966 resultados para Siegel, Jerry, 1914-1996
Resumo:
In contrast to the relatively well documented impact of particulate-feeding fish on zooplankton communities, little attention has been devoted to the impact of filter-feeding fish. Filter-feeding silver and bighead carp are the most intensively cultured fish species in Asia and comprise much of the production of Chinese aquaculture. However, little information is known about the impact of either fish on the zooplankton community. Long-term changes in the Copepoda community (1957-1996) were studied at two sampling stations of a subtropical Chinese lake (Lake Donghu) dominated by silver and bighead carp. For both calanoids and cyclopoids, the littoral station (I) was much more resource profitable than the pelagic station (II). There has been a tremendous increase in the annual fish catch over the past 30 years due to the increased stocking with fingerlings of the two carp species. There was a notably higher fish density at Station I than at Station II. Cyclopoid abundance was notably higher at Station I than at Station II during the 1950s to the 1980s, while the reverse became true in the 1990s. This is probably because when fish abundance increased to an extremely high level, the impact of fish predation on the cyclopoids became more important than that of food resources at the littoral station. At both stations, cyclopoid abundance was relatively low in spite of the presence of abundant prey. Similarly, calanoid density did not differ significantly between the two stations in the 1950s and 1960s, but was significantly lower at Station I than at Station II during the 1980s and 1990s. Such changes are attributed to the gradient of fish predation between the stations and an increasing predation pressure by the fish. The increased fish predation also correlated with a shift in summer-dominant calanoids from larger species to smaller ones. In conclusion, the predaceous cyclopoids are affected by fish predation to a much lesser extent than the herbivorous calanoids, and therefore increased predation by filter-feeding fish results in a definite increase in the cyclopoid/calanoid ratio. Predation by filter-feeding fish has been a driving force in shaping the copepod community structure of Lake Donghu during the past decades.
Resumo:
The changes of L. kindti density from 1957 to 1996 were studied in a shallow, eutrophic Chinese lake, Lake Donghu. Despite the fact that the fish yield of planktivorous fish (silver carp and bighead carp) has increased steadily, the population density of L. kindti has also increased since 1957 and peaked in 1982/1983, The increase of both fish and L. kindti densities during this period may have benefitted from a considerable increase in the densities of their zooplankton prey. and fish predation on L. kindti might have been minor. As the fish yield increased further, their predation began to suppress most zooplankton prey including L. kindti. The largely increased fish predation on L. kindti is also evidenced by the remarkable decline of their body length after 1984. The density of L. kindti was significantly higher at the pelagic station (II) than at the littoral station (I), although for L. kindti, the littoral zone was significantly more resource profitable than the pelagic zone. The gradient of fish predation (more fish in the littoral zone) is the most likely explanation, since L. kindti is reported to be a preferred prey for many planktivorous fishes. The maximum density of L. kindti was 1.78 ind./I (on Aug. 17, 1984) at Station I and 1.55 ind./I (on Sep. 13, 1985) at Station II, respectively, which are close to those in several other eutrophic lakes.
Resumo:
