Medicina Tradicional de Santiago (Versão II)

Com a finalidade de dar a conhecer alguns aspectos ligados a Medicina Tradicional de Santiago, bem como a sua prática, realizou-se o presente trabalho. Para a sua concretização, realizamos várias entrevistas direccionadas às pessoas ligadas directa ou indirectamente a essa prática tradicional, como forma de emprestar maior credibilidade científica a este trabalho Monográfico, uma vez que, as bibliografias são escassas. A Medicina Tradicional baseia-se fundamentalmente em dados empíricos, com fortes traços culturais, fundamentada em hábitos e costumes de um determinado povo. Resultou em cabo verde, e particularmente na Ilha de Santiago, através da miscegenação entre dois povos, Europeus e Africanos. Constitui uma prática com uma longa aplicação na ilha de Santiago, em que no passado teve mais aceitação do que actualmente.

Prevention of preterm delivery with vaginal progesterone in women with preterm labour (4P): randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of 200 mg of daily vaginal natural progesterone to prevent preterm birth in women with preterm labour. DESIGN: Multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. SETTING: Twenty-nine centres in Switzerland and Argentina. POPULATION: A total of 385 women with preterm labour (24(0/7) to 33(6/7)  weeks of gestation) treated with acute tocolysis. METHODS: Participants were randomly allocated to either 200 mg daily of self-administered vaginal progesterone or placebo within 48 hours of starting acute tocolysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary outcome was delivery before 37 weeks of gestation. Secondary outcomes were delivery before 32 and 34 weeks, adverse effects, duration of tocolysis, re-admissions for preterm labour, length of hospital stay, and neonatal morbidity and mortality. The study was ended prematurely based on results of the intermediate analysis. RESULTS: Preterm birth occurred in 42.5% of women in the progesterone group versus 35.5% in the placebo group (relative risk [RR] 1.2; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.93-1.5). Delivery at <32 and <34 weeks did not differ between the two groups (12.9 versus 9.7%; [RR 1.3; 95% CI 0.7-2.5] and 19.7 versus 12.9% [RR 1.5; 95% CI 0.9-2.4], respectively). The duration of tocolysis, hospitalisation, and recurrence of preterm labour were comparable between groups. Neonatal morbidity occurred in 44 (22.8%) cases on progesterone versus 35 (18.8%) cases on placebo (RR: 1.2; 95% CI 0.82-1.8), whereas there were 4 (2%) neonatal deaths in each study group. CONCLUSION: There is no evidence that the daily administration of 200 mg vaginal progesterone decreases preterm birth or improves neonatal outcome in women with preterm labour.

Riesgo Ergonómico en Estudiantes de Odontología de la Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia

Antecedentes y objetivo: El ejercicio de la práctica odontológica supone factores de riesgo para desarrollar desórdenes musculoesqueléticos, tales como movimientos repetitivos con las manos, fuerza aplicada durante los movimientos, posiciones incomodas prolongadas, presencia de vibración, entre otros. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la prevalencia de exposición a los riesgos ergonómicos, así como problemas de salud asociados, en estudiantes de odontología de la Universidad de Antioquia (Colombia).

Las condiciones sanitarias de las islas del sur: informe presentado al finalizar la campaña 1924-1925

Detalla información de las diferentes enfermedades presentadas por las personas que se encuentran trabajando en las islas del sur, su etiología, tratamiento y profilaxis. Realiza un énfasis en el tema del tiempo que deben laborar los braceros para un buen rendimiento, buena alimentación, alojamiento y la existencia de agua potable.

El Alimento y la muerte en la festividad de Día de Muertos en México

En la mayor parte de México se celebra los días 1 y 2 de noviembre el Día de Muertos, celebración reconocida por la UNESCO como Obra Maestra del Patrimonio Oral e Intangible de la Humanidad. La fiesta, que ha sido objeto de estudio de numerosos trabajos antropológicos, ha sido relegada en el ámbito de la estética, tanto así, que antropólogos como Stanley Brandes subrayan la carencia de un tratamiento procesual de la dimensión artística de la festividad.

