Análisis macroeconómico del mercado de los países nórdicos

Las economías nórdicas son de especial interés por el buen desempeño en sus variables macroeconómicas, este éxito puede ser atribuido a factores como el conocimiento e instrucción, el espíritu empresarial, la cooperación, solidaridad y el modelo nórdico de estado benefactor. Estos países lideran a nivel mundial la mayoría de los indicadores de bienestar. El objetivo de este trabajo es el de estimar las ofertas de trabajo y las tasas de desempleo de Islandia y Noruega a través de un modelo de mercado de trabajo basado en la teoría de la reacción en cadena. Para estimar las tasas de desempleo se utilizará un sistema de tres ecuaciones para cada uno de los países, donde la ecuación de demanda de trabajo y ecuación de salario provienen de dos trabajos de investigaciones previos. Estimaremos las ofertas individuales para Islandia y Noruega para completar el sistema de ecuaciones y así luego estimaremos las tasas de desempleo, lo cual nos permitirá establecer cuáles son los determinantes de la oferta de trabajo en cada uno de estos dos países. Se espera que el presente trabajo brinde resultados que expliquen las causas de las variaciones mostradas por la fuerza de trabajo de ambos países en los últimos años a partir de su relación directa con otras variables y nos permita hacer comparaciones con el resto de los países nórdicos (Dinamarca, Finlandia y Suecia). A tal efecto, primero se observará la evolución del desempleo en los cinco países nórdicos y luego se analizarán detalladamente las distintas instituciones que componen sus mercados de trabajo, lo cual nos permitirá tener una visión más profunda de su funcionamiento y estructura. Asimismo, se hará un desarrollo teórico sobre la teoría de la reacción en cadena por ser el enfoque elegido para nuestro análisis empírico. Seguido, utilizando datos de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico (OECD por sus siglas en inglés) se procederá a estimar las ecuaciones por el método de mínimos cuadrados ordinarios, tomando como periodo muestral 1981-2010 para Islandia y 1976-2010 para Noruega, y se calculará el impacto de las variables explicativas sobre la oferta de trabajo a través del cálculo de elasticidades de corto y largo plazo. Finalmente se presentarán las ecuaciones que compondrán el sistema que resolveremos para estimar las tasas de desempleo de Islandia y Noruega.

Nivel de conocimiento de la comunidad sobre celiaquía y su influencia en el diagnóstico

La enfermedad celiaca, es un trastorno producido por una alteración genética a nivel del cromosoma 14; pero para que la enfermedad se manifieste deben estar presentes, en forma simultanea, dos componentes fundamentales: el hereditario por un lado y por otro un externo que se da por el consumo de proteínas tóxicas que se encuentran en algunos alimentos y que son atrofiantes de la mucosa intestinal. Su incidencia varía entre 1 en 300 (Irlanda occidental) y 1 en 5000 nacidos vivos en Suecia. Es una enfermedad en la cual la membrana del intestino delgado o mucosa intestinal, se ha dañado por causa del consumo de alimentos que contienen cereales en su composición como el trigo, la cebada el centeno y posiblemente en la avena por cuestiones de contaminación cruzada, por eso se hace referencia a los alimentos sin TACC, sigla formada por las iniciales de los nombres de estos cereales. En caso de la avena se discute sobre su toxicidad, por que se cree que es menos potente que los demás cereales, cabe destacar que el arroz y el maíz no presentan ningún grado de toxicidad. Los cereales identificados como tóxicos, para el resto de la población son inofensivos, en los celiacos dañan la mucosa intestinal y atrofian las vellosidades del intestino que son como pliegues agrupados en forma dedos que por su intermedio se produce la absorción de los nutrientes de los alimentos. No son los cereales en si los que producen la afección, si no ciertas proteínas que se encuentran en su composición las que se conocen con el nombre de pro láminas tóxicas, las que mencionaremos a continuación según su grado de toxicidad: • del trigo: gliadina • del centeno: secalina • de la cebada: hordeina • de la avena: avenina Lo que provoca estas toxinas, es la mala absorción de lípidos, hidratos de carbono, y en menor grado las proteínas. Esto lleva a una irritación a nivel del intestino, perdida de apetito, diarrea, y en especial esteatorrea que es una diarrea cuyo principal componente en la materia fecal, es la grasa. Una vez introducida la problemática y de acuerdo a los conceptos vertidos que intentan justificar el tema de estudio, se plantea el problema como sigue: ¿Cuál es el nivel de conocimiento sobre celiaquía de las personas que asisten al consultorio de pediatría del Centro de Salud Nº107 del distrito 25 de Mayo, San Rafael durante febrero de 2009, y qué puede aportar enfermería para la detección precoz?

