl-3,4-dehydropiperidino)lysine (FDP-lysine) in Muller cells preincubated with FDP-lysine-modified human serum albumin (FDP-lysine-HSA). Responses of Muller cells to FDP-lysine accumulation were investigated by analyzing changes in the protein expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and the inwardly rectifying potassium channel Kir4.1. In addition, mRNA expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha) were determined by reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR). Apoptotic cell death was evaluated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis after staining with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled annexin V and propidium iodide.

Results: No significant differences in the levels of malondialdehyde-, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-, and 4-hydroxyhexenal-derived ALEs were evident between control and diabetic retinas after 4 months of diabetes. By contrast, FDP-lysine immunoreactivity was markedly increased in the Muller glia of diabetic rats. Time-course studies revealed that FDP-lysine initially accumulated within Muller glial end feet after only a few months of diabetes and thereafter spread distally throughout their inner radial processes. Exposure of human Muller glia to FDP-lysine-HSA led to a concentration-dependent accumulation of FDP-lysine-modified proteins across a broad molecular mass range. FDP-lysine accumulation was associated with the induction of HO-1, no change in GFAP, a decrease in protein levels of the potassium channel subunit Kir4.1, and upregulation of transcripts for VEGF, IL-6, and TNF-alpha. Incubation of Muller glia with FDP-lysine-HSA also caused apoptosis at high concentrations.

Conclusions: Collectively, these data strongly suggest that FDP-lysine accumulation could be a major factor contributing to the Muller glial abnormalities occurring in the early stages of diabetic retinopathy.

Accumulation of the PX domain mutant Frank-ter Haar syndrome protein Tks4 in aggresomes

BACKGROUND: Cells deploy quality control mechanisms to remove damaged or misfolded proteins. Recently, we have reported that a mutation (R43W) in the Frank-ter Haar syndrome protein Tks4 resulted in aberrant intracellular localization.

RESULTS: Here we demonstrate that the accumulation of Tks4(R43W) depends on the intact microtubule network. Detergent-insoluble Tks4 mutant colocalizes with the centrosome and its aggregate is encaged by the intermediate filament protein vimentin. Both the microtubule inhibitor nocodazole and the histone deacetylase inhibitor Trichostatin A inhibit markedly the aggresome formation in cells expressing Tks4(R43W). Finally, pretreatment of cells with the proteasome inhibitor MG132 markedly increases the level of aggresomes formed by Tks4(R43W). Furthermore, two additional mutant Tks4 proteins (Tks4(1-48) or Tks4(1-341)) have been investigated. Whereas the shorter Tks4 mutant, Tks4(1-48), shows no expression at all, the longer Tks4 truncation mutant accumulates in the nuclei of the cells.

CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that misfolded Frank-ter Haar syndrome protein Tks4(R43W) is transported via the microtubule system to the aggresomes. Lack of expression of Tks4(1-48) or aberrant intracellular expressions of Tks4(R43W) and Tks4(1-341) strongly suggest that these mutations result in dysfunctional proteins which are not capable of operating properly, leading to the development of FTHS.

Variation in arsenic accumulation - Hyperaccumulation in ferns and their allies

A range of fern species (45) and their allies, Equisetum (5) and Selaginella (2) species and Psilotum nudum were screened for their ability to hyperaccumulate arsenic, to develop a phylogenetic understanding of this phenomenon. A number of varieties (5) of a known arsenic hyperaccumulator Pteris cretica were additionally included in this study. This study is the first to report members of the Pteris genus that do not hyperaccumulate arsenic, Pteris straminea and tremula. A phylogenetic basis for arsenic accumulation in ferns was investigated. Some orders can accumulate more arsenic than others. Although members of the Equisetales and Blechnales did not hyperaccumulate arsenic, they still accumulated relatively high levels in their fronds, approaching 100 mg kg^-1 when grown on a soil dosed with 100 mg kg^-1 arsenic. Arsenic hyperaccumulation was identified as a phenomenon at the extreme range of fern arsenic accumulation. Ferns that exhibit arsenic hyperaccumulation arrived relatively late in terms of fern evolution, as this character is not exhibited by primitive ferns or their allies.

