Influência do retardante de chamas nas propriedades mecânicas e flamabilidade em compósitos poliméricos de epóxi/fibra de curauá

Currently, there is a great search for materials derived from renewable sources. The vegetable fibers as reinforcement for polymer matrixes, has been used as an alternative to replace synthetic fibres, being biodegradable and of low cost. The present work aims to develop a composite material with epoxy resin reinforced with curauá fibre with the addition of alumina trihydrate (aluminum hydroxide, Al(OH)3) as a flame retardant, which was used in proportions of 10 %, 20% and 30% of the total volume of the composite. The curauá fibers have gone through a cleaning process with an alkaline bath of sodium hydroxide (NaOH ), parallelized by hand and cut carding according to the default length . They were molded composites with fibers 30cm. Composites were molded in a Lossy Mold with unidirectional fibres in the proportion of 20% of the total volume of the composite. The composites were prepared in the Chemical Processing Laboratory of the Textile Engineering Department at UFRN. To measure the performance of the material, tests for the resistance to traction and flexion were carried out. with samples that were later analyzed in the Electronic Microscopy Apparatus (SEM ). The composites showed good mechanical properties by the addition of flame retardant and in some cases, leaving the composite more vulnerable to breakage. These mechanical results were analyzed by chi-square statistical test at the 5% significance level to check for possible differences between the composite groups. Flammability testing was conducted based on the standard Underwriters Laboratory 94 and the material showed a satisfactory result taking their average burn rate (mm / min) decreasing with increasing addition of the flame retardant composite.

Obtenção e caracterização de um eco-compósito à base de látex e bainha da palha do coqueiro para isolamento térmico e acústico

With the emergence of new technologies, has grown the need to use new materials, and this has intensified research on the collection and use of materials from renewable sources, is to reduce production costs and / or environmental impact. In this context, it was found that the sheath coconut straw, can be utilized as raw material for the production of a eco-composite that can be used as a thermal and acoustic insulator. After selected from the coconut sheaths were subjected to treatment with aqueous 2 % sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The composite study was produced with the sheath and coconut natural latex, with coconut sheath percentage in the proportions 15%, 25% and 35% of the total compound volume. Physical, thermal and acoustic properties of the composites were analyzed in order to obtain data on the use of viability as thermoacoustic insulation. The CP15 composites, CP25 and CP35 showed thermal conductivity 0.188 W/m.K, 0.155 W/m.K and 0.150 W/m.K, respectively. It can be applied as thermal insulation in hot systems to 200 ° C. The CP35 composite was more efficient as a thermal and acoustic insulation, providing 20% noise reduction, 31% and 34% for frequencies of 1 kHz, 2 kHz and 4 kHz, respectively. The analyzes were based on ABNT, ASTM, UL. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the eco-composite produced the hem of coconut can be used as thermal and acoustic insulation. Thus, it gives a more noble end to this material, which most often is burned or disposed of improperly in the environment.

Obtenção e caracterização de um eco-compósito à base de látex e bainha da palha do coqueiro para isolamento térmico e acústico

With the emergence of new technologies, has grown the need to use new materials, and this has intensified research on the collection and use of materials from renewable sources, is to reduce production costs and / or environmental impact. In this context, it was found that the sheath coconut straw, can be utilized as raw material for the production of a eco-composite that can be used as a thermal and acoustic insulator. After selected from the coconut sheaths were subjected to treatment with aqueous 2 % sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The composite study was produced with the sheath and coconut natural latex, with coconut sheath percentage in the proportions 15%, 25% and 35% of the total compound volume. Physical, thermal and acoustic properties of the composites were analyzed in order to obtain data on the use of viability as thermoacoustic insulation. The CP15 composites, CP25 and CP35 showed thermal conductivity 0.188 W/m.K, 0.155 W/m.K and 0.150 W/m.K, respectively. It can be applied as thermal insulation in hot systems to 200 ° C. The CP35 composite was more efficient as a thermal and acoustic insulation, providing 20% noise reduction, 31% and 34% for frequencies of 1 kHz, 2 kHz and 4 kHz, respectively. The analyzes were based on ABNT, ASTM, UL. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the eco-composite produced the hem of coconut can be used as thermal and acoustic insulation. Thus, it gives a more noble end to this material, which most often is burned or disposed of improperly in the environment.

