Cartografía local y sistemas de información geográfica participativos como herramientas de consolidación de la identidad local en la planificación urbana y territorial

Una de las características de la cartografía y SIG Participativos (SIGP) es incluir en sus métodos a la sociedad civil para aportar contenidos cualitativos a la información de sus territorios. Sin embargo no sólo se trata de datos, sino de los efectos que pueden tener estas prácticas sobre el territorio y su sociedad. El acceso a esa información se ve reducida en contraste con el incremento de información difundida a través de servicios de visualización, geoinformación y cartografía on-line. Todo esto hace que sea necesario el análisis del alcance real de las metodologías participativas en el uso de Información Geográfica (IG) y la comparación desde distintos contextos geográficos. También es importante conocer los beneficios e inconvenientes del acceso a la información para el planeamiento; desde la visibilidad de muchos pueblos desapercibidos en zonas rurales y periféricas, hasta la influencia en programas de gobierno sobre la gestión del territorio pasando por el conocimiento local espacial. El análisis se centró en los niveles de participación de la sociedad civil y sus grados de accesibilidad a la información (acceso y uso), dentro del estudio de los SIGP, Participatory Mapping, además se estudió de los TIG (Tecnologías de Información Geográfica), cartografías on-line (geoweb) y plataformas de geovisualización espacial, como recursos de Neocartografía. En este sentido, se realizó un trabajo de campo de cartografía participativa en Bolivia, se evaluaron distintos proyectos SIGP en países del norte y sur (comparativa de contextos en países en desarrollo) y se analizaron los resultados del cruce de las distintas variables.(validación, accesibilidad, verificación de datos, valor en la planificación e identidad) La tesis considera que ambos factores (niveles de participación y grado de accesibilidad) afectan a la (i) validación, verificación y calidad de los datos, la (ii) valor analítico en la planificación, y al (iii) modelo de identidad de un lugar, y que al ser tratados de forma integral, constituyen el valor añadido que los SIGP pueden aportar para lograr una planificación efectiva. Asimismo se comprueba, que la dimensión participativa en los SIGP varía según el contexto, la centralización de sus actores e intereses sectoriales. La información resultante de las prácticas SIGP tiende a estar restringida por la falta de legislaciones y por la ausencia de formatos estándar, que limitan la difusión e intercambio de la información. Todo esto repercute en la efectividad de una planificación estratégica y en la viabilidad de la implementación de cualquier proyecto sobre el territorio, y en consecuencia sobre los niveles de desarrollo de un país. Se confirma la hipótesis de que todos los elementos citados en los SIGP y mapeo participativo actuarán como herramientas válidas para el fortalecimiento y la eficacia en la planificación sólo si están interconectadas y vinculadas entre sí. Se plantea una propuesta metodológica ante las formas convencionales de planificación (nueva ruta del planeamiento; que incluye el intercambio de recursos y determinación participativa local antes de establecer la implementación), con ello, se logra incorporar los beneficios de las metodologías participativas en el manejo de la IG y los SIG (Sistemas de Información Geográfica) como instrumentos estratégicos para el desarrollo de la identidad local y la optimización en los procesos de planeamiento y estudios del territorio. Por último, se fomenta que en futuras líneas de trabajo los mapas de los SIGP y la cartografía participativa puedan llegar a ser instrumentos visuales representativos que transfieran valores identitarios del territorio y de su sociedad, y de esta manera, ayudar a alcanzar un mayor conocimiento, reconocimiento y valoración de los territorios para sus habitantes y sus planificadores. ABSTRACT A feature of participatory mapping and PGIS is to include the participation of the civil society, to provide qualitative information of their territories. However, focus is not only data, but also the effects that such practices themselves may have on the territory and their society. Access to this information is reduced in contrast to the increase of information disseminated through visualization services, geoinformation, and online cartography. Thus, the analysis of the real scope of participatory methodologies in the use of Geographic Information (GI) is necessary, including the comparison of different geographical contexts. It is also important to know the benefits and disadvantages of access to information needed for planning in different contexts, ranging from unnoticed rural areas and suburbs to influence on government programs on land management through local spatial knowledge. The analysis focused on the participation levels of civil society and the degrees of accessibility of the information (access and use) within the study of Participatory GIS (PGIS). In addition, this work studies GIT (Geographic Information Technologies), online cartographies (Geoweb) and platforms of spatial geovisualization, as resources of Neocartography. A participatory cartographic fieldwork was carried out in Bolivia. Several PGIS projects were evaluated in Northern and Southern countries (comparatively with the context of developing countries), and the results were analyzed for each these different variables. (validation, accessibility, verification,value, identity). The thesis considers that both factors (participation levels and degree of accessibility) affect the (i) validation, verification and quality of the data, (ii) analytical value for planning, and (iii) the identity of a place. The integrated management of all the above cited criteria constitutes an added value that PGISs can contribute to reach an effective planning. Also, it confirms the participatory dimension of PGISs varies according to the context, the centralization of its actors, and to sectorial interests. The resulting information from PGIS practices tends to be restricted by the lack of legislation and by the absence of standard formats, which limits in turn the diffusion and exchange of the information. All of this has repercussions in the effectiveness of a strategic planning and in the viability of the implementation of projects about the territory, and consequentially in the land development levels. The hypothesis is confirmed since all the described elements in PGISs and participatory mapping will act as valid tools in strengthening and improving the effectivity in planning only if they are interconnected and linked amongst themselves. This work, therefore, suggests a methodological proposal when faced with the conventional ways of planning: a new planning route which includes the resources exchange and local participatory determination before any plan is established -. With this, the benefits of participatory methodologies in the management of GI and GIS (Geographic Information Systems) is incorporated as a strategic instrument for development of local identity and optimization in planning processes and territory studies. Finally, the study outlines future work on PGIS maps and Participatory Mapping, such that these could eventually evolve into visual representative instruments that transfer identity values of the territory and its society. In this way, they would contribute to attain a better knowledge, recognition, and appraisement of the territories for their inhabitants and planners.