本文以中国科学院成都生物研究所培育的同源四倍体水稻和二倍体水稻为材料,进行遗传差异及产量、品质性状的研究:1、以二倍体水稻为对照,研究了同源四倍体水稻在2004 年和2005 年的结实情况。结果同源四倍体的花粉育性、结实率均不同程度下降,尤其低代材料更是大幅度下降。F 检验表明,同源四倍体不同个体间的各产量性状均差异显著,说明其具有很大的遗传改良潜力。从1996 年到2005 年对部分同源四倍体水稻进行了连续选择改良,T 检验表明经过9 年的选择改良,其结实率显著提高。本文还对同源四倍体水稻各产量性状间的相关性进行了分析,结果结实率与花粉育性、穗着粒数、穗实粒数极显著相关;理论产量与花粉育性、有效穗数、穗着粒数、穗实粒数、结实率及千粒重极显著相关。i2、用(CT)n 微卫星标记和PCR-Acc Ι分子标记对40 份同源四倍体和14 份二倍体水稻Wx 基因进行研究。结果,(CT)n 微卫星标记检测,Wx 基因呈Wx1、Wx2 和Wx3 3 种多态性;PCR-Acc Ι 检测,Wx 基因表现为G-型和T-型。测定稻米直链淀粉含量(AC)、胶稠度(GC)和糊化温度(GT),并探讨其与Wx 基因的关系,结果,二倍体和同源四倍体水稻均存在:Wx 基因型相同,AC 差异较小,Wx 基因型不同时,AC 差异较大,Wx1 基因型品种AC 最高, Wx2 基因型品种AC 次之,Wx3 基因型品种AC 最低;基因型相同时,同源四倍体AC 低于二倍体;同源四倍体与对应二倍体间,Wx 基因型相同时,AC 差异很小;而Wx 基因型发生变异时,AC 差异很大。同时,进行相关性分析,结果二倍体和四倍体水稻均存在AC、GC 与Wx 基因密切相关;而GT 与Wx 基因相关不显著。综合分析,(CT)n微卫星标记与PCR-Acc Ι 分子标记检测的相关系数为0.842,呈极显著正相关,可以将其结合起来进行同源四倍体新品种的选育和改良。3、利用RAPD 技术,对同源四倍体和二倍体水稻的遗传差异进行分析。17条引物在同源四倍体中扩增出178 条带(PPB=81.5%),在二倍体中扩增出173条带(PPB=76.3%);同源四倍体和二倍体的Shannon 遗传多样性指数分别为0.4848 和0.4679,多态信息量分别为0.3301 和0.3216,遗传距离分别为0.3572和0.3460;同源四倍体与其对应二倍体间遗传距离为0.1914-0.4633,平均为0.2914。表明同源四倍体的遗传多样性高于二倍体,且同源四倍体与其二倍体之间存在较大的遗传差异,这些将为水稻品种改良和新品种选育提供科学依据。上述产量、品质性状及遗传差异分析的结果,不仅有利于加快同源四倍体水稻的遗传改良进程,而且为进一步研究、利用同源四倍体水稻奠定了初步基础。 AbstractStudy on genetic diversity, yield characters and quality traitsof autotetraploid and diploid riceLiu Yuhua (Botany)Directed by Associate Prof. Tu ShengbinIn this study, diploid and autotetraploid rice, which were cultivated in ChengduInstitute of Biology were analyzed in genetic diversity, yield characters and qualitytraits.In the study, 2 diploid and 29 autotetraploid rice(2n=4x=48) materials, including4 preliminary and 25 advanced generation, were investigated for yield characters.Compared with diploid check, the pollen fertility and seed set of autotetraploiddeclined dramatically, especially in preliminary generation. F-test indicated that therewere remarkable differences among different varieties, showing that autotetraploidmaterials had strong potential for improvement. From 1996 to 2005, someautotetraploid rice had been selected and improved. T-test showed that seed setincreased obviously. The relationships among yield characters of autotetraploid ricewere analyzed. Seed set was strongly correlated with pollen fertility, total grainnumber per panicle and productive grain number per panicle; theoretical yield wasstrongly correlated with pollen fertility, productive panicle number per plant, totalgrain number per panicle, productive grain number, seed set and 1000-grain weight.Wx genotypes of 40 autotetraploid rice and 14 diploid rice were tested by usingthe (CT)n microsatellite marker and a cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence(CAPS) molecular marker named PCR-Acc Ι. Three microsatellite alleles wereproduced, i.e. Wx1, Wx2 and Wx3 both in autotetraploid and in diploid rice.Comparatively, PCR- Acc Ι molecular marker produced two genotypes, G-type andT-type for both autotetraploid and diploid rice. In this study, amylose content (AC), gel of consistency (GC) and gelatinization temperature (GT) of rice grain weremeasured and their relationships with Wx alleles were analyzed. The results showedthat variation of AC between autotetraploid and diploid rice was small when they hadthe same Wx genotype. However, variation of AC turned to be large when the Wxgenotypes were different. Actually, AC met the maximum value in Wx1 varieties andWx2 varieties the middle and Wx3 varieties the minimum. And AC was lower inautotetraploid than in diploid. Correlation analysis was done in this experiment. ACand GC of rice grain were probably controlled by Wx gene or other gene whoselocation was strictly linked to Wx gene, while GT of rice was not. The correlationcoefficient between Wx genotypes which revealed by (CT)n microsatellite marker andPCR-Acc Ι molecular marker was 0.842 with significant level. That revealed aconsistent result between the two types of markers. So it was possible to utilize boththe two types of markers to select and promote germplasm of autotetraploid rice.RAPD molecular markers were used to analyze the genetic diversity betweendiploid and autotetraploid rice. 178 repeatable bands were detected through 17 RAPDprimers with percentage of polymorphic bands was 81.5% in autotetraploid rice while173 repeatable bands were detected with percentage of polymorphic bands was 76.3%in diploid rice. According to the measurement of Shannon index, polymorphicinformation content and genetic distance, genetic diversity of autotetraploid was on ahigher level, genetic variation between autotetraploid and diploid rice was relativelyhigh. All these contributed to the genetic selection and improvement in rice breeding.As mentioned above, the results are not only helpful to promote the process ofrice improvement, but also to confirm the basic for further study of autotetraploid rice.