Novas tecnologias para o controle da giberela do trigo na safra 2014 no sudoeste do Paraná

The work consists in wheat production system and the evolution of damage caused by wheat scab. The study considers the lack of resistant cultivars to the disease, the low efficiency of chemical control and the presence of mycotoxins in grains. The study aimed to confirm the effectiveness of fungicides prothioconazole and metconazole; prove the bar deposition efficiency with nozzles directed jets the side of the ear resulting in full coverage of trapped anthers; prove the viability of using a warning system (application after the start of flowering before the onset of rains provided for future 24-48 hours and try to improve the efficiency in controlling scab. The experiment was conducted in the experimental field of Technological University Federal do Paraná in the city of Pato Branco, Paraná, conducted in two seasons, the first established on May 6, 2014 and the second on 21 May 2014. It was used to cultivate Amethyst field of OR Improvement seeds, . Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul Treatments consisted of a control without fungicide application and one and two applications of prothioconazole + 17.5% trifloxystrobin (Fox) 500 ml / ha; metconazole 8.0% + pyraclostrobin 13% ( Opera Ultra) 750 mL / ha In the evaluation, second season, metconazole + pyraclostrobin with two application statistically was the treatment that showed a lower incidence in spikes reducing from 100 to 63.3%;. metconazole + pyraclostrobin performed better also in reducing the incidence of spikelets, 80.3% to 34.7%; the control ears had better results in the second season with two applications of metconazole + pyraclostrobin; in spikelets, in his first season, metconazole + pyraclostrobin with two application resulted in better control with 67%; with two applications of metconazole + pyraclostrobin gave the highest yield even under climatic conditions favorable to disease; metconazole + pyraclostrobin in both seasons showed superior efficiency in controlling FHB giving greater weight gain; with two application of both fungicides, the hectoliter weight was 81 and 79, respectively, each fungicide; the application of fungicides was made in advance of expected rain, occurring seven days of rain and a total volume of 85,2mm the first time, and 16 days of rain and an accumulation of 400 mm in the second period; the test efficiency can be confirmed when the direction of the spray jets launched wings coupled in double nozzle bodies perpendicular to the target upright reaches the sides of the spike. The metconazole + pyraclostrobin proved the most effective fungicide against the prothioconazole + trifloxystrobin in wheat scab control in the 2014 harvest.

Análise do programa gaúcho de microcrédito no município de Rio Grande no período de 2012 a 2014

O presente trabalho pretende analisar as características do microcrédito via Programa Gaúcho de Microcrédito, dentro do Município de Rio Grande e no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, no período de 2012 a 2014, desta forma pode-se identificar o quanto o microcrédito no município de Rio Grande contribuiu para os números obtidos em âmbito Estadual. O trabalho apresenta um referencial teórico, justamente com a definição de microcrédito, seus principais registros no mundo, na América Latina e no Brasil. Este trabalho tem como método uma análise descritiva com base nos dados obtidos pelo Banco do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul e da Juriti Microfinanças, responsáveis respectivamente pelas informações do microcrédito via Programa Gaúcho de Microcrédito no Estado e no Município. O microcrédito, via PGM no RS, apresentou seu ápice no ano de 2013, com o volume total de 184 milhões de reais. No mesmo ano apresentou seu melhor resultado no município, totalizando o volume de 313 milhões de reais. O montante total no Rio Grande do Sul, sem o Município, foi de 467 milhões de reais. Em Rio Grande, no período da pesquisa, obteve-se o volume total de microcrédito no valor de 787 mil reais, o que corresponde a 0,17% quando comparado com o volume total obtido dentro do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul.

