Dr. Dock (dark suit) with members of Class of 1901, incl. Cowin, Arnuth, Dock, Brown & Edmunds

inscribed verso: Dr. Dock. With Compliments. Allen.

Mounted photograph: Faculty of the Law School (seated outdoors), 1933-1934

(Mrs. L.D. Groves, Views of Ann Arbor)

Technical assistance in public administration, the domestic role: II, a report on the Brazilian program, University of Souther California, 1952-54,

Mode of access: Internet.

Proceedings of the High school conference

Mode of access: Internet.

Oxidation of carbohydrates in acid solution;

Mode of access: Internet.

Physical Activity and Cognitive Function in the Elderly: a Systematic Review

Background: Physical activity appears important contributor for healthy aging, including cognitive function. However, it is unclear whether late life physical activity alone is beneficial to cognitive function. We performed a systematic review to examine the effect of late life physical activity in maintaining cognitive function in older persons.
Methods: Search Strategy and Selection criteria: The search sources consisted of PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (CENTRAL), and the University of Washington Medical School Library Database between July 15, 2011 and August 15, 2012 with language restricted to English. Studies that were published in journals on or after January 2000 with participants older than 60 years of age were reviewed. Randomized controlled trials including at least 30 participants and lasting for at least 6 months and all observational studies of at least 100 participants and lasting at least 1 year in duration were eligible for inclusion Two reviewers assessed the applicability and results of these studies.
Results: Twenty-six studies fulfilling the inclusion criteria are included. Twenty-one studies reported that late life physical activity resulted in maintenance or enhancement of cognitive function. Three studies reported a dose-response relationship between physical activity and cognition.
Conclusions: Late life physical activity is beneficial for cognitive function in the elderly. However, the majority of the evidence is of medium quality with moderate risk of bias. Larger, randomized controlled trials are needed to better define the association between late life physical activity and cognitive function. Further research is required to determine which types of exercise have the greatest benefits on specific cognitive domains. Despite these caveats, current data are sufficient to recommend that moderate level, late life physical activity may be an effective method to improve cognitive function and delay the onset and progression of cognitive disease in the elderly.

Territorios olvidados, derechos incumplidos: afroecuatorianos en áreas rurales y su lucha por tierra, igualdad y seguridad; un reporte de la delegación Rapoport en derechos de tierra afroecuatorianos

Debido al reciente reconocimiento en la Constitución ecuatoriana de 2008 de los afroecuatorianos como un grupo con derechos colectivos a sus territorios ancestrales, el Bernard and Audre Rapoport Center for Human Rights and Justice ha dirigido un estudio legal sobre la política relacionada con los derechos territoriales de las comunidades rurales afroecuatorianas. El estudio incluye el trabajo de una delegación de investigadores que visitaron Quito, Esmeraldas y el Valle del Chota en la primavera de 2009. Este reporte está basado en información colectada en reuniones llevadas a cabo en Ecuador, entre delegados del Centro Rapoport y los miembros de la comunidad afroecuatoriana, activistas, académicos y oficiales del Estado. El reporte examina la situación que enfrentan comunidades afroecuatorianas rurales y su lucha por los derechos territoriales.

Women physicians' specialty choices

Three hypotheses have been offered to explain the historical specialty selection by women physicians. They are: (1) women choose the specialty for which the training requirements and working conditions interfere least with their commitments to marriage and children; (2) women tend to select the more "feminine" specialties such as pediatrics and psychiatry, and to avoid the "masculine" fields such as surgery; and (3) women have been deliberately excluded from male-dominated fields such as surgery. While the above hypotheses may be true to a greater or lesser degree, none of them has been adequately tested.^ The major study hypotheses are as follows: (1) female physicians' choice of specialty is influenced by the following reasons: (a) family responsibilities; (b) sex role expectations; and (c) sex discrimination; (2) female physicians' choice of specialty is also influenced by their age and ethnicity; and (3) the primary reasons for choosing a given specialty vary by type of specialty.^ The reasons for specialty selection will be explored based on a survey of women graduates of one of the oldest medical schools in the United States, The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB) in Galveston, Texas (n = 930). The survey response rate was 75.3% (700 respondents).^ The results for the first study hypothesis showed that fewer than 14% of the respondents agreed that sex role expectations, sex discrimination and family responsibilities played a role in their choice of specialty. Fifty nine percent of the respondents disagreed with the idea that sex role expectations influenced specialty selection and 64% disagreed that family responsibilities had an effect on the selection of their specialty. Around half (49%) were uncertain of the influence of sex discrimination. It was concluded that sex discrimination, sex role expectations and family responsibilities did not have a major impact on specialty selection.^ With respect to the second hypothesis, age was significant in Internal Medicine, Obstetrics/Gynecology and Psychiatry. Women physicians in Internal Medicine and Obstetrics/Gynecology were significantly younger (less than 45 years old) while physicians in Psychiatry were significantly older (45 years or older) than other specialties studied.^ The third hypothesis was confirmed: the reasons for choosing a given specialty varied by specialty.^ Respondents' comments written on the survey provided insight into other possible reasons for specialty selection including exploration of the role of mentoring and job satisfaction.^ The retrospective cross-sectional study design used in this study does not adequately capture the fact that different reasons may be given for the choice of specialty at different points in time, e.g., as the time of choosing a residency program versus several years into the future.^ In conclusion, approaches that explore the range of reasons that women elect to enter and stay within a given specialty must be explored to gain richer understanding of the complex and dynamic nature of women physicians' professional lives. (Abstract shortened by UMI.) ^

Association between sugar-sweetened beverages and both gestational weight gain and gestational diabetes

This cross-sectional study aimed at evaluating the association between sugar sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption and both excessive gestational weight gain (EGWG) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The study was conducted in the postpartum units of Memorial Hermann Hospital, Lyndon Baines Johnson General Hospital, the University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston General Hospital, and the University of Texas at Brownsville Hospital. Between June 2009 and September 2010, women between the ages of 18 and 49 years with singleton pregnancies who delivered an infant born at 37 weeks of gestation or later were approached. Descriptive, univariate and multivariate analysis were employed in our study using the Statistical Analysis System (SAS) software version 9.1 (SAS Institute Inc. Cary, North Carolina). Our investigation did not find statistically significant associations between SSBs and EGWG. Our study reported no evidence of an association between SSBs and GDM except for sports drinks. However, the estimate of this association was deemed very imprecise. In conclusion, our study did not find strong provide strong support for the hypothesis that high consumption of SSBs increases the risk of EGWG or GDM. ^

A Corner in the Dissecting Room

Dissection room for male students, second floor of the Anatomical Laboratory, used between 1889 and 1903 (source: Not Just Any Medical School by Horace W. Davenport.)

Operating Course - Surgical Laboratory

Operating course in the surgical laboratory. Trephining and amputation at the hip and shoulder joints of a cadaver. Cyrenus Darling is the instructor standing second from left (source: Not Just Any Medical School by Horace W. Davenport).

Lecture on General Chemistry

Daybook, image #66