Lignin phenols used to infer organic matter sources to Sepetiba Bay - RJ, Brasil

Lignin phenols were measured in the sediments of Sepitiba Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and in bedload sediments and suspended sediments of the four major fluvial inputs to the bay: Sao Francisco and Guandu Channels and the Guarda and Cacao Rivers. Fluvial suspended lignin yields (Sigma 8 3.5-14.6 mgC 10 g dw(-1)) vary little between the wet and dry seasons and are poorly correlated with fluvial chlorophyll concentrations (0.8-50.2 mu gC L(-1)). Despite current land use practices that favor grassland agriculture or industrial uses, fluvial lignin compositions are dominated by a degraded leaf-sourced material. The exception is the Guarda River, which has a slight influence from grasses. The Lignin Phenol Vegetation Index, coupled with acid/aldehyde and 3.5 Db/V ratios, indicate that degraded leaf-derived phenols are also the primary preserved lignin component in the bay. The presence of fringe Typha sp. and Spartina sp. grass beds surrounding portions of the Bay are not reflected in the lignin signature. Instead, lignin entering the bay appears to reflect the erosion of soils containing a degraded signature from the former Atlantic rain forest that once dominated the watershed, instead of containing a significant signature derived from current agricultural uses. A three-component mixing model using the LPVI, atomic N:C ratios, and stable carbon isotopes (which range between -26.8 and -21.8 parts per thousand) supports the hypothesis that fluvial inputs to the bay are dominated by planktonic matter (78% of the input), with lignin dominated by leaf (14% of the input) over grass (6%). Sediments are composed of a roughly 50-50 mixture of autochthonous material and terrigenous material, with lignin being primarily sourced from leaf. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Failure of Imiquimod 5% Cream to Prevent Recurrence of Surgically Excised Trunk Keloids

Keloids are characterized by benign proliferation of fibroblasts in the setting of an altered cytokine profile, with a high recurrence rate after surgical treatment. Imiquimod is a topically applied immune-response modifier. Recently, auxiliary therapy using imiquimod 5% cream to prevent keloid recurrence after excisional surgery was reported to have had good results. To evaluate the efficacy of topical imiquimod 5% cream applied after surgical excision and primary closure of trunk keloids in the prevention of recurrence. Nine patients with a keloid lesion on the trunk were treated with surgical excision and primary closure. Daily application of imiquimod 5% cream for 8 weeks was initiated the night of surgery. The patients were evaluated 2, 4, 8, 12, and 20 weeks after. Keloid recurrence occurred in eight patients, seven of them 12 weeks after surgery. We lost track of one patient. The results of this study suggest that imiquimod 5% cream is not effective in preventing recurrence of trunk keloids after surgical excision. Although this is a small case series, results strongly discourage other studies using imiquimod 5% cream in the prevention of surgically excised trunk keloids. The authors have indicated no significant interest with commercial supporters.

Changes in postnatal skeletal muscle development induced by alternative immobilization model in female rat

The objective of this study was to adapt a model of hind limb immobilization to newly weaned female rats and to determine the morphology of shortened soleus and plantaris muscles. Female Wistar rats were divided into three groups: control zero (n = 3) and control and free (n = 8), animals aged 21 and 31 days, respectively, submitted to no intervention, and immobilized (n = 25), animals aged 21 days submitted to immobilization for 10 days and sacrificed at 31 days of age. The device used for immobilization had advantages such as easy connection, good fit, and low cost. The immobilized rats showed a reduction in muscle fiber area and in connective tissue. The adaptation of this immobilization model originally used for adult rats was an excellent alternative for newly weaned rats and was also efficient in inducing significant hind limb disuse.

