基于GIS的空间数据可视化方法及其在地球化学中的应用

昂贵的GIS软件、空间数据缺乏与GIS操作复杂妨碍地球科学家进行空间数据表示。本文提出了解决这一问题的技术方法：分布式数据共享使集中式的空间数据得到最大利用，以容易获得数据；将面向应用的GIS功能从其它功能中分离开来，以移动代码的方式为用户提供分布式空间信息可视化服务，减少软件费用；在移动代码中，组合复杂的制图操作，提供制图工具，使操作简单化。

基于遥感和GIS的巢湖流域生态系统健康评价

该文以巢湖流域为研究对象,以生态系统健康理论为基础,将流域生态系统的结构和功能结合起来,通过遥感和地理信息系统(GIS)技术获取生态环境变化信息,监测和评价小流域单元的健康状况,分析人类活动对生态系统结构和功能变化的影响,为巢湖流域的生态管理和政策制定提供指导.论文的主要内容包括:1、从生态系统研究的发展入手,对生态系统健康研究的发展、评价指标、度量、研究尺度、评价单元选择进行了概括,提出生态系统健康评价应以结构和功能评价为基础、把人类作为生态系统的一部分,对生态系统进行动态监测.2、以压力-状态-反映指标为概念框架,设计了巢湖流域生态系统健康评价指标体系;3、利用RS和GIS技术获取巢湖流域内各个小流域的生态系统数据,解决了小流域人口和社会经济数据获取难的问题;4、基于GIS技术,对流域生态系统健康评价状况进行定量评价,在此基础上,采用典型相关分析方法,分析了人类社会经济活动变化与生态系统健康状况变化的关系;分析了小流域NDVI多年月变化与生态系统健康状况的关系.

地理信息系统（GIS）在汞生物地球化学研究中的应用——贵州省汞地球化学数据库的建立及贵阳市土壤年释汞通量的估算

汞污染是全球性的环境问题.从20世纪50年代日本水俣湾汞中毒事件,到最近十年来,在北美及欧洲偏远地区的湖泊中发现鱼体汞含量超标,汞污染的研究一直受到人们的重视,是世界环境污染研究的热点之一.随着对全球汞生物地球化学循环研究工作的不断加深,对其的研究难度逐渐增加,以往单一的研究方法已难见成效.越来越多的研究者认识到,只有将地学领域中采用不同研究方法(地质、地球物理和地球化学等方法)所得到的信息,进行综合分析研究,才能更清楚的了解全球汞的生物地球化学循环.近年来计算机技术的发展,特别是GIS技术的出现,使得这一设想成为现实.地理信息系统(GIS),在一个灵活的空间数据管理环境中,将从不同方面采集、存储和分析的数据提供给用户.用户利用GIS数据中的各种相关的空间或非空间信息,进行各种综合分析研究,从而对全球汞的生物地球化学循环提出新的认识和作出科学的论断.该文偿试将地理信息系统应用在汞的生物地球化学循环研究中.论文的主要内容包括以下两部分:1)地理信息系统的核心是空间数据库,该文建立了贵州省汞地球化学数据库.应用ArcGIS中的MapObjects控件和VB技术相结合开发的贵州省汞地球化学数据库,既能充分发挥管理的优势,又能快速产生友好用户界面,具有快捷、方便、高效等特点.该数据库为贵州省汞地球化学循环研究提供了空间数据管理功能,不仅可以存储大量的空间数据和属性数据,还可以进行空间数据输入、浏览、查询、删除和输出及属性表数据的查询、分析和输出.贵州省汞地球化学数据库为政府决策部门提供了环境监测数据和决策支持系统,也有利于世界范围内汞地球化学研究数据的交流.2)应用贵州省汞地球化学数据库中的贵阳市土壤汞含量数据图,结合贵阳市土壤一大气汞交换通量数据,用多元回归的方法对贵阳市土壤向大气年排汞量进行了估算,结果为:年释汞通量为652Kg,变化范围为463~919Kgyear<'-1>.单位面积的平均释汞量为193~382gKm<'-2>year<'-1>.对比全球背景值,贵阳市土壤年释汞通量的预测值总体偏高,主要是贵阳市的亚热带气候和土壤汞含量偏高的影响.与贵阳市燃煤年排汞量相比,贵阳市土壤释汞通量为0.652tyear<'-1>,仅为目前燃煤排汞量的1/3.说明贵阳市大气汞的来源还是以人为污染为主,但被污染的土壤对大气汞也有不可忽视的贡献.