Transformaciones urbanas en torno a las reales puertas de la Villa de Madrid (1656-1860)

La estructura urbana de Madrid comenzó a dibujarse con los primeros asentamientos fortificados del siglo IX. Sus posteriores ampliaciones estuvieron acotadas por los sucesivos recintos que delimitaron los contornos de una capital en constante expansión. De carácter inicialmente defensivo, luego fiscal y sanitario, estas estructuras estuvieron articuladas en torno a las puertas de acceso a la Villa, estableciendo un sistema general de cerramiento y comunicación que permitiera el control de personas y mercancías en su tránsito hacia el interior de la ciudad. La modestia inicial con que las puertas y tapias del recinto edificado en tiempos de Felipe IV desempeñaron sus funciones de espaldas al exterior de la Villa fue remplazada por un creciente protagonismo, de carácter simbólico y ornamental, que trascendió a su propia arquitectura para inspirar algunas de las importantes transformaciones urbanas operadas en su entorno. Relacionada principalmente con el ideal ilustrado de embellecimiento de la ciudad, la renovación de sus puertas principales se completaba con la reedificación y regularización de sus cercas, y la conformación de nuevos paseos en las afueras de la capital, cuyo trazado vertebrará en buena medida la ocupación de la periferia y la consiguiente definición de la trama urbana del Madrid de hoy. El presente trabajo de investigación indaga sobre la significación urbana de las Reales Puertas de la Villa de Madrid, a partir de la revisión de su establecimiento en los sucesivos recintos de la capital, con especial atención a las transformaciones urbanas operadas en ella desde la definición de su último límite hasta la proyección futura del Madrid ampliado según el anteproyecto de Carlos Mª de Castro. La observación conjunta de las componentes arquitectónica y urbana de las puertas de la Villa de Madrid se ofrece a partir de un relato cronológico de los hechos, fundamentado en su justificación documental y la secuencia visual registrada en la cartografía histórica de la ciudad. La incorporación de aportaciones gráficas de nueva elaboración, de carácter y alcance diversos, proporciona una superposición espacio-temporal que posibilita la lectura comparada de las arquitecturas de las Reales Puertas de la Villa de Madrid y de las transformaciones urbanas operadas a partir de ellas, determinantes en gran medida la configuración de la ciudad actual. ABSTRACT Madrid’s current urban structure has its roots in the first fortified settlements of the IX century. Its subsequent expansions due to the capital’s constant growth were limited by successive enclosures, built originally as a defense mechanism, but later used for fiscal and sanitary purposes as well. The construction of these structures pivoted around the gates that gave access to the city, establishing an enclosure that allowed control of both people and goods on their way into the city. The gates and walls originally built by Felipe IV performed their purpose with a modesty that was later replaced by an increasing symbolic and ornamental prominence, eventually surpassing their own architecture to inspire profound urban changes around them. With the purpose of embellishing the city, the main gates were renovated, the walls were rebuilt and standardized, and new avenues were laid out outside the city. These changes dictated in large part the settling on the suburbs and the resulting configuration of Madrid’s urban scene as we know it today. This research explores the urban significance of the Royal Gates of Madrid through the study of the enclosures that marked the limits of the city. Special attention is given to the urban changes since the last enclosure was established through to Carlos Mª de Castro’s draft for Madrid’s future projection. The architectonic and urban facets of Madrid’s gates are examined simultaneously in a series of chronological events, based on relevant documentation and the graphical record found in Madrid’s historic cartography. This thesis includes new graphic contributions, which allow the comparison of the architecture of the Royal Gates of Madrid as they evolved in time and space. These documents are essential in order to understand the urban transformations that took place based on the Gates, having largely determined the city’s current configuration.