Morphological comparison of different protocols of skeletal muscle remobilization in rats after hindlimb suspension

The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the efficacy of different remobilization protocols in different skeletal muscles considering the changes induced by hindlimb suspension of the tail. Thirty-six female Wistar rats were divided into six groups: control I, control II, suspended, suspended free, suspended trained on a declined treadmill and suspended trained on a flat treadmill. Fragments of soleus and tibialis anterior (TA) muscle were frozen and processed by different histochemical methods. The suspended soleus showed a significant increase in the proportional number of intermediate/hybrid fibers and a decrease in the number of type I fibers. Some of these changes proved to be reversible after remobilization. The three remobilization programs led to the recovery of both the proportional number of fibers and their size. The TA muscle presented a significant increase in the number and size of type I fibers and a cell size reduction of type IIB fibers, which were recovered after training on a declined treadmill and free movement. Especially regarding the soleus, the present findings indicate that, among the protocols, training on a declined treadmill was found to induce changes of a more regenerative nature, seemingly indicating a better tissue restructuring after the suspension procedure.

Effects of eccentric and concentric training on capillarization and myosin heavy chain contents in rat skeletal muscles after hindlimb suspension

We studied the effects of different protocols of post-disuse rehabilitation on angiogenesis and myosin heavy chain (MHC) content in rat hindlimb muscles after caudal suspension. Thirty female Wistar rats were divided into five groups: (1) Control I, (2) Control II, (3) Suspended, (4) Suspended trained on declined treadmill, and (5) Suspended trained on flat treadmill. Fragments of the soleus and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles were frozen and processed by electrophoresis and immunohistochemistry (CD31 antibody). Hindlimb suspension caused reduction of capillary/fiber (C/F) ratios and contents of MHC type I (MHCI) in the soleus in parallel to increased capillary density. Flat treadmill protocols increased the content of the MHCI isoform. The C/F ratio was increased by concentric training after hypokinesis, but was not modified by eccentric training, which caused a greater reduction of capillary density compared to the other protocols. In the TA muscle, hindlimb suspension caused a non-significant increase in capillary density and C/F ratio with limited changes in MHC. The present data demonstrate that the different training protocols adopted and the functional performance of the muscles analyzed caused specific changes in capillarization and in the content of the various MHC types. (C) 2010 Published by Elsevier GmbH.

Genetic divergence in cocoa progenies for backcrossing program to witches' broom disease resistance

Backcrossing has been little used in cacao breeding, particularly due to the long time required to transfer genes and recover the genetic background of the recurrent parent. The objective of this study was to select individuals, resulting from the backcross CEPEC-42 x SIC-19, genetically related to the recurrent parent SIC-19 by using RAPD molecular markers, among those with resistance to witches' broom. Of the 31 plants that clustered with SIC-19, 18 from the replanted material remained free of the disease in the field, with good vegetative aspect and, therefore can be used for backcross to reach the desired objective.

Notification of the first isolation of Cacipacore virus in a human in the State of Rondônia, Brazil

Flavivirus is a genus of arthropod-transmitted viruses of the family Flaviviridae, and in Brazil, up to eleven different Flavivirus have been isolated. We collected blood from farmers in the municipality of Theobroma, which is located 320km from the City of Porto Velho, the former capital of the Brazilian State of Rondônia. For viral isolation, we used newborn mouse brain, followed by RT-PCR with specific universal Flavivirus primers. We obtained fragments 958bp and 800bp in length. Based on BLAST, these sequences were 91% similar to a sequence of Cacipacore virus.

(*) Sa3 Li Ki3 Su2e Kwa3 Lha2 Ka3 Ta3 Su2: Duas fruteiras dos índios Nambiquara com potencial para domesticação. (**)

A Amazônia já forneceu espécies frutíferas de reconhecimento internacional como a castanha (Berthollettia excelsa H.B.K.), o cacau (Theobroma cacaoL.) etc., porém, acredita-se que existam muitas outras tão boas quanto estas, ainda por domesticar e/ou difundir, que atualmente são de uso restrito dos índios.Neste, trabalho propõem-se duas espécies, o SA3 LI KI3 SU2 (Onychopetalum krukoffii Fries (Annonaceae)) e o KWA3 LHA2 KA3 TA3 SU2 (Duguetia cf. marcgraviana Martius [Anno-naceae)), fruteiras dos índios Nambiquara, como potenciais para domesticação e uso pelos "civilizados". É apresentada ainda de cada uma delas a descrição botânica.