Tanques sépticos seguidos de leitos cultivados com diferentes espécies de macrofitas no tratamento de esgoto

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia, 2016.

Sinterização de matrizes cerâmicas à base de alumina reforçadas por carbetos a partir de precursores poliméricos

Ceramic composites produced with polymerics precursors have been studied for many years, due to the facility of obtaining a complex shape, at low temperature and reduces cost. The main objective of this work is to study the process of sintering of composites of ceramic base consisting of Al2O3 and silicates, reinforced for NbC, through the technique of processing AFCOP, as well as the influence of the addition of LZSA, ICZ and Al as materials infiltration in the physical and mechanical properties of the ceramic composite. Were produced ceramic matrix composites based SiCxOy e Al2O3 reinforced with NbC, by hidrosilylation reaction between D4Vi and D1107 mixtured with Al2O3 as inert filler, Nb and Al as reactive filler. The specimens produced were pyrolised at 1200, 1250 and 1400°C and infiltred with Al, ICZ and LZSA, respectively. Density, porosity, flexural mechanical strength and fracture surface by scanning electron microscopy were evaluated. The microstructure of the composites was investigated by X-ray diffraction to identify the presence of crystalline phases. The composites presented apparent porosity varying of 31 up to 49% and mechanical flexural strength of 14 up to 34 MPa. The infiltration process improviment of the densification and reduction of the porosity, as well as increased the values of mechanical flexural strength. The obtained phases had been identified as being Al3Nb, NbSi2, Nb5S3, Nb3Si and NbC. The samples that were submitted the infiltration process presented a layer next surface with reduced pores number in relation to the total volume

Le développement des habiletés motrices : l’influence du vécu sportif chez les étudiants en science de l’activité physique