Actividades del Séptimo Congreso Internacional de Botánica de Estocolmo : 1950

Fil: A. R. L..

Educating in Project Management: an innovative approach. A shared-experience among Spanish Universities

This work presents an educational formal initiative aimed to monitor the acquisition and strengthening of competences by students that are being taught in project management subject. Groups of students belonging to three universities, embracing different knowledge areas such as engineering, biology, etc., were selected to run the experience. All of them had nevertheless a common and basic starting point: inexperience in project management field. In this scenario, we propose a new theoretical and practical approach oriented to reinforce problem-solving and related competences in a project management subject context. For this purpose, a Project-Based Learning (PjBL) initiative has been specifically designed and developed. The main idea is to bring a real world engineering project management case into the classroom, where students must face up to a completely new learning approach –groups in different locations, collaborative mode and unspecific solution, supported by a powerful internet platform:.project.net (http://www.Project.net). Other relevant aspects such as project climate, knowledge increasing, have also been monitored during the course. Results show and overall improvement in key competences. The obtained information will be used in two ways: to feed the students back about personal opportunities for improvement in specific competences, and to fine-tune the experience for further initiatives.

UPM Results BWR-PWR Exercise I-1 by MCNP5 code

The perturbation approach relies in principle on a unique “NJOY + MCNP5 + SUSD3D”calculation. The inputs are the geometry MCNP5 input file and an ENDF file containing covariances.

Burnup Uncertainty Analysis for PWR-HFP Exercise I-1

Burn-up credit analyses are based on depletion calculations that provide an accurate prediction of spent fuel isotopic contents, followed by criticality calculations to assess keff

Corrosion behaviour of new duplex stainless steel reinforcements embedded in chloride contaminated concrete

The use of reinforcing stainless steels (SS) in concrete have proved to be one of the most effective methods to guarantee the passivity of reinforced concrete structures exposed to chloride contaminated environment. The present research studies the corrosion behaviour of a new duplex SS reinforcements with low nickel content (LND) (more economicaly compatible) is compared with the conventional austenitic AISI 304 SS and duplex AISI 2304 SS. Corrosion behaviour of ribbed SS reinforcements was studied in mortars with chloride content (0, 0.4, 2 and 4% Cl ⎯ ) using linear polarization resistance and potentiostatic pulses technique, Ecorr and Rp values were monitored over the exposure time. The obtained icorr data for the new duplex stainless steel LND no afforded passivity breakdown after one year exposure

Information and Communication Technology Spanish Gazelles: A Competitiveness Analysis

Due to the difficult economic situation, which has led to dramatic job losses in Spain, the companies with high growth potential are seen as a promising alternative to resume economic growth. A sample of companies in the information and communications technology sector sets up the basis of this comparative analysis of the characteristics of gazelles versus the standard firms. Also this study shows, by means of a cluster analysis, the determinants of gazelles along the different stages of their development. This will lead to a better understanding of gazelle businesses, from which to develop incentives to increase the number of them.

Eco-entrepreneurship in developing countries: the case of renewable energy sector in Bolivia

The change towards a sustainable economic system represents a big challenge for the present as well as next generations. Such a process requires important long-term changes in technologies, lifestyle, infrastructures and institutions. In this scenario the innovation process is a crucial element for fostering sustainability as well as an egalitarian development in developing countries. For those reasons the concept of Eco-Innovation System is introduced and further considerations are provided for the case of less-developed countries. The paper illustrates that sustainable development is possible by exploiting local potential and traditional knowledge in order to achieve at the same time economic growth, social equality and environmental sustainability. In order to prove such an assumption a specific case study is described: The renewable energy sector in Bolivia. The case study summarizes many important dimensions of the innovation process in developing countries such as technological transfer, diffusion and adaptation, social dimension and development issues.

Cysteine-proteases and cystatins from barley: molecular and functional characterization in housekeeping and defense processes

Plant cysteine-proteases (CysProt) represent a well-characterized type of proteolytic enzymes that fulfill tightly regulated physiological functions (senescence and seed germination among others) and defense roles. This article is focused on the group of papain-proteases C1A (family C1, clan CA) and their inhibitors, phytocystatins (PhyCys). In particular, the protease–inhibitor interaction and their mutual participation in specific pathways throughout the plant's life are reviewed. C1A CysProt and PhyCys have been molecularly characterized, and comparative sequence analyses have identified consensus functional motifs. A correlation can be established between the number of identified CysProt and PhyCys in angiosperms. Thus, evolutionary forces may have determined a control role of cystatins on both endogenous and pest-exogenous proteases in these species. Tagging the proteases and inhibitors with fluorescence proteins revealed common patterns of subcellular localization in the endoplasmic reticulum–Golgi network in transiently transformed onion epidermal cells. Further in vivo interactions were demonstrated by bimolecular fluorescent complementation, suggesting their participation in the same physiological processes.

