Multiple pathways for SOS-induced mutagenesis in Escherichia coli: An overexpression of dinB/dinP results in strongly enhancing mutagenesis in the absence of any exogenous treatment to damage DNA

dinP is an Escherichia coli gene recently identified at 5.5 min of the genetic map, whose product shows a similarity in amino acid sequence to the E. coli UmuC protein involved in DNA damage-induced mutagenesis. In this paper we show that the gene is identical to dinB, an SOS gene previously localized near the lac locus at 8 min, the function of which was shown to be required for mutagenesis of nonirradiated λ phage infecting UV-preirradiated bacterial cells (termed λUTM for λ untargeted mutagenesis). A newly constructed dinP null mutant exhibited the same defect for λUTM as observed previously with a dinB::Mu mutant, and the defect was complemented by plasmids carrying dinP as the only intact bacterial gene. Furthermore, merely increasing the dinP gene expression, without UV irradiation or any other DNA-damaging treatment, resulted in a strong enhancement of mutagenesis in F′lac plasmids; at most, 800-fold increase in the G6-to-G5 change. The enhanced mutagenesis did not depend on recA, uvrA, or umuDC. Thus, our results establish that E. coli has at least two distinct pathways for SOS-induced mutagenesis: one dependent on umuDC and the other on dinB/P.

Extinction trends of threatened invertebrates in peninsular Spain

Using information from two recently published atlases of threatened invertebrate species in peninsular Spain, we examined the climatic, land use and geographic characteristics of the 100 km2 UTM cells with most likelihood of suffering extinctions (extinction cells), as well as the attributes of the species prone to population extinctions. Extinction cells have had significantly (1) lower precipitation values, (2) higher temperatures, (3) higher percentages of anthropic land uses or (4) higher rates of anthropization during the last 20 years than the remaining cells. Nevertheless, probable extinctions may occur under a wide range of climatic and anthropization change rates and these variables can only explain a low proportion (~5 %) of variability in the occurrence or number of extinction cells. Aquatic species seem to suffer higher local extinction rates than terrestrial species. Interestingly, many invertebrate species with approximately 25 or less occurrence cells are on a clear trajectory towards extinction. These results outline the difficulties and uncertainties in relating probable population extinctions with climatic and land use changes in the case of invertebrate data. However, they also suggest that a third of the considered Spanish threatened species could have lost some of their populations, and that current conservation efforts are insufficient to reverse this tendency.