Un nombre grandissant d’enfants en bas âge pratique un seul sport tout au long de l’année (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2000). Cette pratique, communément appelée la spécialisation hâtive, est pour plusieurs parents, entraineurs et enfants la meilleure façon d’atteindre les plus hauts niveaux de performance (rangs professionnels, compétitions internationales, bourses d’études universitaires, etc.). Toutefois, plusieurs études portant sur la performance et le développement de l’athlète proposent une alternative à la spécialisation hâtive : la spécialisation tardive (Güllich et Emrich, 2006; Lidor et Lavyan, 2002; Moesch, Elbe, Hauge et Wikman, 2011), qui est issue du modèle de la participation sportive de Côté, Baker et Abernethy (2007) et qui propose une spécialisation dans un seul sport seulement durant l’adolescence. Cette voie permettrait d’atteindre d’aussi hauts niveaux de performance, mais sans les conséquences négatives de la spécialisation hâtive. Parmi ces conséquences, Mostafavifar, Best et Myer (2013) ont émis l’hypothèse que la voie de la spécialisation hâtive mènerait à une limitation du développement des habiletés motrices. Venant ajouter à ce postulat, Fransen et ses collaborateurs (2012) ont démontré que les enfants ayant une pratique sportive diversifiée présentaient de meilleures aptitudes physiques (saut vertical et coordination). Par rapport à ces deux voies de développement, plusieurs modèles de développement (Balyi, Way et Higgs, 2013; Côté et al., 2007; Gulbin, Croser, Morley et Weissensteiner, 2013) proposent une troisième voie, la participation récréative, qui a pour finalité le maintien d’une bonne condition physique à long terme et dans laquelle le participant peut s’orienter (consciemment ou inconsciemment) dès son jeune âge ou après avoir suivi l’une des voies de la performance sportive. Devant cette diversité de voies de développement et en s’inspirant de l’hypothèse de Mostafavifar et autres (2013) selon laquelle la spécialisation hâtive mènerait à une limitation du développement des habiletés motrices et des résultats de Fransen et autres (2012) concernant les aptitudes physiques, le premier objectif est d’identifier les indicateurs du vécu sportif du participant (tels que l’âge de début du sport, le nombre de sports pratiqués, le volume d’entrainement de chacun des sports, la durée de la pratique de chacun des sports, le volume total d’entrainement et le niveau atteint dans chacun des sports) permettant d’expliquer un meilleur niveau de certaines habiletés motrices. Le deuxième objectif est de décrire la pratique sportive des étudiants et étudiantes selon les indicateurs du vécu sportif. L’hypothèse principale est qu’un participant s’inscrivant dans la voie de la performance sportive (spécialisation hâtive ou spécialisation tardive) peut diminuer ses chances de maintenir une bonne condition physique à long terme à cause d’une limitation du développement de ses habiletés motrices. Les habiletés motrices et les aptitudes physiques de 154 étudiantes et étudiants actifs en éducation physique et à la santé et en kinésiologie ont été mesurées. Le questionnaire (annexe F) a permis de quantifier certains indicateurs du vécu sportif des participants, soit (a) l’âge de début du sport, (b) le nombre de sports pratiqués, (c) le volume d’entrainement de chacun des sports, (d) la durée de la pratique de chacun des sports, (e) le volume total d’entrainement total et (f) le niveau atteint dans chacun des sports. Une analyse sommaire du questionnaire a permis d’obtenir deux autres indicateurs, soit (g) le pourcentage du volume total occupé par chacun des sports et (h) l’index des sports pratiqués (basé sur le nombre d’habiletés motrices stimulées par le sport et le nombre de sports). Le dernier indicateur, (i) les aptitudes physiques, a été calculé durant les tests physiques. Une analyse de régression multiple a été utilisée afin d’identifier parmi ces variables indépendantes le plus petit nombre d’entre elles qui explique le mieux la variabilité de la maitrise des habiletés motrices. Concernant le premier objectif, les résultats révèlent que les aptitudes physiques et l’index des sports pratiqués seraient les variables expliquant le mieux la variabilité des habiletés motrices d’un participant. Ces résultats montrent qu’il est préférable d’être génétiquement avantagé en termes d’aptitudes physiques afin d’avoir de bonnes habiletés motrices. Mais au-delà de la génétique, il demeure essentiel de solliciter les aptitudes physiques afin de les développer à leur plein potentiel (par exemple : un coureur peut avoir une excellente aptitude physique d’endurance cardiovasculaire, mais il ne pourra pas gagner de course s’il ne la sollicite pas à l’entrainement). De plus, afin de développer ses habiletés motrices, le participant devrait s’inscrire dans un parcours sportif qui lui permet de stimuler un grand nombre d’habiletés motrices, ce qui veut dire qu’au-delà du nombre de sports qu’il aura pratiqués, c’est le nombre d’habiletés motrices qu’il aura stimulées durant son vécu sportif qui lui permettra de développer ses habiletés motrices. Nos résultats viennent ainsi nuancer le postulat que la spécialisation hâtive peut mener à une limitation du développement des habiletés motrices (Mostafavifar et al., 2013) puisqu’un athlète s’étant spécialisé hâtivement dans un sport qui stimule plusieurs habiletés motrices devrait posséder un meilleur bagage d’habiletés motrices que celui ayant pratiqué plusieurs sports qui, au bout du compte, auront stimulé peu d’habiletés motrices (demi-fond, sprint, aviron, haies, bobsleigh, etc.). En ce qui a trait à l’hypothèse principale, nos résultats nous permettent d’avancer qu’un athlète s’inscrivant dans une voie de la performance sportive devrait être en mesure de maintenir une bonne condition physique à long terme si son vécu sportif a stimulé plusieurs habiletés motrices.