Effect of soil interacting herbicides on soybean nodulation in Balcarce, Argentina

Two trials were performed in Balcarce, Argentina (37° 45' LS; 58° 18' LW) during 1993-94, to assess the effect of eight herbicides applied individually or in tank mixtures, on nodule number, nodule dry weight, seed yield and N percent in seed in soybean Asgrow 3205, inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum CB 1809. Individual herbicides and doses in kg ha-1 of a.i. were metribuzin (0.48), acetochlor (0.90), metolachlor (1), flumioxazin (0.075), trifluralin (0.96), imazaquin (0.20), imazethapyr (0.10) and chlorimuron ethyl (0.0125). The mixtures were metribuzin+acetochlor (0.48+0.9), flumioxazin+acetochlor (0.075+0.9), imazaquin+acetochlor (0.2+0.9), metribuzin+metolachlor (0.48+1.92), and flumioxazin+ metolachlor (0.075+1.92). A control treatment without herbicides was included. Both trials were laid out as randomized complete blocks with four replicates, on a loam illitic thermic petrocalcic Paleudoll, 5.7% organic matter (OM), 25% clay, 30.4 cmol kg-1 CEC. Nodules were sampled at V2 (second node), V6 (sixth node) and R5 (beginning seed) growth stages. Herbicides did not significantly affect the beginning of nodulation or nodule number and mass at R5, not either grain yield or N accumulation. This indicates lack of interference between soil interacting herbicides and N fixation in the high organic matter, loam soils of SE Buenos Aires province, even though a tendency in less number and dry weight of nodules was evident at the two latter growth stages.

Épocas de plantio da lentilha precoce em quatro regiões de Minas Gerais

Foram conduzidos cinco ensaios, todos irrigados, em quatro regiões de Minas Gerais: Viçosa, Leopoldina (Zona da Mata), Patos de Minas (Alto Paranaíba), Uberaba (Triângulo) e Janaúba (Norte), com o objetivo de determinar a melhor época de plantio da lentilha precoce. Em Viçosa, foram estudadas seis datas de plantio, de 15/3 a 30/5; em Leopoldina, quatro, de 7/4 a 10/6; em Uberaba e Patos de Minas, seis, de 17/2 a 2/6; e em Janaúba, cinco, de 16/5 a 3/8. O intervalo entre datas de plantio foi de, aproximadamente, 20 dias. No ensaio de Viçosa, foi utilizada a cultivar Precoz, plantada no espaçamento entre fileiras de 40 cm, com 30 sementes/m; nos outros ensaios, a Silvina, no espaçamento entre fileiras de 30 cm, com 50 sementes/m. Em geral, os maiores rendimentos foram alcançados quando o plantio foi feito em maio, principalmente na segunda quinzena. Em Viçosa, a lentilha também teve bom desempenho quando plantada na segunda quinzena de março. Em Leopoldina e Janaúba, os dois locais de temperaturas mais altas, o plantio no início de junho não prejudicou o rendimento, se comparado com o da segunda quinzena de maio. Nas épocas de plantio em que foram obtidos os maiores rendimentos, a lentilha precoce, após a emergência, levou entre 28 e 60 dias para iniciar o florescimento; e da emergência até a colheita, entre 92 e 112 dias. O maior rendimento médio foi alcançado em Leopoldina, quando o plantio foi realizado em 27/5: 1.644 kg/ha. O peso de 100 sementes da 'Silvina'variou de 5,5 a 6,3 gramas, quando o plantio foi feito em maio.

Acumulación, removilización, absorción postantesis y eficiencia de utilización de nitrógeno en trigo bajo diferentes labranzas y fertilizaciones

El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la acumulación, removilización, absorción postantesis y la eficiencia en la utilización de N bajo dos sistemas de labranza (reja y cincel) y diferentes tipos de fertilización, en los cultivares de trigo pan Buck Pronto y Buck Charrúa. Los tratamientos de fertilización fueron: testigo sin el agregado de N, aplicación de 90 kg ha-1 de N como urea a la siembra, aplicación de 90 kg ha-1 de N como nitrato de amonio calcáreo a la siembra y aplicación de N como urea y como nitrato de amonio calcáreo en dosis de 45 kg ha-1 a la siembra más 45 kg ha-1 a fin de macollaje, respectivamente. Se encontraron diferencias en el N acumulado entre sistemas de labranzas; con cincel se acumuló 18 kg ha-¹ más que bajo reja, pero esto no se tradujo en el porcentaje de N contribuido al grano por removilización ni por absorción postantesis. La fertilización aumentó el N acumulado en un promedio de 50 kg ha-1. A su vez provocó un aumento en la contribución al grano del N removilizado, pero no mejoró el aporte del N absorbido postantesis, ni aún en la aplicación en dos momentos. Los cultivares presentaron diferencias en el N acumulado y en el porcentaje aportado al grano por removilización y absorción postantesis. La eficiencia de utilización del N dependió de la labranza y de la fertilización.

Development and evaluation of neural network models to estimate daily solar radiation at Córdoba, Argentina

The objective of this work was to develop neural network models of backpropagation type to estimate solar radiation based on extraterrestrial radiation data, daily temperature range, precipitation, cloudiness and relative sunshine duration. Data from Córdoba, Argentina, were used for development and validation. The behaviour and adjustment between values observed and estimates obtained by neural networks for different combinations of input were assessed. These estimations showed root mean square error between 3.15 and 3.88 MJ m-2 d-1 . The latter corresponds to the model that calculates radiation using only precipitation and daily temperature range. In all models, results show good adjustment to seasonal solar radiation. These results allow inferring the adequate performance and pertinence of this methodology to estimate complex phenomena, such as solar radiation.