RS和GIS技术在岩溶山区城市动态研究中的应用－以贵阳市为例

本文以岩溶山区贵阳市为研究对象，利用多时相TM遥感数据及相关资料，结合地理信息系统技术，对贵阳市资源环境进行了初步调查与研究。论文研究内容主要包括三个部分：（1）遥感图象予处理（2）遥感图象分类（3）试验区空间数据库的建立与初步应用。通过本论文的研究，得到以下几点认识和成果：a）在岩溶山区城市能利用TM数据城市环境调查与动态研究。b）探索了一个适合于岩溶山区城市TM遥感土地分类的最佳波段组合。c）通过对TM数据土地分类结果分析。认为试验区土地利用结构不合理。d）制作了试验区一系列不同时相的遥感专题数据图件。通过这些专题图件可以得到试验区的资源环境现状及其变化趋势。e）建立了试验区实间数据库。

遥感（RS）和地理信息系统（GIS）在水文模型中的应用－以普定后寨河流域为例

本文探讨了遥感（RS）和地理信息系统（GIS）在岩溶地区水文模型中的应用情况，并结合中国－比利时政府间国际合作项目“遥感和水文模式技术在岩溶地区土地和水资源管理的应用“部分研究内容，成功地将RS，GIS应用到岩溶地区的水文模型研究中去，并到得了一系列十分有意义的成果。这是首次在国内开展这类工作，在国外将RS，GIS应用到岩溶地区的水文模型研究工作也十分鲜见，固而说论文获取的成果对岩溶地区的科研工作具有重要意义。对生产管理工作也是如此。

Una testimonianza silenziosa.Storia della Chiesa cattolica in Tunisia dal Trattato del Bardo alla ‘rivoluzione dei gelsomini’

The work examines the change involving the Church in Tunisia from the period of the Protectorate to the present through the fundamental moments of independence (1956) and the signing of the ‘Modus vivendi’ (1964). In the first structure of the “modern” Church, a fundamental role was played by the complex figure of the French Cardinal Charles-Allemand Lavigerie who, while giving strong impulse to setting up disinterested charitable social initiatives by the congregations (Pères Blancs, Soeurs Blanches and others), also represented the ideal of the ‘evangelizing’ (as well as colonial) Church which, despite its declared will to avoid proselytism, almost inevitably tended to slip into it. During the French Protectorate (1881-1956) the ecclesiastic institution concentrated strongly on itself, with little heed for the sensitivity of its host population, and developed its activities as if it were in a European country. From the social standpoint, the Church was mostly involved in teaching, which followed the French model, and health facilities. In the Church only the Pères Blancs missionaries were sincerely committed to promoting awareness of the local context and dialogue with the Muslims. The Catholic clergy in the country linked its religious activity close to the policy of the Protectorate, in the hope of succeeding in returning to the ancient “greatness of the African Church”, as the Eucharistic Congress in Carthage in 1930 made quite clear. The Congress itself planted the first seed in the twentyfive- year struggle that led the Tunisian population to independence in 1956 and the founding of the Republic in 1957. The conquest of independence and the ‘Modus vivendi’ marked a profound change in the situation and led to an inversion of roles: the Catholic community was given the right to exist only on the condition that it should not interfere in Tunisian society. The political project of Bourguiba, who led the Republic from 1957 to 1987, aimed to create a strongly egalitarian society, with a separation between political and religious powers. In particular, in referring to the Church, he appeared as a secularist with no hostility towards the Catholics who were, however, considered as “cooperators”, welcome so long as they were willing to place their skills at the service of the construction of the state. So, in the catholic Community was a tension between the will of being on the side of the country and that of conserving a certain distance from it and not being an integral part of it. In this process of reflection, the role of the Second Vatican Council was fundamental: it spread the idea of a Church open to the world and the other religions, in particular to Islam: the teaching of the Council led the congregations present in the country to accept the new condition. This new Church that emerged from the Council saw some important events in the process of “living together”, of “cultural mixing” and the search for a common ground between different realities. The almost contemporary arrival of Arab bishops raised awareness among the Tunisians of the existence of Christian Arabs and, at the same time, the Catholic community began considering their faith in a different way. In the last twenty years the situation has continued to change. Side by side with the priests present for decades or even those born there, some new congregations have begun to operate, albeit in small numbers: they have certainly revitalized the community of the faithful, but they sometimes appear more devoted to service “within” the Church, than to services for the population, and are thus characterized by exterior manifestations of their religion. This sort of presence has made it possible for Bourguiba's successor, Ben Ali (president from 1987 to 2011), to practice forms of tolerance even more clearly, but always limited to formal relations; the Tunisians are still far from having a real understanding of the Catholic reality, with certain exceptions connected to relations on a personal and not structured plane, as was the case in the previous period. The arrival of a good number of young people from sub-Saharan Africa, most of all students, belonging to the JCAT, and personnel of the BAD has “Africanized” the Church in Tunisia and has brought about an increase in Christians' exterior manifestations; but this is a visibility that is not blatant but discreet, with the implicit risk of the Church continuing to be perceived as a sort of exterior body, alien to the country; nor can we say, lacking proper documentation, how it will be possible to build a bridge between different cultures through the “accompaniment” of Christian wives of Tunisians. Today, the Church is living in a country that has less and less need of it; its presence, in the schools and in health facilities, is extremely reduced. And also in other sectors of social commitment, such as care for the disabled, the number of clergymen involved is quite small. The ‘revolution’ in 2011 and the later developments up to the present have brought about another socio-political change, characterized by a climate of greater freedom, but with as yet undefinable contours. This change in the political climate will inevitable have consequences in Tunisia’s approach to religious and cultural minorities, but it is far too soon to discuss this on the historical and scientific planes.