Assessments of training load in elite youth soccer

One of the most popular sports globally, soccer has seen a rise in the demands of the game over recent years. An increase in intensity and playing demands, coupled with growing social and economic pressures on soccer players means that optimal preparation is of paramount importance. Recent research has found the modern game, depending on positional role, to consist of approximately 60% more sprint distance in the English Premier League, which was also found to be the case for frequency and success of discrete technical actions (Bush et al., 2015). As a result, the focus on soccer training and player preparedness is becoming more prevalent in scientific research. By designing the appropriate training load, and thus periodization strategies, the aim is to achieve peak fitness in the most efficient way, whilst minimising the risk of injury and illness. Traditionally, training intensity has been based on heart rate responses, however, the emergence of tracking microtechnology such as global positioning system (GPS) and inertial sensors are now able to further quantify biomechanical load as well as physiological stress. Detailed pictures of internal and external loading indices such as these then combine to produce a more holistic view of training load experience by the player during typical drills and phases of training in soccer. The premise of this research is to gain greater understanding of the physical demands of common training methodologies in elite soccer to support optimal match performance. The coaching process may then benefit from being able to prescribe the most effective training to support these. The first experimental chapter in this thesis began by quantify gross training loads of the pre-season and in-season phases in soccer. A broader picture of the training loads inherent in these distinct phases brought more detail as to the type and extent of external loading experienced by soccer players at these times, and how the inclusion of match play influences weekly training rhythms. Training volume (total distance) was found to be high at the start compared to the end of pre-season (37 kilometres and 28 kilometres), where high cardiovascular loads were attained as part of the conditioning focus. This progressed transiently, however, to involve higher-speed, acceleration and change-of-direction stimuli at the end of pre-season compared to the start and to that in-season (1.18 kilometres, 0.70 kilometres and 0.42 kilometres high-intensity running; with 37, 25 and 23 accelerations >3m/s2 respectively) . The decrease in volume and increase in maximal anaerobic activity was evident in the training focus as friendly matches were introduced before the competitive season. The influence of match-play as being a large physical dose in the training week may then determine the change in weekly periodisation and how resulting training loads applied and tapered, if necessary. The focus of research was then directed more specifically to the most common mode of training in soccer, that also featured regularly in the pre-season period in the present study, small-sided games (SSG). The subsequent studies examined numerous manipulations of this specific form of soccer conditioning, such as player numbers as well as absolute and relative playing space available. In contrast to some previous literature, changing the number of players did not seem to influence training responses significantly, although playing format in the possession style brought about larger effects for heart rate (89.9%HRmax) and average velocity (7.6km/h-1). However, the following studies (Chapters 5, 6 and 7) revealed a greater influence of relative playing space available to players in SSG. The larger area at their disposal brought about greater aerobic responses (~90%HRmax), by allowing higher average and peak velocities (>25km/h-1), as well as greater distance acceleration behaviour at greater thresholds (>2.8m/s2). Furthermore, the data points towards space as being a large determinant in strategy of the player in small-sided games (SSG), subsequently shaping their movement behaviour and resulting physical responses. For example, higher average velocities in a possession format (8km/h-1) reflects higher work rate and heart rate load but makes achieving significant neuromuscular accelerations at a high level difficult given higher starting velocities prior to the most intense accelerations (4.2km/h-1). By altering space available and even through intentional numerical imbalances in team numbers, it may be easier for coaches to achieve the desired stimulus for the session or individual player, whether that is for aerobic and neuromuscular conditioning. Large effects were found for heart rate being higher in the underloaded team (85-90%HRmax) compared to the team with more players (80-85%HRmax) as well as for RPE (5AU versus 7AU). This was also apparent for meterage and therefore average velocity. It would also seem neuromuscular load through high acceleration and deceleration efforts were more pronounced with less numbers (given the need to press and close down opponents, and in a larger area relative to the number of players on the underloaded team. The peak accelerations and deceleration achieved was also higher when playing with less players (3-6.2m/s2 and 3-6.1m/s2) Having detailed ways in which to reach desired physical loading responses in common small training formats, Chapter 8 compared SSG to larger 9v9 formats with full-size 11v11 friendly matches. This enabled absolute and relative comparisons to be made and to understand the extent to which smaller training formats are able to replicate the required movements to be successful in competition. In relative terms, it was revealed that relative acceleration distance and Player Load were higher in smaller 4v4 games than match-play (1.1m.min-1 and 0.3m.min-1 >3m/s2; 16.9AU versus 12AU). Although the smallest format did not replicate the high-velocity demands of matches, the results confirmed their efficacy in providing significant neuromuscular load during the training week, which may then be supplemented by high-intensity interval running in order to gain exposure to more maximal speed work. In summary, the data presented provide valuable information from GPS and inertial sensor microtechnology which may then be used to understand training better to manipulate types of load according to physical conditioning objectives. For example, a library of resources to direct planning of drills of varying cardiovascular, neuromuscular and perceptual load can be created to give more confidence in session outcomes. Combining external and internal load data of common soccer training drills, and their application across different phases and training objectives may give coaches a powerful tool to plan and periodize training.

