A cana-de-açúcar e a competição com alimentos, nos estados de Alagoas e Pernambuco: uma análise preliminar.

2008

Emissões de gases de efeito estufa, resultantes da queima pré-colheita de cana-de-açúcar var. SP83-2847.

2008

Diagnóstico agroambiental rápido dos setores de produção e processamento da cana-de-açúcar nos estados do Maranhão e Piauí.

2008

A INFRAESTRUTURA VOLTADA PARA O CAFÉ E A CANA-DE-AÇÚCAR, ANÁLISE ESPACIAL-ECONÔMICA NO ESTADO DO PARANÁ – BRASIL

Análise da infraestrutura frente ao cultivo das culturas cafeeira e canavieira no estado do Paraná - Brasil, utilizando-se do processo metodológico empregado por Diniz Filho (2000), que visa identificar e hierarquizar os inúmeros fatores que atuam sobre a dinâmica regional de modo a esclarecer suas inter-relações. Agregou-se na análise a abordagem espacial econômica de Milton Santos. Geraram-se mapas e gráficos para compreender a dinâmica estrutural na região de análise, delimitada em razão da forte presença das duas culturas no estado. Para realizar o recorte analítico da área de estudo, utilizaram-se critérios climáticos (limitação climática no plantio cafeeiro), históricos (áreas em que foram plantadas as duas culturas) e estruturais (disposição das usinas de cana-de-açúcar). Encontrou-se sobreposição das áreas de plantio do café (limites climáticos) e da cana-de-açúcar (estrutural, pela localização das usinas e limite de plantio em relação a estas, 30 quilômetros, por fatores logísticos e econômicos). Ambas as culturas receberam fomento estatal e possuíram programas. Resultados encontrados são que a infraestrutura da área, os solos e o clima, beneficiam o plantio nesta região, juntamente com o fomento estatal. Encontrou-se ainda queda na área de plantio do café em concomitância com o aumento do plantio da cana.

A TERRITORIALIZAÇÃO DA CULTURA DA CANA-DE-AÇÚCAR NO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO-BRASIL

As transformações ocorridas na agricultura brasileira, com a inserção das atividades agroindustriais no seu modo de produzir, devem ser analisadas para verificar as mudanças no comportamento da dinâmica territorial. Com isso, a alteração do Complexo Rural, tradicional, para o Complexo Agroindustrial altamente integrado com o comércio e indústria provocaram inúmeras conseqüências para a população rural, no que se refere às relações de trabalho. O entendimento dessa transformação capitalista no campo é necessário para analisar os atores envolvidos nesse processo e as políticas adotadas para a expansão da atividade sucroalcooleira no Estado de São Paulo e as conseqüências para a organização espacial. A expansão das áreas de produção canavieira foram regidas pelo Instituto do Açúcar e do Álcool (IAA), Programa Nacional do Álcool (PROÁLCOOL), Plano de Desenvolvimento do Oeste do Estado de São Paulo – PRÓ-OESTE e o Programa de Expansão da Canavicultura para produção de Combustível do Estado de São Paulo (PROCANA). A ocupação dessas instalações agroindustriais no espaço rural contextualizou-se por meio da territorialização do Complexo Rural, nesse sentido, compreender esses conceitos é peça-chave no desenvolvimento da pesquisa. Pois, são conceitos de fundamental importância para a Ciência Geográfica, e interpretando a sua função e construção no espaço rural.

A CANA-DE-AÇÚCAR NO MUNICÍPIO DE FRUTAL-MG – BRASIL

O presente trabalho teve como principal objetivo realizar um levantamento das mudanças de área no uso do solo, sobretudo com o cultivo da cana-de-açúcar de 1985 a 2010 no município de Frutal (MG) – Brasil. A Metodologia utilizada foi por meio de mapeamentos em imagens do Sensor TM do satélite LANDSAT-5 e análise de levantamentos no Instituto Brasileiros de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), dados de Usinas presentes no município e do projeto CANASAT do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE). Com os resultados obtidos foi possível observar a substituição das pastagens e culturas temporárias, pelas plantações de cana-de-açúcar, destinadas principalmente para a produção de biocombustíveis, neste caso, o etanol.

Determinação de açúcar total em café cru por espectroscopia no infravermelho próximo e regressão por mínimos quadrados parciais

In this work a fast method for the determination of the total sugar levels in samples of raw coffee was developed using the near infrared spectroscopy technique and multivariate regression. The sugar levels were initially obtained using gravimety as the reference method. Later on, the regression models were built from the near infrared spectra of the coffee samples. The original spectra were pre-treated according to the Kubelka-Munk transformation and multiplicative signal correction. The proposed analytical method made possible the direct determination of the total sugar levels in the samples with an error lower by 8% with respect to the conventional methodology.

Resistência à compressão e remoção de folhas da cana-de-açúcar visando à colheita mecânica

Sugarcane holds an important place in the Brazilian economy. Grate part of the sugarcane harvested still accomplished largely manually. Sugarcane harvesters available in Brazil use the technology to chop the cane into 200 to 300 mm billets to allow on the go cane transferring to transport, contradicting the traditional method of whole stalk sugarcane harvesting system. In order to make whole stalk mechanical harvesting system possible, one of the barriers to be expired is the mechanical removal of the straw. The design of a mechanism that accomplishes this operation depends directly on the knowledge of the mechanical properties of the sugarcane related to its resistance to compression and the forces necessary to remove the leaves from the stalk. Compression tests were conducted using the universal testing machine. For leaves removal test by friction, a special apparatus was designed to allow the registration of the normal and traction force. The sugarcane stalk can resist up to 4.9 MPa. With a normal pressure of 0.8 MPa, which correspond to a friction force of 315 N, it is possible to remove the leaves, independent of its location in the sugarcane stalk.

