Sustentabilidade patrimonial e energética

Dissertação de Mestrado, Engenharia do Ambiente, 12 de Junho de 2014, Universidade dos Açores.

Renewable Power Sources

Of all of the sources of renewable energies available one can argue that the most abundant and accessible are solar power, radiation, and the energy of the tides (70 % of the earth surface is covered by water). The tidal wave energy hasn’t seen a widespread distribution yet, mainly due to the lack of interest of the governments, most of the coastal areas of the world are exclusive responsibility of the governments, thus not easily open for private venture. Considering solar power, there exist two main fields of application, land based systems and space based systems. The former systems are still in a very embryonic phase, with Japan being the lead researcher in the field, with an experimental satellite-power station to be launched before 2010. Land based systems, on the other hand, are well studied, with major research and application programs in all known forms of solar power production. Given a minimum value of incident radiation, and applying the appropriate system, (i.e. power plant type), for any given area the solar power becomes an income-producing industry.

Impact of a price-maker pumped storage hydro unit on the integration of wind energy in power systems

The increasing integration of larger amounts of wind energy into power systems raises important operational issues, such as the balance between power generation and demand. The pumped storage hydro (PSH) units are one possible solution to mitigate this problem, once they can store the excess of energy in the periods of higher generation and lower demand. However, the behaviour of a PSH unit may differ considerably from the expected in terms of wind power integration when it operates in a liberalized electricity market under a price-maker context. In this regard, this paper models and computes the optimal PSH weekly scheduling in a price-taker and price-maker scenarios, either when the PSH unit operates in standalone and integrated in a portfolio of other generation assets. Results show that the price-maker standalone PSH will integrate less wind power in comparison with the price-taker situation. Moreover, when the PSH unit is integrated in a portfolio with a base load power plant, the role of the price elasticity of demand may completely change the operational profile of the PSH unit. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Análise do mercado de serviços de regulação de frequência secundária e terciária no sistema eléctrico português

Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Electrotécnica Ramo Energia

Assessment of direct radiological risk and indirect associated toxic risks originated by Coal-Fired Power Plants

Over the past few decades there has been some discussion concerning the increase of the natural background radiation originated by coal-fired power plants, due to the uranium and thorium content present in combustion ashes. The radioactive decay products of uranium and thorium, such as radium, radon, polonium, bismuth and lead, are also released in addition to a significant amount of 40K. Since the measurement of radioactive elements released by the gaseous emissions of coal power plants is not compulsory, there is a gap of information concerning this situation. Consequently, the prediction of dispersion and mobility of these elements in the environment, after their release, is based on limited data and the radiological impact from the exposure to these radioactive elements is unknown. This paper describes the methodology that is being developed to assess the radiological impact due to the raise in the natural background radiation level originated by the release and dispersion of the emitted radionuclides. The current investigation is part of a research project that is undergoing in the vicinity of Sines coal-fired power plant (south of Portugal) until 2013. Data from preliminary stages are already available and possible of interpretation.

Radiological impact associated to Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (TENORM) from coal-fired power plants emissions

Certain materials used and produced in a wide range of non-nuclear industries contain enhanced activity concentrations of natural radionuclides. In particular, electricity production from coal is one of the major sources of increased human exposure to naturally occurring radioactive materials. A methodology was developed to assess the radiological impact due to natural radiation background. The developed research was applied to a specific case study, the Sines coal-fired power plant, located in the southwest coastline of Portugal. Gamma radiation measurements were carried out with two different instruments: a sodium iodide scintillation detector counter (SPP2 NF, Saphymo) and a gamma ray spectrometer with energy discrimination (Falcon 5000, Canberra). Two circular survey areas were defined within 20 km of the power plant. Forty relevant measurements points were established within the sampling area: 15 urban and 25 suburban locations. Additionally, ten more measurements points were defined, mostly at the 20-km area. The registered gamma radiation varies from 20 to 98.33 counts per seconds (c.p.s.) corresponding to an external gamma exposure rate variable between 87.70 and 431.19 nGy/h. The highest values were measured at locations near the power plant and those located in an area within the 6 and 20 km from the stacks. In situ gamma radiation measurements with energy discrimination identified natural emitting nuclides as well as their decay products (Pb-212, Pb-2142, Ra-226, Th-232, Ac-228, Th-234, Pa-234, U- 235, etc.). According to the results, an influence from the stacks emissions has been identified both qualitatively and quantitatively. The developed methodology accomplished the lack of data in what concerns to radiation rate in the vicinity of Sines coal-fired power plant and consequently the resulting exposure to the nearby population.

Dispersion Modelling of Natural Radionuclides 238U, 232Th and 40K Released from Coal-fired Power Plants Operations

The aim of this work was to simulate the radionuclides dispersion in the surrounding area of a coal-fired power plant, operational during the last 25 years. The dispersion of natural radionuclides (236Ra, 232Th and 40K) was simulated by a Gaussian plume dispersion model with three different stability classes estimating the radionuclides concentration at ground level. Measurements of the environmen-tal activity concentrations were carried out by γ-spectrometry and compared with results from the air dispersion and deposition model which showed that the stabil-ity class D causes the dispersion to longer distances up to 20 km from the stacks.

Study on the valorization routes of ashes from thermoelectric power plants working under mono-and co-combustion regimes

Thesis submitted to obtain the Doctoral degree in Energy and Bioenergy

New report on the bionomics of Coquillettidia venezuelensis in temporary breeding sites (Diptera: Culicidae)

INTRODUCTION: Findings of immature forms of Coquillettidia venezuelensis in temporary breeding sites, without the presence of aquatic plants or other submerged plant tissue are reported. METHODS: A systematic scooping technique to collect specimens was used at the breeding site. RESULTS: Immature forms of Coquillettidia venezuelensis, Anopheles rangeli, An. evansae and Culex sp. were collected from areas of the hydroelectric power station of São Salvador, State of Goiás. CONCLUSIONS This is a novel finding relating to the bioecology of Cq. venezuelensis, a species of medical interest that has been found naturally infected with arboviruses, including Oropouche and West Nile virus.

Listening to the public: enacting power : citizen access, Standing and influence in public participation discourses

Public participation in environmental governance is typically associated with citizen access to power despite many closures and limitations having been identified in participatory processes. This article proposes an analytical framework to analyse discursive practices involved in public consultation processes. Critical Discourse Analysis is used to examine and appraise citizens’ access, standing and influence. We apply that framework to a ‘notice and comment’ process on a hydroelectric power plan in Portugal and show that it was discursively managed to justify the decision of constructing 10 large dams and to reject critical or alternative views. Citizens’ access, standing and influence were constrained through diverse discursive practices which (re)produced very unequal power relationsbetween policy proponents and participating individuals. More generally, the article illustrates the potential of Critical Discourse Analysis to assess voice(s) in policy processes. Focusing on argumentative, interactional and rhetorical levels, and how they are interwoven in public consultation discourses, the proposed framework is conceivably applicable in other studies.

Rapid and sensitive hormonal profiling of complex plant samples by liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry

Background Plant hormones play a pivotal role in several physiological processes during a plant's life cycle, from germination to senescence, and the determination of endogenous concentrations of hormones is essential to elucidate the role of a particular hormone in any physiological process. Availability of a sensitive and rapid method to quantify multiple classes of hormones simultaneously will greatly facilitate the investigation of signaling networks in controlling specific developmental pathways and physiological responses. Due to the presence of hormones at very low concentrations in plant tissues (10-9 M to 10-6 M) and their different chemistries, the development of a high-throughput and comprehensive method for the determination of hormones is challenging. Results The present work reports a rapid, specific and sensitive method using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem spectrometry (UPLC/ESI-MS/MS) to analyze quantitatively the major hormones found in plant tissues within six minutes, including auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisic acid, 1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxyic acid (the ethylene precursor), jasmonic acid and salicylic acid. Sample preparation, extraction procedures and UPLC-MS/MS conditions were optimized for the determination of all plant hormones and are summarized in a schematic extraction diagram for the analysis of small amounts of plant material without time-consuming additional steps such as purification, sample drying or re-suspension. Conclusions This new method is applicable to the analysis of dynamic changes in endogenous concentrations of hormones to study plant developmental processes or plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses in complex tissues. An example is shown in which a hormone profiling is obtained from leaves of plants exposed to salt stress in the aromatic plant, Rosmarinus officinalis.

Experimental thermal hydraulic studies on the enhancement of safety of LWRs

The safe use of nuclear power plants (NPPs) requires a deep understanding of the functioning of physical processes and systems involved. Studies on thermal hydraulics have been carried out in various separate effects and integral test facilities at Lappeenranta University of Technology (LUT) either to ensure the functioning of safety systems of light water reactors (LWR) or to produce validation data for the computer codes used in safety analyses of NPPs. Several examples of safety studies on thermal hydraulics of the nuclear power plants are discussed. Studies are related to the physical phenomena existing in different processes in NPPs, such as rewetting of the fuel rods, emergency core cooling (ECC), natural circulation, small break loss-of-coolant accidents (SBLOCA), non-condensable gas release and transport, and passive safety systems. Studies on both VVER and advanced light water reactor (ALWR) systems are included. The set of cases include separate effects tests for understanding and modeling a single physical phenomenon, separate effects tests to study the behavior of a NPP component or a single system, and integral tests to study the behavior of the whole system. In the studies following steps can be found, not necessarily in the same study. Experimental studies as such have provided solutions to existing design problems. Experimental data have been created to validate a single model in a computer code. Validated models are used in various transient analyses of scaled facilities or NPPs. Integral test data are used to validate the computer codes as whole, to see how the implemented models work together in a code. In the final stage test results from the facilities are transferred to the NPP scale using computer codes. Some of the experiments have confirmed the expected behavior of the system or procedure to be studied; in some experiments there have been certain unexpected phenomena that have caused changes to the original design to avoid the recognized problems. This is the main motivation for experimental studies on thermal hydraulics of the NPP safety systems. Naturally the behavior of the new system designs have to be checked with experiments, but also the existing designs, if they are applied in the conditions that differ from what they were originally designed for. New procedures for existing reactors and new safety related systems have been developed for new nuclear power plant concepts. New experiments have been continuously needed.

Primääri-sekundäärivuodon tunnistaminen aktiivisuusmittauksin Loviisan voimalaitoksella

Diplomityössä tutkittiin Loviisan voimalaitoksen primääri- ja sekundääripiirin aktiivisuusmittausten kykyä tunnistaa pienet primääri-sekundäärivuodot. Tarkasteltavat primääri-sekundäärivuotojen suuruudet valittiin laitoksen hätätilanne- ja häiriönselvitysohjeiden mukaisesti. Vuodon vaikutuksia arvioitiin erilaisilla primäärijäähdytteen ominaisaktiivisuuksilla. Ominaisaktiivisuudet primääripiirissä määritettiin nuklidikohtaisesti erilaisille polttoainevuototapauksille. Työssä huomioitiin myös transienteissa mahdollisesti esiintyvä primääripiirin aktiivisuustasoa nostava spiking-ilmiö. Vuodon tarkempaa tunnistamista varten työssä laskettiin tarkasteltaville mittareille kalibrointikertoimet. Primääri-sekundäärivuoto mallinnettiin APROS-simulointiohjelmalla laitoksen eri käyttötiloissa ja kahdella eri vuotokoolla. Varsinainen aktiivisuuslaskenta suoritettiin SEKUN-ohjelmalla. Työssä tätä aktiivisuus- ja päästölaskentaohjelmaa muokattiin ohjelmoimalla siihen tarkasteltavat aktiivisuusmittaukset sekä primääripiirin puhdistus ja ulospuhallus. Laskelmien tuloksena saatiin arviot kunkin tarkasteltavana olleen aktiivisuusmittauksen soveltuvuudesta primääri-sekundäärivuodon tunnistamiseen erilaisissa polttoainevuototapauksissa ja reaktorin eri tehotasoilla. Häiriönselvitysohje I3:n käyttöönottoa edellyttävät vuotokoot määritettiin aktiivisuusmittausten havaitseman perusteella. Erityisesti kuumavalmiustilassa tapauksissa, joissa reaktorisydämessä oletetaan olevan tiiveytensä menettäneitä polttoainesauvoja, spikingin vaikutus jäähdytteiden aktiivisuuspitoisuuksiin ja mittaustuloksiin oli merkittävä. Niiltä osin, kuin tulokset käsittelevät ohjeissa vuodon tunnistamiseen käytettyjä aktiivisuusrajoja, tulokset osoittivat aktiivisuusrajat oikeiksi. Kuumavalmiudessa aktiivisuusmittausten mittausalueet saattavat joissakin tapauksissa rajoittaa primääri-sekundäärivuodon tunnistamista.

Pienvesivoimalanmallinnus ja jakeluverkkovaikutusten tarkastelu

Tässä työssä simuloitiin Valkealassa sijaitsevaa Tirvan pienvesivoimalaitosta ja sen vaikutusta sähkönjakeluverkkoon. Pienvesivoimalaitos mallinnettiin PSCAD-ympäristöön verkko- ja voimalaitostietojen perusteella. Sähköverkko kuvattiin malliin koko 110 kV:n siirtävän verkon ja Tirvan pienjänniteverkon väliltä. Mallin avulla tehtiin sarja hajautettua sähköntuotantoa koskevia tarkasteluita. Tarkasteluissa huomattiin voimalaitoksen verkkoonliitynnän aiheuttavan standardien ylärajoilla olevan transienttisen muutoksen voimalaitoksen jännitteisiin. Työssä tehtiin yksityiskohtaisempi jännitehäviöiden mittaus voimalaitoksen pullonkaulana toimivalle pienitehoiselle jakelumuuntajalle. Tuotannon lisäämisen yhteydessä näkyvän yllättävän jännitteen laskun syyt paikannettiin muuntajalla tapahtuviin loistehon siirrosta johtuviin ylimääräisiin jännitehäviöihin. Voimalaitoksella ei ole merkittävää vaikutusta vikatilanteiden virtoihin.

Todennäköisyyspohjaisen paloanalyysimenetelmän kehittäminen ydinvoimalaitoksella

Diplomityössä on tutustuttu ydinvoimalaitosten paloriskejä käsittelevään todennäköisyyspohjaiseen turvallisuusanalyysiin. Tavoitteena on ollut Olkiluoto 1 ja 2 laitosyksiköiden paloanalyysimenetelmän kehittäminen. Työssä esitetään paloanalyysin pääpiirteet, kaksi erilaista palotaajuuksien estimointimenetelmää sekä palojen leviämisen arviointimenetelmiä. Palotaajuuksien estimointimenetelmistä keskitytään Berryn menetelmän sekä NUREG/CR-6850-palotaajuuslaskentamenetelmän tarkasteluun. Palon leviämisen arvioinnissa on esitetty kolmen erilaisen virtausteknisen laskentatyökalun perusteet sekä palon leviämistodennäköisyyksiä arvioivan Probabilistic Fire Simulator (PFS) -ohjelman käyttöä. Työn aikana on laskettu molemmilla palotaajuuden estimointimenetelmillä palotaajuuksia eri tyyppisille huonetiloille. Berryn menetelmän palotaajuudet olivat pääosin alhaisempia kuin NUREG/CR-6850-menetelmällä lasketut palotaajuudet. Palon leviämistarkastelussa on tutkittu ydinvoimalaitoksen relehuoneen tulipaloa. PFS:n avulla laskettujen leviämistodennäköisyyksien arvoja on vertailtu TVO:n paloanalyysissa käytettyihin kvalitatiivisiin peittokertoimiin. Palon leviämistodennäköisyys eri osajärjestelmien välillä todettiin suuresti riippuvan analyysissaoletetuista vaurioitumislämpötiloista. Tutkittuja menetelmiä hyödyntäen diplomityössä kehitettiin paloanalyysimenetelmäkuvaus. Menetelmäkuvauksessa huonetilojen paloriskit kartoitetaan aluksi Berryn menetelmällä. Näin kaikille laitoksen huonetiloille saadaan arvioitua palotaajuus sekä paloalkutapahtumaluokkien sydänvauriotaajuus. Seuraavaksi suoritetaan valintamenettely, jossa valitut kriteerit täyttäville huonetiloille tehdään tarkentava palotaajuuslaskenta. Tarkentava palotaajuuslaskenta perustuu NUREG/CR-6850-menetelmän mukaisesti huonetilojen realistisiin syttymislähteisiin. Kriittisimpien huonetilojen osalta palon leviämisen arviointiin on tarkoitus hyödyntää numeerista simulointia.