Análise territorial preliminar da macrologística agropecuária: da produção à exportação.

A demanda mundial por commodities agrícolas aumenta anualmente, estimulada pela abertura de novos mercados e pelo crescimento econômico e populacional. Segundo a FAO, o Brasil ocupa o 2° lugar no ranking de países agroexportadores, impulsionado pela soja e milho, que representam 63% do volume total exportado. Apesar da crescente produção e produtividade, a competividade da agricultura brasileira é comprometida por limitações no armazenamento e escoamento da produção. Essa temática é alvo de programas e políticas de governo e parceiros estratégicos do agronegócio, como o Arco Norte ? rota alternativa para escoamento de grãos pelos portos e hidrovias da região Norte e pelo porto de Itaqui, MA. Nosso objetivo neste trabalho é agregar e organizar, em um sistema de informações geográficas, os modais de logística e transporte e os dados das principais cadeias agropecuárias, integrando informações sobre os fluxos de origem e destino da produção e seus insumos. Esses dados estão hoje dispersos em várias fontes oficiais do governo. O intuito é fundamentar a elaboração de estudos de monitoramento, gestão e inteligência territorial da macrologística brasileira em diferentes recortes e granularidades espaciais. Análises preliminares mostram que 49% do volume de grãos produzidos no Brasil é escoado para os portos de Santos, SP, e Paranaguá, PR. Entretanto, a produção de soja e milho concentra-se na região Centro-Oeste (42% da produção nacional). Com o cruzamento dessas informações esperamos subsidiar a priorização de obras que visem redução de custos com a logística, alavancando a competitividade dos produtos agrícolas brasileiros no cenário mundial.

Eficiência do uso da água em videira Ssyrah irrigada no Submédio do Vale São Francisco.

O estudo teve como objetivo estimar a eficiência do uso da água (EUA) na videira Syrah irrigada no Submédio do Vale São Francisco, com base no rendimento em função da evapotranspiração da cultura e da transpiração máxima. Para isso, a evapotranspiração da cultura foi determinada pelo balanço de energia com base no método da razão de Bowen (ETcBERB), enquanto a transpiração máxima (TR) foi estimada pelo modelo de Penman- Monteith modificado com base no índice de área foliar da cultura. Os dados micrometeorológicos foram monitorados durante um ciclo produtivo por meio de uma estação automática localizada no parreiral. A evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) também foi calculada ao longo do experimento, pelo método de Penman-Monteith parametrizado no boletim 56 da FAO. A ETo e a ETcBERB corresponderam ao valor total de 474,0 e 376,4 mm ciclo-1, com valor médio diário de 3,9 e 3,1 mm, respectivamente. A TR oscilou entre 3,5 e 0,9 mm d-1, com volume total durante o ciclo de 284,4 mm. A EUA, com base no total de água consumida e transpirada, foi de 1,17 kg m-3 e 1,55 kg m-3, respectivamente. O método do BERB e o modelo de Penman-Monteith modificado para plantas isoladas apresentaram resultados confiáveis para estimativa da EUA sob as condições climáticas da região do Submédio do Vale São Francisco. No entanto, torna-se necessário que novos estudos nesse sentido com a cultura da videira para produção de vinhos sejam realizados, principalmente nesta região Semiárida, onde a maioria das pesquisas voltadas para o manejo do vinhedo ainda estão em desenvolvimento.

