955 resultados para Threshold automático
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The aim of this approach is to describe the design and construction of a low-cost automated water sampler prototype. In recent years, there is an increasing need on the use of automated equipments for hydro climatic variables to be use in urban and rural environments. Such devices are always used to provide measured information which is of crucial importance on the development of water resources strategies at watershed scale. Actually, many research and water public institutions have been using these kinds of equipments. In most of the cases, automated equipments are expensive and need to be imported, generating a situation of technologic dependency. The prototype is based on an electronic system which controls a peristaltic pump functioning, five solenoid valves and an ultrasonic sensor connected to a datalloger. An interface with the user allows communication with a PC, when the equipment functioning parameters can be provided. The equipment has a hydraulic module composed by a 12V peristaltic pump connected to a distribution circuit composed by five solenoid valves, one of them being used to clean the circuit before each sampling procedure. Samples are collected by four 1.95 polyethylene bottles. The sampler body was made of acrylic material, with a cylindrical shape, and dimensions 0.72 m and 0.38 m height and diameter, respectively. The weight of the equipment without samples is approximately 15 kg, which infers to its portability. The prototype development total cost budget was approximately US$ 1,560.00. Laboratory tests aimed to evaluate the equipment performance and functioning demonstrated satisfactory results
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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OBJETIVO: Pesquisar um fator de correção para avaliação do erro refrativo sem a utilização da cicloplegia. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 623 pacientes (1.246 olhos), de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 3 e 40 anos. As refratometrias estática e dinâmica foram obtidas usando-se o refrator automático Shin-Nippon Accuref-K 9001. A cicloplegia foi obtida com a instilação de uma gota de colírio ciclopentolato a 1%, com refratometria estática 30 minutos após. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística usando a técnica do modelo de regressão linear e modelo de regressão múltipla do valor dióptrico com e sem cicloplegia, em função da idade. RESULTADOS: A correlação entre valores dióptricos sem e com cicloplegia quanto ao erro astigmático variou de 81,52% a 92,27%. Quanto ao valor dióptrico esférico, a correlação foi menor (53,57% a 87,78%). O mesmo se observou em relação ao eixo do astigmatismo (28,86% a 58,80%). O modelo de regressão múltipla em função da idade mostrou coeficiente de determinação múltiplo maior para a miopia (86,38%) e astigmatismo (79,79%). O menor coeficiente foi observado para o eixo do astigmatismo (17,70%). CONCLUSÃO: Avaliando-se os erros refrativos com e sem cicloplegia, observou-se alta correlação nas ametropias cilíndricas. Foram desenvolvidas equações matemáticas como fator de correção para refratometrias dos pacientes sem cicloplegia, portadores de ametropias cilíndricas e esféricas.
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Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o limiar de detecção da técnica de PCR multiplex fluorescente aliada a eletroforese capilar na detecção de agentes infecciosos em amostras de sêmen experimentalmente contaminadas com concentrações decrescentes das bactérias Brucella abortus, Leptospira interrogans sorovar pomona, Campylobacter fetus e Haemophilus somnus. Amostras de sêmen bovino foram experimentalmente contaminadas com concentrações decrescentes de bactérias obtidas através de diluições seriadas na base 10 de modo a obter-se amostras contendo desde 1 vez até 10-7 bactérias/mL a partir da concentração inicial de Leptospira pomona, Brucella abortus, Campylobacter fetus e Haemophilus somnus. As diluições foram efetuadas individualmente para cada bactéria, bem como nas diferentes concentrações necessárias para a padronização do teste de multiplex PCR. As extrações de DNA de todas as soluções contendo espermatozóides e bactérias analisadas no presente estudo foram realizadas segundo protocolo descrito por Heinemann et al. (2000). Os produtos de PCR multiplex foram avaliados por eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida 8% e separação eletroforética por sistema capilar em equipamento automático de análise de fragmentos de DNA MegaBace. Observou-se a amplificação de fragmentos de 193pb, 330pb, 400pb e 415pb a partir do DNA de B. abortus, L. pomona, H. somnus, C. fetus, respectivamente. Na análise por eletroforese capilar de produtos da PCR multiplex do DNA para detecção simultânea dos quatro patógenos observou-se a sinal de positividade até a diluição de 10-3 bactérias/mL vezes da concentração inicial da solução estoque de cada bactéria. A técnica de PCR multiplex aliada à eletroforese capilar foi usada pela primeira vez para o diagnóstico direto de quatro bactérias patogênicas no sêmen, demonstrando ser um método rápido na detecção de bactérias causadoras de doenças reprodutivas.