Arsenic uptake and accumulation in rice (Oryza sativa L.) irrigated with contaminated water

Long-term use of arsenic contaminated groundwater to irrigate crops, especially paddy rice (Oryza sativa L.) has resulted in elevated soil arsenic levels in Bangladesh. There is, therefore, concern regarding accumulation of arsenic in rice grown on these soils. A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the impact of arsenic-contaminated irrigation water on the growth and uptake of arsenic into rice grain, husk, straw and root. There were altogether 10 treatments which were a combination of five arsenate irrigation water concentrations (0-8 mg As l^-1) and two soil phosphate amendments. Use of arsenate containing irrigation water reduced plant height, decreased rice yield and affected development of root growth. Arsenic concentrations in all plant parts increased with increasing arsenate concentration in irrigation water. However, arsenic concentration in rice grain did not exceed the maximum permissible limit of 1.0 mg As kg^-1. Arsenic accumulation in rice straw at very high levels indicates that feeding cattle with such contaminated straw could be a direct threat for their health and also, indirectly, to human health via presumably contaminated bovine meat and milk. Phosphate application neither showed any significant difference in plant growth and development, nor in As concentrations in plant parts.

Edaphic factors affecting the toxicity and accumulation of arsenate in the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris

The toxicity and accumulation of arsenate was determined in the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris in soil from different layers of a forest profile. Toxicity increased fourfold between 2 and 10 d. Edaphic factors (pH, soil organic matter, and depth in soil profile) also affected toxicity with a three fold decrease in the concentration that causes 50% mortality with increasing depth in soil (from 0-70 mm to 500-700 mm). In a 4-d exposure study, there was no evidence of arsenic bioconcentration in earthworm tissue, although bioaccumulation was occurring. There was a considerable difference in tissue residues between living and dead earthworms, with dead worms having higher concentrations. This difference was dependent on both soil arsenate concentration and on soil type. Over a wide range of soil arsenate concentrations, earthworm arsenic residues are homeostatically maintained in living worms, but this homeostasis breaks down during death. Alternatively, equilibration with soil residues may occur via accumulation after death. In long-term accumulation studies in soils dosed with a sublethal arsenate concentration (40 μg/g dry weight), bioconcentration of arsenate did not occur until day 12, after which earthworm concentrations rose steadily above the soil concentration, with residues in worms three fold higher than soil concentrations by the termination of the study (23 d). This bioconcentration only occurred in depurated worms over the time period of the study. Initially, depurated worms had lower arsenic concentrations than undepurated until tissue concentrations were equivalent to the soil concentration. Once tissue concentration was greater than soil concentration, depurated worms had higher arsenic residues than undepurated.

The effect of polyphosphate kinase gene deletion on polyhydroxyalkanoate accumulation and carbon metabolism in Pseudomonas putida KT2440.

The primary enzyme involved in polyphosphate (polyP) synthesis, polyP kinase (ppk), has been deleted in Pseudomonas putida KT2440. This has resulted in a threefold to sixfold reduction in polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) accumulation compared with the wild type under conditions of nitrogen limitation, with either temperature or oxidative (H2O2) stress, when grown on glucose. The accumulation of PHA by Δppk mutant was the same as the wild type under nitrogen-limiting growth conditions. There was no difference in polyP levels between wild-type and Δppk strains under all growth conditions tested. In the Δppk mutant proteome, polyP kinase (PPK) was undetectable, but up-regulation of the polyp-associated proteins polyP adenosine triphosphate (ATP)/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) kinase (PpnK), a putative polyP adenosine monophosphate (AMP) phosphotransferase (PP_1752), and exopolyphosphatase was observed. Δppk strain exhibited significantly retarded growth with glycerol as carbon and energy source (42 h of lag period compared with 24 h in wild-type strain) but similar growth to the wild-type strain with glucose. Analysis of gene transcription revealed downregulation of glycerol kinase and the glycerol facilitator respectively. Glycerol kinase protein expression was also downregulated in the Δppk mutant. The deletion of ppk did not affect motility but reduced biofilm formation. Thus, the knockout of the ppk gene has resulted in a number of phenotypic changes to the mutant without affecting polyP accumulation.