Arte Outsider: Aproximación a la construcción artística de las manifestaciones creativas al margen del sistema del Arte

Para este trabajo se ha querido mirar afuera de los límites del arte tal y como se concibe en occidente. Dicho de otra forma, con mirar más allá no se hace referencia al arte de otras culturas, pues, de hecho, no nos movemos de la nuestra. Lo que se pretende a continuación, es la contemplación en la producción “artística” que se crea al margen de los dominios del “arte” oficial. Con esto puede parecer que nos inclinemos hacia las manifestaciones antisistemas que surgen en ambientes no institucionales como las paredes de las calles de las ciudades o en espacios de Internet. Por el contrario, se quiere tener en cuenta a aquellos individuos que, no perteneciendo al mundo del arte, pero impulsados por las mismas fuerzas expresivas que siente un artista “profesional”, generan imágenes plásticas de gran ímpetu y valor estético, tales como los niños, los pacientes y discapacitados mentales a causa de psicopatologías o trastornos, o visionarios y médiums espirituales. En definitiva, se prestará atención a individuos social y culturalmente marginados.

Variación morfológica de tres especies de curubas (Passiflora tripartita var. mollissima, P. tarminiana y P. mixta) y sus híbridos en el Valle del Cauca (Colombia)

Se estudió la variación morfológica entre ocho accesiones de las tres principales especies de curubas cultivadas y silvestres del Valle del Cauca, Passiflora tripartita var. mollissima (curuba de Castilla), Passiflora tarminiana (curuba india) y Passiflora mixta (curuba de monte) y 11 de sus híbridos, usando el análisis de componentes principales y el método de clasificación del vecino más próximo en 105 caracteres cualitativos y cuantitativos. Siete componentes principales explican 84% de la varianza total. Las clasificaciones sobre los caracteres cualitativos y cuantitativos muestran una clara agrupación por especie. Dentro de P. mixta, se distinguen un tipo poco pubescente, representativo de las plantas silvestres más comunes, y un tipo muy pubescente, con caracteres de domesticación como frutos amarillentos de pulpa colorida, y con una mayor variación morfológica. La clasificación de estos últimos individuos sugiere una introgresión entre P. mixta y Passiflora tripartita var. mollissima. Los híbridos ocupan una posición intermedia entre las especies parentales, pero se diferencian claramente según la dirección del cruzamiento, revelando un efecto maternal sobre la herencia de los caracteres vegetativos y florales. Los primeros análisis del fruto muestran características intermedias en cuanto a forma, color y tolerancia a la antracnosis.

Caracterizacion y analisis de la variabilidad genética de la granadilla (Passiflora ligularis juss.) en Colombia empleando marcadores microsatélites

La granadilla es la segunda especie en importancia económica del género Passiflora y Colombia es el principal productor del mundo con 53.000 t/año. Son pocos los estudios sobre la diversidad intraespecifica en la especie que permitan establecer las relaciones genéticas entre individuos. El objetivo de esta investigación fue explorar la variabilidad genética de la granadilla cultivada en Colombia por medio de marcadores microsatélites. Diez marcadores microsatélites fueron evaluados en 41 accesiones (82 individuos) provenientes de los principales departamentos productores. Un total de cinco microsatélites fueron amplificados con 66 alelos identificados y un promedio de 12,2, entre ellos 7 únicos y 13 raros. Los índices de diversidad mostraron un contenido de información polimórfica de 0,74 (PIC), y una heterocigocidad promedio observada (Ho) y esperada (He) de 0,98 y 0,96 bajo condiciones de equilibrio de Hardy-Weinberg. La distancia genética promedio dentro y entre poblaciones fue de 0,65 y 0,80, siendo Boyacá, Valle del Cauca y Putumayo los más distantes (>0,87). Los análisis de clasificación arbórea (nj) y factorial de correspondencia múltiple (AFCM) revelaron poca estructuración geográfica de las accesiones y dispersión de los individuos de un mismo origen. La carencia de estructuración y la alta variabilidad intraespecífica podría explicarse por el fenómeno de alogamia presente en la especie y el intercambio de semillas entre productores. En conclusión, estos resultados sugieren una evaluación agromorfológica complementaria que permita establecer la variabilidad genética total e implementar un programa de mejoramiento genético por medio de la selección asistida de genotipos superiores en búsqueda de cultivares más productivos y resistentes a problemas fitosanitarios que afectan los cultivos.