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The maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) is the highest blood lactate concentration that can be identified as maintaining a steady state during a prolonged submaximal constant workload. The objective of the present study was to analyze the influence of the aerobic capacity on the validity of anaerobic threshold (AT) to estimate the exercise intensity at MLSS (MLSS intensity) during cycling. Ten untrained males (UC) and 9 male endurance cyclists (EC) matched for age, weight and height performed one incremental maximal load test to determine AT and two to four 30-min constant submaximal load tests on a mechanically braked cycle ergometer to determine MLSS and MLSS intensity. AT was determined as the intensity corresponding to 3.5 mM blood lactate. MLSS intensity was defined as the highest workload at which blood lactate concentration did not increase by more than 1 mM between minutes 10 and 30 of the constant workload. MLSS intensity (EC = 282.1 ± 23.8 W; UC = 180.2 ± 24.5 W) and AT (EC = 274.8 ± 24.9 W; UC = 187.2 ± 28.0 W) were significantly higher in trained group. However, there was no significant difference in MLSS between EC (5.0 ± 1.2 mM) and UC (4.9 ± 1.7 mM). The MLSS intensity and AT were not different and significantly correlated in both groups (EC: r = 0.77; UC: r = 0.81). We conclude that MLSS and the validity of AT to estimate MLSS intensity during cycling, analyzed in a cross-sectional design (trained x sedentary), do not depend on the aerobic capacity.
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The break point of the curve of blood lactate vs exercise load has been called anaerobic threshold (AT) and is considered to be an important indicator of endurance exercise capacity in human subjects. There are few studies of AT determination in animals. We describe a protocol for AT determination by the lactate minimum test in rats during swimming exercise. The test is based on the premise that during an incremental exercise test, and after a bout of maximal exercise, blood lactate decreases to a minimum and then increases again. This minimum value indicates the intensity of the AT. Adult male (90 days) Wistar rats adapted to swimming for 2 weeks were used. The initial state of lactic acidosis was obtained by making the animals jump into the water and swim while carrying a load equivalent to 50% of body weight for 6 min (30-s exercise interrupted by a 30-s rest). After a 9-min rest, blood was collected and the incremental swimming test was started. The test consisted of swimming while supporting loads of 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0 and 7.0% of body weight. Each exercise load lasted 5 min and was followed by a 30-s rest during which blood samples were taken. The blood lactate minimum was determined from a zero-gradient tangent to a spline function fitting the blood lactate vs workload curve. AT was estimated to be 4.95 ± 0.10% of body weight while interpolated blood lactate was 7.17 ± 0.16 mmol/l. These results suggest the application of AT determination in animal studies concerning metabolism during exercise.
Determination of the lactate threshold and maximal blood lactate steady state intensity in aged rats
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
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Na aplicação de produtos fitossanitários, a utilização de equipamentos que controlam automaticamente as seções da barra e a pulverização já é realidade; entretanto, ainda não há resultados que demonstrem a sua eficácia. Por esse motivo, este trabalho teve por finalidade desenvolver uma metodologia para a avaliação de um equipamento que controla automaticamente as seções e a pulverização. Avaliou-se um controlador automático de seções e pulverização de mercado, e, para tanto, foram utilizados três níveis de acurácia do sinal de GPS (algoritmo interno, SBAS e RTK), três ângulos para a simulação de entrada e saída da barra de pulverização em relação à borda do talhão (0; 45 e 60º ) e três velocidades de trabalho (1,66; 5,00 e 8,33 m s-1). A metodologia proposta possibilitou a determinação dos tempos e distâncias de abertura e fechamento das seções. Os coeficientes de variação para os tempos e distâncias de abertura e fechamento das seções indicaram uma variação considerável. Houve interações significativas em função do tipo de sinal de GPS. A configuração recomendada pelo fabricante e adotada para a avaliação do controlador automático de seções e pulverização não atende a todas as situações simuladas.
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Controversy still exists concerning the potential ergogenic benefit of caffeine (CAF) for exercise performance. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of CAF ingestion on endurance performance during exercise on a bicycle ergometer at two different intensities, i.e., approximately 10% below and 10% above the anaerobic threshold (AT). Eight untrained males, non-regular consumers of CAF, participated in this study. AT, defined as the intensity (watts) corresponding to a lactate concentration of 4 mM, was determined during an incremental exercise test from rest to exhaustion on an electrically braked cycle ergometer. on the basis of these measurements, the subjects were asked to cycle until exhaustion at two different intensities, i.e., approximately 10% below and 10% above AT. Each intensity was performed twice in a double-blind randomized order by ingesting either CAF (5 mg/kg) or a placebo (PLA) 60 min prior to the test. Venous blood was analyzed for free fatty acid, glucose, and lactate, before, during, and immediately after exercise. Rating of perceived exertion and time to exhaustion were also measured during each trial. There were no differences in free fatty acids or lactate levels between CAF and PLA during and immediately after exercise for either intensity. Immediately after exercise glucose increased in the CAF trial at both intensities. Rating of perceived exertion was significantly lower (CAF = 14.1 ± 2.5 vs PLA = 16.6 ± 2.4) and time to exhaustion was significantly higher (CAF = 46.54 ± 8.05 min vs PLA = 32.42 ± 14.81 min) during exercise below AT with CAF. However, there was no effect of CAF treatment on rating of perceived exertion (CAF = 18.0 ± 2.7 vs PLA = 17.6 ± 2.3) and time to exhaustion (CAF = 18.45 ± 7.28 min vs PLA = 19.17 ± 4.37 min) during exercise above AT. We conclude that in untrained subjects caffeine can improve endurance performance during prolonged exercise performed below AT and that the decrease of perceived exertion can be involved in this process
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)