RECONHECENDO-SE SEM-RELIGIÃO NAS PERIFERIAS DA CIDADE: LIBERDADE COMPARTILHADA COMO RESISTÊNCIA

Reconhecendo, a partir da constatação empírica, a multiplicidade de escolhas de crenças no Mundo e em particular na periferia urbana paulistana, reconhecemos, também, a emergência criativa de novas possibilidades de crer e não crer. Tal amplitude não apenas aponta para o crer (segundo as ofertas de um sem número de religiões) e o não crer (ateu e agnóstico), mas para uma escolha que poderia vir a ser silenciada e esquecida, neste binômio arcaico e obsoleto, quando alguém se dá à liberdade crer sem ter religião. Reconhecer interessadamente os sem-religião nas periferias urbanas paulistanas é dar-se conta das violências a que estes indivíduos estão submetidos: violência econômica, violência da cidadania (vulnerabilidade) e proveniente da armas (grupos x Estado). Tanto quanto a violência do esquecimento e silenciamento. A concomitância espaço-temporal dos sem-religião nas periferias, levou-nos buscar referências em teorias de secularização e de laicidade, e, a partir destas, traçar uma história do poder violento, cuja pretensão é a inelutabilidade, enquanto suas fissuras são abertas em espaços de resistências. A história da legitimação do poder que se quer único, soberano, de caráter universal, enquanto fragmenta a sociedade em indivíduos atomizados, fragilizando vínculos horizontais, e a dos surgimentos de resistências não violentas questionadoras da totalidade trágica, ao reconhecer a liberdade de ser com autonomia, enquanto se volta para a produção de partilha de bens comuns. Propomos reconhecer a igual liberdade de ser (expressa na crença da filiação divina) e de partilhar o bem comum em reconhecimentos mútuos (expressa pela ação social), uma expressão de resistência não violenta ao poder que requer a igual abdicação da liberdade pela via da fragmentação individualizante e submissão inquestionável à ordem totalizante. Os sem-religião nas periferias urbanas, nossos contemporâneos, partilhariam uma tal resistência, ao longo da história, com as melissas gregas, os profetas messiânicos hebreus, os hereges cristãos e os ateus modernos, cuja pretensão não é o poder, mas a partilha igual da liberdade e dos bens comuns. Estes laicos, de fato, seriam agentes de resistências de reconhecimento mútuos, em espaços de multiplicidade crescente, ao poder violento real na história.