Influência da vassoura de bruxa na fenologia do Cupuaçuzeiro

O cultivo do cupuaçuzeiro [Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd. ex Spreng.) Schum.] está em franca expansão na Amazônia brasileira. O principal fator limitante é a vassoura de bruxa, doença causada pela Crinipellis perniciosa (Stahel) Singer, cujo único controle econômico conhecido é a poda fitossanitária. A fenologia de dez cupuaçuzeiros em monocultivo, em solo Latossolo Amarelo distrófico adubado na região de Manaus, AM, foi avaliada de maio 1987 a dezembro 1990. O número de flores foi reduzido pela vassoura e pela poda, mas a duração e periodicidade da floração não foram muito afetadas. O número médio de frutos por planta caiu de 36 em 1987 para 6 em 1989, afetado pela vassoura e pela poda, tendo recuperado para 15 em 1990. A frutificação foi antecipada e sua duração reduzida em comparação ao estudo anterior, possivelmente devido à adubação e/ou ao genótipo estudado. O vingamento caiu de 1,4% em 1987 para 0,5% em 1989 e aumentou para 1,8% em 1990, sugerindo a recuperação das plantas. A brotação foliar e queda das folhas aumentaram marcadamente como resultado da influência da vassoura de bruxa em 1988 e foram reduzidas pela poda no período de 1989-90. Os fenofases não foram muito afetados pela vassoura de bruxa embora o número de flores e frutos tenham sido.

Plantas invasoras em sistemas agroflorestais com cupuaçuzeiro no município de Presidente Figueiredo (Amazonas, Brasil)

A infestação crescente de plantas invasoras nos sistemas agrícolas causa prejuízos às lavouras, com decréscimos acentuados da produtividade, quer pela competição direta pelos fatores de produção, quer pelos compostos alelopáticos liberados. Este trabalho consistiu de um levantamento e análise fitossociológica de alguns aspectos de espécies de invasoras que ocorrem em sistemas agroflorestais com cupuaçuzeiro, em três arranjos de culturas (mandioca+fruteiras; anuais+fruteiras; maracujá+fruteiras), sob três sistemas de adubação (NPK+MO, adubação com Fósforo e Fósforo+leguminosa). As coletas das plantas invasoras feitas em seis amostras de 0,25 m² por parcela foram posteriormente levadas ao laboratório para identificação. As 55 espécies identificadas estavam distribuídas em 23 famílias botânicas, sendo 43 espécies de dicotiledôneas (78,2%), 11 de monocotiledôneas (20,0%) e uma de pteridófita (1,8%). As famílias Poaceae (monocotiledônea) e Asteraceae (dicotiledônea) foram as mais freqüentes e com maior número de indivíduos. As espécies mais freqüentes e com maior número de plantas por m² foram Paspalum conjugatum P.J. Bergius (área A) e Homolepis aturensis (Kunth) Chase (área B), ambas da família Poaceae; Ageratum conyzoides L. da família Asteraceae, apresentou a maior densidade. Os coeficientes de similaridade variaram entre as áreas amostradas, sendo os maiores índices observados nos tratamentos que receberam adubação com matéria orgânica, particularmente nos sistemas mandioca+fruteiras. As práticas agrícolas e os sistemas de manejo do solo e das lavouras exerceram influência na composição florística e no tamanho das comunidades de plantas invasoras em cada local. O número de monocotiledôneas foi menor no tratamento com adubação NPK+MO.

Soil mineral N dynamics beneath mixtures of leaves from legume and fruit trees in Central Amazonian multi-strata agroforests

Long term applications of leguminous green mulch could increase mineralizable nitrogen (N) beneath cupuaçu trees produced on the infertile acidic Ultisols and Oxisols of the Amazon Basin. However, low quality standing cupuaçu litter could interfere with green mulch N release and soil N mineralization. This study compared mineral N, total N, and microbial biomass N beneath cupuaçu trees grown in two different agroforestry systems, north of Manaus, Brazil, following seven years of different green mulch application rates. To test for net interactions between green mulch and cupuaçu litter, dried gliricidia and inga leaves were mixed with senescent cupuaçu leaves, surface applied to an Oxisol soil, and incubated in a greenhouse for 162 days. Leaf decomposition, N release and soil N mineralization were periodically measured in the mixed species litter treatments and compared to single species applications. The effect of legume biomass and cupuaçu litter on soil mineral N was additive implying that recommendations for green mulch applications to cupuaçu trees can be based on N dynamics of individual green mulch species. Results demonstrated that residue quality, not quantity, was the dominant factor affecting the rate of N release from leaves and soil N mineralization in a controlled environment. In the field, complex N cycling and other factors, including soil fauna, roots, and microclimatic effects, had a stronger influence on available soil N than residue quality.