Further insights in trichothiodistrophy: a clinical, microscopic, and ultrastructural study of 20 cases and literature review

Background: Trichothiodistrophy (TTD) is a rare autosomal recessive condition that is characterized by a specific congenital hair shaft dysplasia caused by deficiency of sulfur associated with a wide spectrum of multisystem abnormalities. In this article, we study clinical, microscopic, and ultrastructural findings of 20 patients with TTD with the aim to add further insights regarding to this rare condition. Additionally, analyses of our results are compared with those extracted from the literature in order to enhance its comprehensibility. Materials and Methods: Twenty cases of TTD were included: 7 from Mexico and 14 from Spain. Clinical, microscopic, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies and X-ray microanalysis (XrMa) were carried out in all of them. Genetic studies were performed in all seven Mexican cases. Patients with xeroderma pigmentosum and xeroderma pigmentosum/TTD-complex were excluded. Results: Cuticular changes and longitudinal crests of the hair shaft were demonstrated. These crests were irregular, disorganized, following the hair longest axis. Hair shaft sulfur deficiency was disposed discontinuously and intermittently rather than uniformly. This severe decrease of sulfur contents was located close to the trichoschisis areas. Only five patients did not show related disturbances. Micro-dolichocephaly was observed in five cases and represented the most frequent facial dysmorphism found. It is also remarkable that all patients with urologic malformations also combined diverse neurologic disorders. Moreover, three Mexican sisters demonstrated the coexistence of scarce pubic vellus hair, developmental delay, onychodystrophy, and maxillar/mandibullar hypoplasia. Conclusions: TTD phenotype has greatly varied from very subtle forms to severe alterations such as neurologic abnormalities, blindness, lamellar ichthyosis and gonadal malformations. Herein, a multisystem study should be performed mandatorily in patients diagnosed with TTD.

Further insights in trichothiodistrophy: a clinical, microscopic, and ultrastructural study of 20 cases and literature review

Background: Trichothiodistrophy (TTD) is a rare autosomal recessive condition that is characterized by a specific congenital hair shaft dysplasia caused by deficiency of sulfur associated with a wide spectrum of multisystem abnormalities. In this article, we study clinical, microscopic, and ultrastructural findings of 20 patients with TTD with the aim to add further insights regarding to this rare condition. Additionally, analyses of our results are compared with those extracted from the literature in order to enhance its comprehensibility. Materials and Methods: Twenty cases of TTD were included: 7 from Mexico and 14 from Spain. Clinical, microscopic, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies and X-ray microanalysis (XrMa) were carried out in all of them. Genetic studies were performed in all seven Mexican cases. Patients with xeroderma pigmentosum and xeroderma pigmentosum/TTD-complex were excluded. Results: Cuticular changes and longitudinal crests of the hair shaft were demonstrated. These crests were irregular, disorganized, following the hair longest axis. Hair shaft sulfur deficiency was disposed discontinuously and intermittently rather than uniformly. This severe decrease of sulfur contents was located close to the trichoschisis areas. Only five patients did not show related disturbances. Micro-dolichocephaly was observed in five cases and represented the most frequent facial dysmorphism found. It is also remarkable that all patients with urologic malformations also combined diverse neurologic disorders. Moreover, three Mexican sisters demonstrated the coexistence of scarce pubic vellus hair, developmental delay, onychodystrophy, and maxillar/mandibullar hypoplasia. Conclusions: TTD phenotype has greatly varied from very subtle forms to severe alterations such as neurologic abnormalities, blindness, lamellar ichthyosis and gonadal malformations. Herein, a multisystem study should be performed mandatorily in patients diagnosed with TTD.

Setting priorities in clinical and health services research: Properties of an adapted and updated method

Objectives: The objectives of this study is to review the set of criteria of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) for priority-setting in research with addition of new criteria if necessary, and to develop and evaluate the reliability and validity of the final priority score. Methods: Based on the evaluation of 199 research topics, forty-five experts identified additional criteria for priority-setting, rated their relevance, and ranked and weighted them in a three-round modified Delphi technique. A final priority score was developed and evaluated. Internal consistency, test–retest and inter-rater reliability were assessed. Correlation with experts’ overall qualitative topic ratings were assessed as an approximation to validity. Results: All seven original IOM criteria were considered relevant and two new criteria were added (“potential for translation into practice”, and “need for knowledge”). Final ranks and relative weights differed from those of the original IOM criteria: “research impact on health outcomes” was considered the most important criterion (4.23), as opposed to “burden of disease” (3.92). Cronbach’s alpha (0.75) and test–retest stability (interclass correlation coefficient = 0.66) for the final set of criteria were acceptable. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for overall assessment of priority was 0.66. Conclusions: A reliable instrument for prioritizing topics in clinical and health services research has been developed. Further evaluation of its validity and impact on selecting research topics is required