High-resolution seismic reflection investigation of gas accumulation and seepage in the tidal channels of the Ria of Aveiro barrier lagoon (Portugal)

O metano é um gás de estufa potente e uma importante fonte de energia. A importância global e impacto em zonas costeiras de acumulações e escape de gás metano são ainda pouco conhecidas. Esta tese investiga acumulações e escape de gás em canais de maré da Ria de Aveiro com dados de cinco campanhas de reflexão sísmica de alta resolução realizadas em 1986, 1999, 2002 e 2003. Estas incluem três campanhas de Chirp (RIAV99, RIAV02 e RIAV02A) e duas campanhas de Boomer (VOUGA86 e RIAV03). O processamento dos dados de navegação incluíram filtros de erros, correcções de sincronização de relógios de sistemas de aquisição de dados, ajuste de “layback” e estimativa da posição de “midpoint”. O processamento do sinal sísmico consistiu na correcção das amplitudes, remoção de ruído do tipo “burst”, correcções estáticas, correcção do “normal move-out”, filtragem passabanda, desconvolução da assinatura e migração Stolt F-K. A análise da regularidade do trajecto de navegação, dos desfasamentos entre horizontes e dos modelos de superfícies foi utilizada para controlo de qualidade, e permitiu a revisão e melhoria dos parâmetros de processamento. A heterogeneidade da cobertura sísmica, da qualidade do sinal, da penetração e da resolução, no seu conjunto constrangeram o uso dos dados a interpretações detalhadas, mas locais, de objectos geológicos da Ria. É apresentado um procedimento para determinar a escolha de escalas adequadas para modelar os objectos geológicos, baseado na resolução sísmica, erros de posicionamento conhecidos e desfasamentos médios entre horizontes. As evidências de acumulação e escape de gás na Ria de Aveiro incluem turbidez acústica, reflexões reforçadas, cortinas acústicas, domas, “pockmarks” e alinhamentos de “pockmarks” enterradas, horizontes perturbados e plumas acústicas na coluna de água (flares). A estratigrafia e a estrutura geológica controlam a distribuição e extensão das acumulações e escape de gás. Ainda assim, nestes sistemas de baixa profundidade de água, as variações da altura de maré têm um impacto significativo na detecção de gás com métodos acústicos, através de alterações nas amplitudes originais de reflexões reforçadas, turbidez acústica e branqueamento acústico em zonas com gás. Os padrões encontrados confirmam que o escape de bolhas de gás é desencadeado pela descida da maré. Há acumulações de gás em sedimentos Holocénicos e no substrato de argilas e calcários do Mesozóico. Evidências directas de escape de gás em sondagens em zonas vizinhas, mostraram gás essencialmente biogénico. A maioria do gás na área deve ter sido gerado em sedimentos lagunares Holocénicos. No entanto, a localização e geometria de estruturas de escape de fluidos em alguns canais de maré, seguem o padrão de fracturas do substrato Mesozóico, indicando uma possível fonte mais profunda de gás e que estas fracturas funcionam como condutas preferenciais de migração dos fluidos e exercem um controlo estrutural na ocorrência de gás na Ria.