Obtaining carbonation depth of concrete used two different procedures standard EHE-08

In the Standard EHE 08, for the first time, durability acquires the status of Limit State. Article 8 provides that the term Durability limit state, produced by physical and chemical actions, different loads and actions of structural analysis, which can degrade the concrete and reinforcement to unacceptable limits. The verification of this limit state can be done through a procedure set out in the provisions of the Standard. This procedure is based on the use of tables that, depending on the aggressiveness of the environment in which the structure is the concrete strength and the life of the project, setting the quality of the concrete cover (minimum thickness and maximum water cement ratio of concrete used) and the maximum crack width. This procedure, simple in its application, provides highly secure solutions. In addition, on Annex 9, the Standard EHE 08 offers models for testing the durability limit state in cases of corrosion of reinforcement due to carbonation of concrete or entry of chloride ions. The results obtained with these models are tighter than those obtained with the procedure of the articles. In this paper we use both methods in the study of reinforced concrete structures with potential problems of corrosion of reinforcement due to carbonation of concrete. Later checking the results obtained by both procedures. Results demonstrate that the use of the models listed in Annex 9 of Standard EHE 08 offer cheaper solutions than those obtained using the procedure of the articles

Development of corrosion of steel bars embedded in mortar made with slag from secondary metallurgy

The aim of this work is to study the evolution of the corrosion rate of reinforcements embedded in mortar specimens that have been partly or fully replaced by the sand ladle furnace white slag. Prisms are manufactured mortar 6cm x 8cm x 2cm in which are embedded reinforcing steel bars of 6mm diameter B500SD. At the time of mixing were added varying amounts of chloride ion content by weight of cement (0%, 0.4%, 0.8%, 1.2%, 2%). The specimens were made totally or partially replacing the white slag, getting four different mixes depending on the degree of substitution. After curing the specimens for 28 days in moist chambers proceeded to dry up naturally. Here are gradually dampened by its conservation in a moist chamber, periodically measuring the corrosion rate of the bars using the technique of polarization curve. The results, in terms of corrosion current and corrosion potential, were compared with those obtained on standard samples, without replacement by slag aggregate. The analysis of results allows us to know, depending on the type of mortar used, the chloride threshold with the depassivation produced steel and the corrosion rates achieved in steels in the active state in terms of mortar moisture, obtained from qualitatively using gravimetric techniques. The results achieved to date support the conclusion that no significant differences in the behavior against corrosion induced by chloride ions, between the steel bars embedded in standard samples and the steel bars embedded in samples including with aggregates from slag. Both the chloride threshold resulting in the depassivation steel as the corrosion rate reached through the bars in an active state are very similar in both types of mortars when they have the same moisture content.

Optical signal processing with electrooptic modulators and dispersion

A review of the main techniques that have been proposed for temporal processing of optical pulses that are the counterpart of the well-known spatial arrangements will be presented. They are translated to the temporal domain via the space-time duality and implemented with electrooptical phase and amplitude modulators and dispersive devices. We will introduce new variations of the conventional approaches and we will focus on their application to optical communications systems

Proposal of an Alternative Model for Speed-Flow Relationship in Two-Lane Highways

A research has been carried out in two-lanehighways in the Madrid Region to propose an alternativemodel for the speed-flowrelationship using regular loop data. The model is different in shape and, in some cases, slopes with respect to the contents of Highway Capacity Manual (HCM). A model is proposed for a mountainous area road, something for which the HCM does not provide explicitly a solution. The problem of a mountain road with high flows to access a popular recreational area is discussed, and some solutions are proposed. Up to 7 one-way sections of two-lanehighways have been selected, aiming at covering a significant number of different characteristics, to verify the proposed method the different classes of highways on which the Manual classifies them. In order to enunciate the model and to verify the basic variables of these types of roads a high number of data have been used. The counts were collected in the same way that the Madrid Region Highway Agency performs their counts. A total of 1.471 hours have been collected, in periods of 5 minutes. The models have been verified by means of specific statistical test (R2, T-Student, Durbin-Watson, ANOVA, etc.) and with the diagnostics of the contrast of assumptions (normality, linearity, homoscedasticity and independence). The model proposed for this type of highways with base conditions, can explain the different behaviors as traffic volumes increase, and follows a polynomial multiple regression model of order 3, S shaped. As secondary results of this research, the levels of service and the capacities of this road have been measured with the 2000 HCM methodology, and the results discussed. © 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd.