Changes in lymphocyte subsets, interleukin 2, and soluble interleukin 2 receptor in old and very old age

In this study, the changes in some of the cellular components of the immune system and the activity of the cytokine interleukin 2, important for immune activation and lymphocyte proliferation, were measured in a large cross-sectional study of all age groups including octogenarian and nonagenarian subjects. In 206 apparently well community-living subjects, the absolute lymphocyte count and T and B cell numbers fell a little in old and very old subjects. Within the T cell compartment, helper/inducer CD4+ T cells, together with their subsets identified as 'naive' (CD4+/CD45RA+) and 'memory' (CD4+/CD45RO+) cells, also showed a decline with increased age. The suppressor/cytotoxic CD8+ subset showed no age-related change. The levels of the cytokine interleukin 2 were very low in octogenarian and nonagenarian subjects, while the soluble interleukin 2 receptor levels increased with increasing age. The interleukin 2 levels were associated with number and percentage of the 'memory' (CD4+/CD45RO+) subset of T cells which mediates the host response to previously met antigens. Since the interleukin 2 values were very low in the oldest groups and were associated with a reduced 'memory' (CD4+/CD45RO+) compartment, this suggests a possible mechanism of why the very elderly subject is more susceptible to morbidity and mortality from infectious or other agents.

Alexander Keiller's Avebury, fifty years ago

1986 Alexander Keiller's Avebury: Fifty Years Ago. (Southampton City Museum, England) (3 month show in Southampton Museum - 50 photographs + artefacts and text)

Two Trilogies:On Stewart Parker and Tom Murphy

This chapter discusses the relations between Irish cinema and the other arts- chiefly, literature, theatre, painting, and photography. It provides a critical overview of the main scholarly approaches to those forms of adaptation and citation that have tended to dominate Irish film production. It argues that factors such as the historic marginalization of non-literary modernist art in Ireland, a deep cultural resistance to intellectual and politically-engaged filmmaking, and a commercially-driven attachment to formulaic narrative structures, are among the reasons why Ireland has generally failed to produce a distinctive and successful cinema. The chapter concludes by discussing some films that have resisted this trend by offering their audiences a more creative approach to -- or poetics of -- adaptation that has more in common with the visual -- rather than literary -- arts in Ireland.

Finding revelation in anthropology: Alexander Winchell, William Robertson Smith and the heretical imperative

Anthropological inquiry has often been considered an agent of intellectual secularization. Not least is this so in the sphere of religion, where anthropological accounts have often been taken to represent the triumph of naturalism. This metanarrative however fails to recognise that naturalistic explanations could sometimes be espoused for religious purposes and in defence of confessional creeds. This essay examines two late nineteenth-century figures – Alexander Winchell in the United States, and William Robertson Smith in Britain – who found in anthropological analysis resources to bolster rather than undermine faith. In both cases these individuals found themselves on the receiving end of ecclesiastical censure and were dismissed from their positions at church-governed institutions. But their motivation was to vindicate divine revelation, in Winchell’s case from the physical anthropology of human origins and in Smith’s from the cultural anthropology of Semitic ritual.

A ingerência do conhecimento explícito no conhecimento tácito: a técnica Alexander e a prática e ensino da flauta

O presente trabalho é o resultado duma investigação heurística sobre os efeitos do estudo da Técnica Alexander (TA) na prática e no ensino da flauta. Submeti-me a uma centena de aulas de Técnica Alexander e procedi a uma análise reflexiva da minha aprendizagem e prática individual e pedagógica, registando a sua evolução através da progressiva incorporação dos princípios e metodologias daquela técnica. A primeira parte descreve os princípios e procedimentos da TA enquadrando-a na problemática das relações entre conhecimento tácito e explícito, nos processos de controlo motor voluntário e involuntário, e na eficácia e eficiência dos automatismos neuromusculares. A segunda parte constitui a descrição e análise do processo transformador catalisado pelo estudo da TA: modificações na coordenação muscular; na técnica respiratória; no empunhar da flauta e na preparação para a emissão da primeira nota, e na relação entre o equilíbrio do instrumento e o movimento dos dedos. Vários procedimentos e exercícios desenvolvidos para a resolução de problemas pessoais são apresentados justificando a sua eficácia. A TA não proporciona apenas alterações na coordenação muscular mas pode modificar os processos mentais. Por isso alguns princípios para uma organização eficiente da prática são discutidos e concretizados nalguns exercícios que promovem maior variabilidade, alternância entre análise e integração e clareza na concepção do gesto técnico-musical. Por último, a evolução da minha abordagem pedagógica, incorporando procedimentos inspirados na TA e desenvolvidos ao longo da investigação são ilustrados com alguns alunos. A tese argumenta que a TA pode desempenhar um papel fundamental na melhoria do desempenho dum músico e revela-se uma ferramenta pedagógica que merece ser explorada mais sistematicamente num ensino mais baseado numa experimentação guiada que promova uma maior autoconsciência dos processos neuromusculares do que na instrução prescritiva e explícita.

Calvin Spencer division of estate and estate settlement

This document establishes the division of Calvin Spencer's estate among his heirs as well as the settlement of his estate among his wife and heirs.