Características físicas e mecânicas de misturas de solo, cimento e cinzas de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar

This work was done with the objective of studying some physical and mechanical characteristics of the sugarcane bagasse ash added to a soil-cement mixture, in order to obtain an alternative construction material. The sugarcane bagasse ash pre-treatment included both sieving and grinding, before mixing with soil and cement. Different proportions of cement-ash were tested by determining its standard consistence and its compressive resistance at 7 and 28 days age. The various treatments were subsequently applied to the specimens molded with different soil-cement-ash mixtures which in turns were submitted to compaction, unconfined compression and water absorption laboratory tests. The results showed that it is possible to replace up to 20% of Portland cement by sugarcane bagasse ash without any damage to the mixture's compressive strength.

Sistema de monitoramento de perdas visíveis de cana-de-açúcar em colhedora de cana picada

In the last few years the sugar-cane mechanical harvested area has increased, especially in regions with appropriated slop. The use of this technology brings some inconveniences, such as, the increase in the percentage of extraneous matter, which causes the reduction of technological quality of the raw material, and losses in the field. Extraneous matter (trash) is composed of tops and leaves in major percentage, plus soil and roots, and eventually some metal parts. In the green cane harvest system the percentage of extraneous matter has a tendency to increase due to the great amount of vegetal matter to be processed. The increase in the blower fan speed to reduce the amount of extraneous matter can lead to an unacceptable economic level of raw material losses. The main objective of this work was, using a cane loss monitor, to evaluate and quantify the amount of visible losses of sugar cane through the primary extractor at two different fan speeds. Afterwards these losses were related to the harvester cleaning efficiency. The piezoelectric transducer shows a reasonable sensibility. The results show that the cleaning efficiency in the primary extractor (85% mean), the cane losses (between 5.68% and 2.15%) and fan speed are interrelated. The total losses and specially splinters (between 3.19% and 0.91%), showed a significant difference among the treatments.

Projeto de um cortador de base para colhedora de cana-de-açúcar utilizando otimização matemática

A base-cutter represented for a mechanism of four bars, was developed using the Autocad program. The normal force of reaction of the profile in the contact point was determined through the dynamic analysis. The equations of dynamic balance were based on the laws of Newton-Euler. The linkage was subject to an optimization technique that considered the peak value of soil reaction force as the objective function to be minimized while the link lengths and the spring constant varied through a specified range. The Algorithm of Sequential Quadratic Programming-SQP was implemented of the program computational Matlab. Results were very encouraging; the maximum value of the normal reaction force was reduced from 4,250.33 to 237.13 N, making the floating process much less disturbing to the soil and the sugarcane rate. Later, others variables had been incorporated the mechanism optimized and new otimization process was implemented .

Colheita de cana-de-açúcar com auxílio mecânico

Civil society and sugarcane farmer demands indicate that harvesting technology has enough limitations to jeopardize production in large sugar cane producing areas. This work analyses the current mechanical harvesting compared to a semi-mechanical harvesting proposal, on the bases of eleven characteristics considered determinant for a quick spreading of green cane harvesting on hilly areas, with lower impact on agricultural labor and farmers investment capacity.

Avaliação de perdas invisíveis na colheita mecanizada em dois fluxos de massa de cana-de-açúcar

In this work the performance of a sugar cane chopped harvester was analysed when fed with two sugar cane mass flows, measuring the invisible losses, which are impossible to measure in the field, harvester sugar cane cleaning efficiency and air velocity on extractors exit. The trial was done under controlled conditions at Copersucar Technology Center in January 2000. The results showed that the flow of sugar cane through the harvester doesn't influence the magnitudes of total invisible losses and raw material cleaning efficiency. The mean air velocity on the primary extractors exit was 12.0 m s-1, and 9.2 m s-1 on the secondary extractor, with a coefficient of variation of 21%, indicating that the poor cleaning performance of the harvester could be related to air velocity difference inside the extractor. Analyzing the data collected in the trials, it was possible to conclude that invisible losses in sugar cane harvester were 10% and the cleaning efficiency was 87%.

Modelos de transferência de metal pesado na cana-de-açúcar adubada com composto de lixo urbano

The research approaches recycling of urban waste compost (UWC) as an alternative fertilizer for sugarcane crop and as a social and environmental solution to the solids residuals growth in urban centers. A mathematical model was used in order to know the metal dynamics as decision support tool, aiming to establish of criteria and procedures for UWC's safe use, limited by the amount of heavy metal. A compartmental model was developed from experimental data in controlled conditions and partially checked with field data. This model described the heavy metal transference in the system soil-root-aerial portion of sugarcane plants and concluded that nickel was metal to be concern, since it takes approximately three years to be attenuated in the soil, reaching the aerial portions of the plant at high concentrations. Regarding factors such as clay content, oxide level and soil pH, it was observed that for soil with higher buffering capacity, the transfer of the majority of the metals was slower. This model may become an important tool for the attainment of laws regarding the UWC use, aiming to reduce environment contamination the waste accumulation and production costs.

Sistema de sincronismo entre a colhedora de cana-de-açúcar e o veículo de transbordo

One of the problems found in mechanical harvest of sugar cane is the lack of synchronism between the harvest machine and the infield wagon, causing crop losses as well as operational capacity. The objective of the present research was to design a system capable of helping to synchronize the sugar cane harvest machine with the wagon. The communication between tractor and harvest machine is wireless. Two ultrasound sensors coupled to the elevator and a microprocessor manage such information, generating a correct synchronization among the machines. The system was tested in laboratory and on field performing its function adequately, maintaining the two machines in synchronization, indicating and alerting the operators their relative positions. The developed system reduced the sugar cane lost in 60 kg ha-1 comparing to the harvest with the system turned off.