A violência doméstica contra mulher e o atendimento jurídico na cidade de Maputo - Mocambique

Introdução: A violência doméstica contra as mulheres apresenta-se, na atualidade, como relevante questão social e problema de saúde pública que afeta a maioria dos países. Portanto, não está mais restrita a países considerados do terceiro mundo e tende a ampliarse e a se generalizar. Em Moçambique pouco se investigou sobre a importância e papel das Delegacias de Mulheres no processo de implementação da Lei 29/2009 sobre Violência Doméstica contra a Mulher. Objetivo: Conhecer como profissionais de Delegacias de Mulheres acolhem e encaminham aos Tribunais os casos de violência doméstica; como interpretam o texto da lei, seu alcance, limitação e desafios na defesa dos direitos das mulheres vivendo em situação de violência na cidade de Maputo. Metodologia: Trata-se de pesquisa de natureza qualitativa, na qual foram realizadas entrevistas com 21 profissionais, operadores de Delegacias da cidade de Maputo Moçambique, que autorizaram a entrevista, segundo Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. Resultados e Discussão: Os entrevistados apresentaram, em seus relatos, grande identificação com o tipo de trabalho exercido, considerando as Delegacias como espaços significativos para o reconhecimento da cidadania das mulheres, assim como um campo de atuação políticojurídica em defesa dos direitos das mesmas via atuação na implementação da Lei 29/2009. Reconhecem a relevância da Lei, tendo em vista a significativa expressão da violência como prática naturalizada, na sociedade moçambicana, pela cristalização de valores tradicionais do poder masculino sobre as mulheres, secundados por diferentes práticas culturais. Tais entrevistados Identificam alcances, mas igualmente limites no processo de implementação da mesma, destacando a importância de sua maior divulgação em todas as regiões do país, quer urbanas, sobretudo nas periferias, assim como zonas rurais. Destacam, igualmente, a necessidade de maior capacitação dos próprios agentes do setor jurídico, considerando a multiplicidade de aspectos envolvidos na prática cotidiana dos serviços, notadamente nas delegacias, em relação à aplicação e ampliação do alcance da Lei. Considerações Finais: As tradicionais práticas culturais vigentes na sociedade moçambicana apresentaram-se como aspecto limitante para a implementação da Lei, assim como a remissão das penas, prevista na Lei, que, impossibilita a punição do agressor, em termos de detenção, uma vez que substitui a mesma por prestação de serviços à comunidade, pagamento de cestabásica e/ou multas, tendo em vista, sobretudo, sua estreita relação com o artigo 37 sobre a salvaguarda da família. Diante disso, foram sugeridas, para maior alcance e efetividade na aplicação da Lei, modalidades como o trabalho reflexivo com grupos de homens, com o objetivo de desconstrução dos tradicionais valores sobre masculinidade vigentes nas relações entre homens e mulheres nessa sociedade, que mantém tanto a desigualdade quanto a iniquidade de gênero, pela permanência de tradicionais valores culturais, a exemplo do lobolo e da poligamia

El desorden territorial en el Área Central de Asturias y la responsabilidad de la Administración Autonómica

En las últimas décadas el núcleo interno del Área Central de Asturias se ha venido configurado como un espacio periurbano en el que la deficiente articulación y control del proceso difusor ha generado un notable desorden territorial; desorden cuya responsabilidad debe atribuirse, en primer lugar, a la propia Administración Autonómica.