HORMONAL RESPONSES TO DIFFERENT RESISTANCE EXERCISE SCHEMES OF SIMILAR TOTAL VOLUME

Uchida, MC, Crewther, BT, Ugrinowitsch, C, Bacurau, RFP, Moriscot, AS, and Aoki, MS. J Strength Cond Res 23(7): 2003-2008, 2009-This study assessed the effect of different resistance exercise scheme (RES) designs of similar total of load lifted on the responses of testosterone, cortisol, and creatine kinase (CK). Twenty-seven healthy males performed 1 of 4 bench press workouts described by the 1 repetition maximum (1RM) load: 4 sets of maximum repetitions at 50%-1RM (50%-1RM RES), 5 sets of maximum repetitions at 75%-1RM (75%-1RM RES), 10 sets of maximum repetitions at 90%-1RM (90%1RM RES), or 8 sets of maximum repetitions at 110%-1RM (110%-1RM RES). Each RES was equated by the total volume of load lifted (repetitions x sets x load). Blood samples, collected pre-exercise (Pre) and post-exercise (Post) at 1 and 24 hours (24 h), were analyzed for total and free testosterone, total cortisol, and CK. In general, testosterone and cortisol showed little change within or between the different RES (p > 0.05), possibly because of the relatively low volume lifted and/ or the small muscle mass activated by the bench press exercise. Cortisol was elevated after the 75%-1RM RES at the Post sample, with this response also exceeding the other RES (p < 0.05). The 24 h CK response was also elevated after the 75%-1RM RES (p < 0.05), thereby suggesting greater training strain for the same volume of load. These results confirm previous recommendations regarding the prescription of resistance exercise and the importance of total volume as a stimulus for activating the endocrine system and achieving long-term adaptation.

O Treino de Ortostatismo (Tilt Training) Aumenta a Reserva Vasoconstritora em Doentes com Síncope Reflexa Neurocardiogénica

A síncope neurocardiogénica (SNc) é uma entidade clínica comum, resultante de uma resposta autonómica reflexa excessiva durante o stress ortostático. As diferentes opções terapêuticas são controversas e de eficácia limitada. O treino de ortostatismo (TTr) tem-se mostrado uma alternativa prometedora no tratamento destes doentes (D). No entanto, permanece por esclarecer o seu mecanismo de acção e o impacto clínico numa população com SNc recorrente. Objectivo: Caracterizar a resposta hemodinâmica e autonómica durante um programa de TTr em doentes com SNc refratária às medidas convencionais. População e métodos: Foram estudados 28D (50% do sexo masculino, 41±14 anos), sem evidência de cardiopatia, com SNc documentada em teste de ortostatismo passivo. O TTr incluiu 9 sessões hospitalares (3x/semana, 30 minutos) com monitorizac¸ão contínua de pressão arterial e frequência cardíaca (60◦ - 6 sessões - 70◦ - 3 sessões), complementadas com treino diário no domicílio e elevação da cabeceira a 10◦ durante o sono. O volume sistólico, o débito cardíaco, a resistência vascular periférica, a sensibilidade do barorreflexo e a variabilidade da frequência cardíaca foram calculados. Todos os doentes foram reavaliados no fim do 1.◦ mês e no final de cada 6 meses num período máximo de 36 meses (follow-up 24±12 meses). Resultados: Ao longo das sessões de TTr verificou-se um aumento significativo e consistente da resistência total periférica (1485±225 vs. 1591±187 dyne*s/cm−5, p < 0,05) associado a uma diminuição do seu desvio-padrão (206±60 vs. 150±42, p < 0,05). Durante o período de follow-up, houve recorrência de síncope em 5D (19%), com redução significativa do número de síncopes (4,0±3,2/D nos 12 meses pre-TTr vs. 1,4±0,8/D pos-TTr, p < 0,05). Conclusão: Em doentes com SNc refratária, o TTr mostrou ser uma opção terapêutica eficaz, com benefício a longo prazo. A melhor tolerância ao ortostatismo parece resultar do aumento da reserva vasoconstritora e da sua menor variabilidade.