GIS-based Association Between PM10 and Allergic Diseases in Seoul: Implications for Health and Environmental Policy.

PURPOSE: The role of PM10 in the development of allergic diseases remains controversial among epidemiological studies, partly due to the inability to control for spatial variations in large-scale risk factors. This study aims to investigate spatial correspondence between the level of PM10 and allergic diseases at the sub-district level in Seoul, Korea, in order to evaluate whether the impact of PM10 is observable and spatially varies across the subdistricts. METHODS: PM10 measurements at 25 monitoring stations in the city were interpolated to 424 sub-districts where annual inpatient and outpatient count data for 3 types of allergic diseases (atopic dermatitis, asthma, and allergic rhinitis) were collected. We estimated multiple ordinary least square regression models to examine the association of the PM10 level with each of the allergic diseases, controlling for various sub-district level covariates. Geographically weighted regression (GWR) models were conducted to evaluate how the impact of PM10 varies across the sub-districts. RESULTS: PM10 was found to be a significant predictor of atopic dermatitis patient count (P<0.01), with greater association when spatially interpolated at the sub-district level. No significant effect of PM10 was observed on allergic rhinitis and asthma when socioeconomic factors were controlled for. GWR models revealed spatial variation of PM10 effects on atopic dermatitis across the sub-districts in Seoul. The relationship of PM10 levels to atopic dermatitis patient counts is found to be significant only in the Gangbuk region (P<0.01), along with other covariates including average land value, poverty rate, level of education and apartment rate (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings imply that PM10 effects on allergic diseases might not be consistent throughout Seoul. GIS-based spatial modeling techniques could play a role in evaluating spatial variation of air pollution impacts on allergic diseases at the sub-district level, which could provide valuable guidelines for environmental and public health policymakers.

Associations between BMI and home, school and route environmental exposures estimated using GPS and GIS: do we see evidence of selective daily mobility bias in children?

BACKGROUND: This study examined whether objective measures of food, physical activity and built environment exposures, in home and non-home settings, contribute to children's body weight. Further, comparing GPS and GIS measures of environmental exposures along routes to and from school, we tested for evidence of selective daily mobility bias when using GPS data. METHODS: This study is a cross-sectional analysis, using objective assessments of body weight in relation to multiple environmental exposures. Data presented are from a sample of 94 school-aged children, aged 5-11 years. Children's heights and weights were measured by trained researchers, and used to calculate BMI z-scores. Participants wore a GPS device for one full week. Environmental exposures were estimated within home and school neighbourhoods, and along GIS (modelled) and GPS (actual) routes from home to school. We directly compared associations between BMI and GIS-modelled versus GPS-derived environmental exposures. The study was conducted in Mebane and Mount Airy, North Carolina, USA, in 2011. RESULTS: In adjusted regression models, greater school walkability was associated with significantly lower mean BMI. Greater home walkability was associated with increased BMI, as was greater school access to green space. Adjusted associations between BMI and route exposure characteristics were null. The use of GPS-actual route exposures did not appear to confound associations between environmental exposures and BMI in this sample. CONCLUSIONS: This study found few associations between environmental exposures in home, school and commuting domains and body weight in children. However, walkability of the school neighbourhood may be important. Of the other significant associations observed, some were in unexpected directions. Importantly, we found no evidence of selective daily mobility bias in this sample, although our study design is in need of replication in a free-living adult sample.