Cork, Ireland, 1771 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: A survey of the city and suburbs of Cork, By J. Rocque, 1759. It was printed for Robert, Sayer, No. 53 in Fleet Street in 1771. Scale 1:2,400.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Irish Grid (Transverse Mercator 1965 (TM-65)) coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, built-up areas and selected buildings, ground cover, parks, gardens, docks, and more. Relief shown by shading.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Bristol, England, 1750 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: A survey of the city and suburbs of Bristol, survey'd by John Rocque, land surveyor at Charing Cross = Plan de la ville et faubourgs de Bristol, levé par Jean Rocque. It was published by John Rocque, published according to Act of Parliament in 1750. Scale [ca. 1:20,200]. Covers Bristol, England. Map in French and English.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the 'British National Grid' coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, selected buildings with names of landowners, industries, churches, cemeteries, parks, docks, wharves, ground cover, and more. Relief shown by hachures. Includes also 10 views of local points-of-interest.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1794 (Raster Image) (Image 1 of 2)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: To Thomas Mifflin, governor and commander in chief of the state of Pennsylvania, this plan of the city and suburbs of Philadelphia is respectfully inscribed by the editor, 1794, A.P. Folie del. ; R. Scot & S. Allardice sculpsit. It was published in 1794. Scale [ca. 1:6,800]. This layer is image 1 of 2 total images of the two sheet source map. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Pennsylvania South State Plane Coordinate System NAD83 (in Feet) (Fipszone 3702). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, selected public and private buildings, and more. Relief is shown by hachures. Includes index to points of interest, ill., and coat of arms held by two female figures. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

Chicago, Illinois, and vicinity, 1910 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Blanchard's map of Chicago and suburbs. It was published by Rufus Blanchard in 1910. Scale [ca. 1:49,600]. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Illinois East State Plane Coordinate System NAD83 (in Feet) (Fipszone 1201). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, elevated roads, railroads, railroad stations, street car lines, drainage, selected industry locations, parks and boulevards, city limits and ward boundaries, and more. Includes insets: Lake shore north of Chicago -- Cook, Dupage, and Will counties, also parts of Kane County, Ill., and Lake County, Ind.. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1794 (Raster Image) (Image 2 of 2)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: To Thomas Mifflin, governor and commander in chief of the state of Pennsylvania, this plan of the city and suburbs of Philadelphia is respectfully inscribed by the editor, 1794, A.P. Folie del. ; R. Scot & S. Allardice sculpsit. It was published in 1794. Scale [ca. 1:6,800]. This layer is image 2 of 2 total images of the two sheet source map. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Pennsylvania South State Plane Coordinate System NAD83 (in Feet) (Fipszone 3702). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, selected public and private buildings, and more. Relief is shown by hachures. Includes index to points of interest, ill., and coat of arms held by two female figures. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

Kolkata, India, 1832 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Map of the city and environs of Calcutta : constructed chiefly from Major Schalch's map and from Captain Prinsep's surveys of the suburbs with the latest improvements and topographic details by J. B. Tassin. It was published by J.B. Tassin in 1832. Scale [ca. 1:21,450]. Covers Kolkata and a portion of Haora, India.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the 'WGS 1984 UTM Zone 45N' coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map.This map shows features such as roads, drainage, canals, built-up areas and selected buildings, brick buildings, fortification, ground cover, parks, gardens, cemeteries, rice fields, and more. Includes list of references and legend. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

Indirect fall-out from the June 2010 events in Kyrgyzstan: the case of Kara-Suu. EUCAM Commentary No. 14, June 2011

The Kyrgyz town of Kara-Suu lies on the border with Uzbekistan, some 25 kilometres from Osh, the city most affected by the conflict between ethnic Kyrgyz and Uzbeks on 10-17 June 2010. With a population of around 21,000, of which 67% are ethnic Uzbek, Kara-Suu also serves as the administrative centre of the Kara-Suu district, which includes the village of Nariman, with a predominantly Uzbek population and notorious as the scene of several high-profile and brutal murders, as well as suburbs of Osh.

A theoretical comparison of fixed route bus and flexible route subscription bus feeder service in low density areas. Final report.

Transportation Department, Office of Research and Development Policy, Washington, D.C.

Edge city and ISTEA - examining the transportation implications of suburban development patterns. Summary of proceedings: seminar on edge city and ISTEA - so what?.

Mode of access: Internet.

Transit-supportive development in the United States: experiences and prospects. Final report.

Federal Transit Administration, Washington, D.C.