Mercury in feral fish: distribution, accumulation and toxicity

O principal objectivo desta dissertação foi estudar a acumulação de mercúrio em vários tecidos de peixes marinhos, a sua relação com factores biológicos e as respectivas respostas bioquímicas. O trabalho realizado permitiu obter novos conhecimentos sobre a acumulação de mercúrio em peixes, possibilitando avaliar a influência da biodisponibilidade do elemento e as suas possíveis implicações no ambiente. O trabalho foi desenvolvido na Ria de Aveiro (Portugal), uma zona costeira onde existe um gradiente ambiental de mercúrio, o que oferece a oportunidade de estudar a sua acumulação e os seus efeitos tóxicos em condições realísticas. As amostragens foram efectuadas em dois locais considerados críticos em termos de contaminação por mercúrio – Largo do Laranjo (L1 e L2) e num local afastado da principal fonte de poluição, usado como termo de comparação (Referência; R); L1 e L2 corresponderam a locais moderadamente e altamente contaminados, respectivamente. Foram escolhidos juvenis de duas espécies ecologicamente diferentes e representativas da comunidade piscícola local, a tainha garrento (Liza aurata) e o robalo (Dicentrarchus labrax). Em cada local foram recolhidas amostras de água e de sedimento para determinação de mercúrio. Foram quantificadas as concentrações de mercúrio total (T-Hg) e orgânico (O-Hg) em vários tecidos dos peixes, escolhidos tendo em conta a sua função relativamente à toxicocinética e toxicodinâmica de metais. As respostas antioxidantes (Catalase- CAT, glutationa peroxidase- GPx, glutationa reductase- GR, glutationa –S-transferase- GST e conteúdo em glutationa total- GSHt), o dano peroxidativo (LPO) e o conteúdo em metalotioninas (MTs) foram também avaliados. A acumulação de T-Hg foi semelhante para as duas espécies de peixes estudadas, embora D. labrax tenha apresentado concentrações tendencialmente maiores. Ambas as espécies demonstraram capacidade de reflectir o grau de contaminação ambiental existente, indicando claramente que a acumulação depende da concentração ambiental. A acumulação revelou-se específica de cada tecido. O padrão da acumulação em L. aurata foi rim > fígado > músculo > cérebro > guelras > sangue e em D. labrax foi fígado > rim > músculo > cérebro ≈ guelras > sangue. Relativamente à acumulação de OHg, verificou-se que D. labrax exibiu concentrações mais elevadas que L. aurata. Todos os tecidos foram capazes de reflectir diferenças entre R e L2. Os níveis de O-Hg no fígado, músculo e nos conteúdos intestinais foram diferentes entre espécies, sendo mais elevados para D. labrax. As guelras e o intestino foram os tecidos onde se obtiveram os valores mais baixos de O-Hg e observaram-se valores idênticos para as duas espécies. Com excepção das guelras, as concentrações de O-Hg variaram em função do valor observado nos conteúdos intestinais, indicando que a alimentação é a via dominante da acumulação. As concentrações de O-Hg nos conteúdos intestinais revelaram ser uma informação relevante para prever a acumulação de O-Hg nos tecidos, pois verificou-se uma razão praticamente constante entre o teor de mercúrio no fígado, no músculo e nos conteúdos intestinais. A percentagem de O-Hg no músculo e no fígado variou de acordo com o grau de contaminação ambiental e com o tipo de assimilação preferencial do elemento (alimentação vs. água), sugerindo que o fígado exerce um papel protector em relação à acumulação de mercúrio nos outros órgãos. Ambas as espécies de peixes demonstraram ser boas sentinelas da contaminação ambiental com mercúrio (T-Hg e O-Hg), sendo o cérebro e o músculo os tecidos que melhor reflectiram o grau de acumulação com o elemento. A análise conjunta dos dados de bioacumulação e de respostas ao stress oxidativo permitiram estabelecer uma relação entre as concentrações de mercúrio nas guelras, fígado, rim e cérebro e a sua toxicidade. As respostas do cérebro aos efeitos tóxicos do mercúrio revelaram ser específicas de cada espécie. Enquanto que para o cérebro de L. aurata se verificou um decréscimo de todos os parâmetros antioxidantes estudados nos locais contaminados, sem haver evidência de qualquer mecanismo compensatório, no D. labrax observaram-se respostas ambivalentes, que indicam por um lado a activação de mecanismos adaptativos e, por outro, o decréscimo das respostas antioxidantes, ou seja, sinais de toxicidade. Embora em ambas as espécies de peixe fosse evidente uma condição pró-oxidante, o cérebro parece possuir mecanismos compensatórios eficientes, uma vez que não se verificou peroxidação lipídica. As respostas antioxidantes do cérebro de D. labrax foram comparadas em diferentes períodos do ano - quente vs. frio. O período quente mostrou ser mais crítico, uma vez que no período frio não se verificaram diferenças nas respostas entre locais, ou seja, a capacidade antioxidante do cérebro parece ser influenciada pelos factores ambientais. As guelras revelaram susceptibilidade à contaminação por mercúrio, uma vez que se verificou uma tendência para o decréscimo da actividade de CAT em L2 e ausência de indução em L1. O fígado e o rim demonstraram mecanismos adaptativos face ao grau de contaminação moderada (L1), evidenciados pelo aumento de CAT. O rim também demonstrou adaptabilidade face ao grau elevado de contaminação (L2), uma vez que se verificou um aumento GST. Embora o grau de susceptibilidade tenha sido diferente entre os órgãos, não se verificou peroxidação lipídica em nenhum. A determinação do conteúdo em MTs em D. labrax e em L. aurata revelou que este parâmetro depende não só da espécie, mas também do tecido em causa. Assim, em D. labrax foi observado um decréscimo de MTs no cérebro, bem como a incapacidade de síntese de MTs no sangue, guelras, fígado, rim e músculo. Em L. aurata observou-se um aumento do conteúdo em MTs no fígado e no músculo. Estes resultados indicam que a aplicabilidade das MTs como biomarcador de exposição ao mercúrio parece ser incerta, revelando limitações na capacidade de reflectir os níveis de exposição ao metal e por consequência o grau de acumulação. Este trabalho comprova a necessidade de se integrarem estudos de bioacumulação com biomarcadores de efeitos, de modo a reduzir os riscos de interpretações erróneas, uma vez que as respostas nem sempre ocorrem para os níveis mais altos de contaminação ambiental com mercúrio.