O SPAD-502 como alternativa para a determinação dos teores de clorofila em espécies frutíferas

A relação entre o teor absoluto de clorofila e o teor relativo de clorofila obtido pelo SPAD-502 foi determinada em quatro espécies frutíferas (cupuaçu, araçá-boi, limão e urucum). O teor absoluto de clorofila foi determinado usando um espectrofotômetro após a extração dos pigmentos em acetona 80%. O teor de clorofila total (y) foi relacionado com os valores do SPAD (x), como segue: y = 93,95e0,0356x, r² = 0,80 para o urucum; y = 125,41e0,0205x, r² = 0,67 para o cupuaçu; y = 67,58e0,0374x, r² = 0,80 para o limão e y = 66,96e0,0365x, r² = 0,92 para o araçá-boi.

Relações nutricionais log-transformadas para avaliação nutricional de cupuaçueiros comerciais

A transformação logarítmica das relações bivariadas no cálculo das normas e dos índices do sistema integrado de diagnose e recomendação de nutrientes (DRIS) tem sido sugerida como uma forma de melhorar a acurácia do sistema, principalmente por diminuir a inconsistência na distribuição de freqüência entre as formas de expressão direta e inversa de uma mesma relação. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o uso de relações log-transformadas entre diferentes populações de referência. Amostras foliares de cupuaçu foram coletadas de 153 pomares comerciais, cuja idade das plantas variou de 5 a 18 anos, cultivados em monocultivo ou sistemas agroflorestais, obtendo-se para cada relação nutricional entre os nutrientes N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, e Mn as normas DRIS bivariadas log-transformadas e não transformadas, obtidas para o conjunto da população e para condições específicas. Os resultados mostraram que as relações log-transformadas contribuem para uma maior consistência dos resultados entre as formas direta e inversa entre diferentes normas DRIS.

Potencial de resposta à adubação para N, P, K, Ca e Mg em cupuaçueiros avaliados por diferentes normas DRIS

O potencial de resposta à adubação é uma ferramenta utilizada para a interpretação dos valores dos índices DRIS, de forma que pode ser útil para verificar se diferentes grupos de normas resultam em diagnósticos distintos ou semelhantes entre si. Neste sentido, objetivou-se avaliar o comportamento do diagnóstico nutricional, submetidos a cinco grupos de normas DRIS. Para isto, amostras foliares de cupuaçueiros foram coletadas de pomares comerciais, cuja idade das plantas variou de 5 a 18 anos, sob monocultivo e sistemas agroflorestais (SAF's), obtendo-se para cada relação nutricional entre os nutrientes N, P, K, Ca, Mg, as normas DRIS bivariadas, as quais foram obtidas para o conjunto das populações monitoradas e para subpopulações específicas. As diferentes normas DRIS resultaram em diagnósticos semelhantes para N, P e Ca, enquanto que para K e Mg os diagnósticos produzidos distinguiram-se entre as normas resultando em desvios nutricionais.

Extraction and characterization of polysaccharides from non-traditional Brazilian Amazon sources

[Excerpt] Cupuassu (Theobroma grandiflorum), tucumã (Astrocaryum aculeatum), peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) and abricó (American Mammea L.) are exotic fruits found in the Brazilian Amazon rainforest. All of them are well known by the native populations, and for centuries the pulps have been used in the production of juices, deserts, jams, syrups, and alcoholic beverages, among others. Additionally, the fruit seeds have been used as animal feed, fertilizers or to plant new seedlings, but a great part of these seeds are usually discarded. (...)