Efeitos do treino dos músculos inspiratórios em remadores de competição

Introdução: A fadiga muscular compromete o funcionamento do sistema respiratório durante o exercício físico afetando os músculos respiratórios e podendo prejudicar a performance. Um programa de treino dos músculos inspiratórios (TMI) poderá trazer benefícios aos atletas, melhorando capacidades respiratórias e por consequência o seu desempenho. Objetivo: Investigar os efeitos do TMI na função pulmonar em remadores de competição e se este poderá influenciar a sua performance. Métodos: Participaram no estudo 14 atletas de remo, séniores, do sexo masculino. Foram avaliados antes e depois da aplicação do TMI, realizado durante seis semanas recorrendo a um threshold. Os atletas foram submetidos a duas séries de 30 repetições a 50% da pressão inspiratória máxima estimada (PIM). Nos dois momentos de avaliação foram registados, com recurso ao sistema BIOPAC MP36, os valores de: Capacidade Vital (CV), Volume Corrente (VC), Capacidade Pulmonar Total (CPT), Volume de Reserva Inspiratório (VRI), Volume de Reserva Expiratório (VRE), Volume Expiratório Forçado no primeiro segundo (FEV1) e Ventilação Voluntária Máxima (VVM). Resultados: Verificou-se um aumento significativo da VVM (p = 0,000), do VRI (p = 0,009) e do VC (p = 0,033) entre a primeira e segunda avaliação. Não se detetaram melhorias relevantes nos valores das capacidades e restantes volumes pulmonares que, no entanto, aumentaram ligeiramente, com a exceção do VRE, expressando a especificidade do TMI, corroborada pela melhoria nos valores do VRI. Conclusão: O TMI produz efeitos positivos na função pulmonar em remadores de competição aumentando a resistência muscular do atleta, que não entra em fadiga respiratória tão precocemente permitindo-lhe assim uma maior capacidade de resposta às exigências que o exercício requer.

Body surface area and body weight predict total liver volume in Western adults.

Computed tomography (CT) is used increasingly to measure liver volume in patients undergoing evaluation for transplantation or resection. This study is designed to determine a formula predicting total liver volume (TLV) based on body surface area (BSA) or body weight in Western adults. TLV was measured in 292 patients from four Western centers. Liver volumes were calculated from helical computed tomographic scans obtained for conditions unrelated to the hepatobiliary system. BSA was calculated based on height and weight. Each center used a different established method of three-dimensional volume reconstruction. Using regression analysis, measurements were compared, and formulas correlating BSA or body weight to TLV were established. A linear regression formula to estimate TLV based on BSA was obtained: TLV = -794.41 + 1,267.28 x BSA (square meters; r(2) = 0.46; P &lt;.0001). A formula based on patient weight also was derived: TLV = 191.80 + 18.51 x weight (kilograms; r(2) = 0.49; P &lt;.0001). The newly derived TLV formula based on BSA was compared with previously reported formulas. The application of a formula obtained from healthy Japanese individuals underestimated TLV. Two formulas derived from autopsy data for Western populations were similar to the newly derived BSA formula, with a slight overestimation of TLV. In conclusion, hepatic three-dimensional volume reconstruction based on helical CT predicts TLV based on BSA or body weight. The new formulas derived from this correlation should contribute to the estimation of TLV before liver transplantation or major hepatic resection.