Determination of electricity consumers’ load profiles via weighted evidence accumulation clustering using subsampling

With the electricity market liberalization, the distribution and retail companies are looking for better market strategies based on adequate information upon the consumption patterns of its electricity consumers. A fair insight on the consumers’ behavior will permit the definition of specific contract aspects based on the different consumption patterns. In order to form the different consumers’ classes, and find a set of representative consumption patterns we use electricity consumption data from a utility client’s database and two approaches: Two-step clustering algorithm and the WEACS approach based on evidence accumulation (EAC) for combining partitions in a clustering ensemble. While EAC uses a voting mechanism to produce a co-association matrix based on the pairwise associations obtained from N partitions and where each partition has equal weight in the combination process, the WEACS approach uses subsampling and weights differently the partitions. As a complementary step to the WEACS approach, we combine the partitions obtained in the WEACS approach with the ALL clustering ensemble construction method and we use the Ward Link algorithm to obtain the final data partition. The characterization of the obtained consumers’ clusters was performed using the C5.0 classification algorithm. Experiment results showed that the WEACS approach leads to better results than many other clustering approaches.

Predicting trabecular bone microdamage initiation and accumulation using a non-linear perfect damage model

Studies evaluating the mechanical behavior of the trabecular microstructure play an important role in our understanding of pathologies such as osteoporosis, and in increasing our understanding of bone fracture and bone adaptation. Understanding of such behavior in bone is important for predicting and providing early treatment of fractures. The objective of this study is to present a numerical model for studying the initiation and accumulation of trabecular bone microdamage in both the pre- and post-yield regions. A sub-region of human vertebral trabecular bone was analyzed using a uniformly loaded anatomically accurate microstructural three-dimensional finite element model. The evolution of trabecular bone microdamage was governed using a non-linear, modulus reduction, perfect damage approach derived from a generalized plasticity stress-strain law. The model introduced in this paper establishes a history of microdamage evolution in both the pre- and post-yield regions