Orleans, France, ca. 1680 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Plan de la ville d'Orleans : comme il est aujourd'huy, où sont representées en elevation les églises, palais et autres edifices. It was published by Chez le Sr. Iselin, au bas du Pont au Change between 1680 and 1715. Scale [ca. 1:4,625]. Map in French.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the European Datum 1950, Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 31N projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, built-up areas and selected buildings, fortifications, ground cover, and more. Selected features shown pictorially. Includes also a brief history of the city.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Florence, Italy, ca. 1690 (Image 1 of 9) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Nova pvlcherrimaae civitatis Florentiaae topographia accuratissime delineata. It was published by Gio. Iacomo de Rossi ca. 1690. Scale ca. 1:24,000. This layer is image 1 of 9 total images of the nine sheet source map, representing the northeast portion of the map. Map in Latin.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the European Datum 1950, Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 32N projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, built-up areas and selected buildings, fortifications, ground cover, and more. Relief and selected features shown pictorially.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Florence, Italy, ca. 1690 (Image 2 of 9) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Nova pvlcherrimaae civitatis Florentiaae topographia accuratissime delineata. It was published by Gio. Iacomo de Rossi ca. 1690. Scale ca. 1:24,000. This layer is image 2 of 9 total images of the nine sheet source map, representing the central east portion of the map. Map in Latin.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the European Datum 1950, Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 32N projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, built-up areas and selected buildings, fortifications, ground cover, and more. Relief and selected features shown pictorially.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Florence, Italy, ca. 1690 (Image 3 of 9) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Nova pvlcherrimaae civitatis Florentiaae topographia accuratissime delineata. It was published by Gio. Iacomo de Rossi ca. 1690. Scale ca. 1:24,000. This layer is image 3 of 9 total images of the nine sheet source map, representing the southeast portion of the map. Map in Latin.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the European Datum 1950, Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 32N projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, built-up areas and selected buildings, fortifications, ground cover, and more. Relief and selected features shown pictorially.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Florence, Italy, ca. 1690 (Image 4 of 9) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Nova pvlcherrimaae civitatis Florentiaae topographia accuratissime delineata. It was published by Gio. Iacomo de Rossi ca. 1690. Scale ca. 1:24,000. This layer is image 4 of 9 total images of the nine sheet source map, representing the central north portion of the map. Map in Latin.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the European Datum 1950, Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 32N projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, built-up areas and selected buildings, fortifications, ground cover, and more. Relief and selected features shown pictorially.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Florence, Italy, ca. 1690 (Image 5 of 9) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Nova pvlcherrimaae civitatis Florentiaae topographia accuratissime delineata. It was published by Gio. Iacomo de Rossi ca. 1690. Scale ca. 1:24,000. This layer is image 5 of 9 total images of the nine sheet source map, representing the central portion of the map. Map in Latin.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the European Datum 1950, Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 32N projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, built-up areas and selected buildings, fortifications, ground cover, and more. Relief and selected features shown pictorially.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Florence, Italy, ca. 1690 (Image 6 of 9) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Nova pvlcherrimaae civitatis Florentiaae topographia accuratissime delineata. It was published by Gio. Iacomo de Rossi ca. 1690. Scale ca. 1:24,000. This layer is image 6 of 9 total images of the nine sheet source map, representing the central south portion of the map. Map in Latin.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the European Datum 1950, Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 32N projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, built-up areas and selected buildings, fortifications, ground cover, and more. Relief and selected features shown pictorially.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Florence, Italy, ca. 1690 (Image 7 of 9) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Nova pvlcherrimaae civitatis Florentiaae topographia accuratissime delineata. It was published by Gio. Iacomo de Rossi ca. 1690. Scale ca. 1:24,000. This layer is image 7 of 9 total images of the nine sheet source map, representing the northwest portion of the map. Map in Latin.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the European Datum 1950, Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 32N projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, built-up areas and selected buildings, fortifications, ground cover, and more. Relief and selected features shown pictorially.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Florence, Italy, ca. 1690 (Image 8 of 9) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Nova pvlcherrimaae civitatis Florentiaae topographia accuratissime delineata. It was published by Gio. Iacomo de Rossi ca. 1690. Scale ca. 1:24,000. This layer is image 8 of 9 total images of the nine sheet source map, representing the central west portion of the map. Map in Latin.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the European Datum 1950, Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 32N projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, built-up areas and selected buildings, fortifications, ground cover, and more. Relief and selected features shown pictorially.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Florence, Italy, ca. 1690 (Image 9 of 9) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Nova pvlcherrimaae civitatis Florentiaae topographia accuratissime delineata. It was published by Gio. Iacomo de Rossi ca. 1690. Scale ca. 1:24,000. This layer is image 9 of 9 total images of the nine sheet source map, representing the southwest portion of the map. Map in Latin.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the European Datum 1950, Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 32N projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, built-up areas and selected buildings, fortifications, ground cover, and more. Relief and selected features shown pictorially.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Lyon, France, 1822 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Nouveau plan géométral de la ville de Lyon : avec ses projets d'agrandissement & d'émbelissement divisé par arrondissements par Mr. Laurent Dignoseyo [sic] ing[r].; deposé [a] la Direction Général; Decomberousse & [Pères?] sc[t].; Preter sculp[t]. It was published by Vegezzy in 1822. Scale [ca. 1:6,600]. Map in French. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the European Datum 1950, Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 31N projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, built-up areas and selected buildings, boundaries, ground cover, and more. Relief shown by hachures. Includes inset map: Les Environs de Lyon d'apres Cassini. Chez Vegezzy, M[d] d'Estampes.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Rome, Italy, 1891 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Pianta di Roma, col patrocinio del comune di Roma. It was published by editore Loreto Pasqualucci [per] dall' Istituto cartografico italiano in 1891. Scale 1:6,000. Map in Italian.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the European Datum 1950, Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 33N projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, railroads and stations, drainage, built-up areas and selected buildings, walls, gates, fortification, ground cover, and more. Relief shown by shading. Includes also index and inset: Receniti di Roma nei successivi periodi della sua storia.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Brest, France, 1779 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Plan de la ville de Brest ; Carte de la rade et du port de Brest, par ... P.L. Bermont, ingenieur. It was published by chez Lattré, graveur ordinaire du Roi, rue St. Jacques la porte cochère vis à vis la rue de la Parcheminerie in 1779. Scale [ca. 1:7,219]. Covers a portion of Brest, France. Map in French.Note: Two maps appear on this sheet. The larger scale map of Brest is the portion of the image that has been georeferenced.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the European Datum 1950, Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 30N projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, built-up areas and selected buildings, fortifications, ground cover, and more. Relief shown by hachures. Depths shown by soundings. Includes also a brief description of Brest.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.