Resumo:
We use the hydrographic data obtained during the joint survey of the Yellow Sea by the First Institute of Oceanography, China and the Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute, Korea, to quantify the spatial structures and temporal evolution of the southern Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass (YSCWM). It is indicated that the southern YSCWM is a water mass that develops in summer and decays in fall. In winter, due to the intrusion of the Yellow Sea Warm Current (YSWC), the central area (approximately between 34 degrees N and 35 degrees N, 122 degrees E and 124 degrees E) of the Yellow Sea is mainly occupied by relatively high temperature water (T > 10 degrees C). By contrast, from early summer to fall, under the seasonal thermocline, the central area of Yellow Sea is occupied by cold water (T < 10 degrees C). In summer, the southern YSCWM has two cold cores. One is formed locally southeast of Shandong Peninsula, and the other one has a tongue-like feature occupying the area approximately between 34 degrees N and 37 degrees N, 123 degrees E and 126 degrees E. The bottom layer temperature anomalies from February to July in the cold tongue region, along with the trajectories of the bottom floaters, suggest that the cold water mass in the northeast region has a displacement from the north to the central area of the Yellow Sea during the summer. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Resumo:
A fim de melhor compreender a dimensão e a dinâmica da ocupação agrícola da Amazônia, seus impactos ambientais e os equívocos da pesquisa e do desenvolvimento rural nessa região, pesquisadores da Embrapa-NMA e da organização não governamental Ecoforça Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, elegeram o Município de Machadinho d´Oeste, na porção nordeste do Estado de Rondônia, como objeto de um estudo de longo prazo. Há dez anos, mais de 450 pequenas propriedades rurais desse antigo projeto de assentamento do INCRA estão sendo acompanhadas por uma equipe interdisciplinar, através de levantamentos periódicos de cerca de 250 variáveis agronômicas, socioeconômicas e ambientais. A cada três anos, aproximadamente, é traçado um perfil da agricultura e dos agricultores da região. Todos os dados obtidos são geocodificados e objetos de tratamentos estatísticos diversos, servindo para a construção de indicadores agronômicos, socioeconômicos e ambientais sobre a evolução temporal e espacial da agricultura e da agricultura praticada em Machadinho d´Oeste, obtido em campo no ano de 1996. Ele complementa os perfis elaborados anteriormente, em 1986, 1989 e 1993. Maiores informações sobre o projeto podem ser obtidas via Internet.
Resumo:
A avaliacao de cultivares de trigo no Parana, com fins de recomendacao, e realizada pelas Instituicoes: IAPAR, Embrapa Soja, COODETEC e Fundacao Agraria de Pesquisa, atraves da instalacao de ensaios de rendimento nas principais regioes triticolas do Estado. Sao relatados os resultados obtidos em 1996 de 17 experimentos do Ensaio Intermediario Paranaense (IPR), 25 experimentos do Centro-Sul Brasileiro (CSBR) e 24 experimentos do Ensaio em Cultivo (ECR), para solos com aluminio, instalados em Londrina, Faxinal, Campo Mourao, Cascavel, Pato Branco, Arapoti, Tibagi, Ponta Grossa e Guarapuava, representando as regioes Norte, Oeste, Sudoeste e Sul do Estado. Os rendimentos dos ensaios instalados em Faxinal foram prejudicados por chuva de granizo. Devido a pouca precipitação, os ensaio instalados em Londrina e Cascavel receberam irrigacao, para assegurar a emergencia uniforme das plantas. A ocorrencia de doencas foi muito baixa, principalmente nas regioes Norte e Oeste. No Sul e Sudoeste, onde a precipitacao foi mais elevada, ocorreu maior incidencia de doencas fungicas e os pesos do hectolitro foram menores. Em alguns experimentos obteve-se produtividade media superior a 5 t/ha, considerada elevada para o trigo. No ensaio IPR, foram promovidas, em funcao do rendimento e outras caracteristicas, as linhagens OC 962, OC 963, OC 968, ORL 93320, PF 90120 e PF 9293. No CSBR, destacaram-se e foram mantidas as linhagens OC 959, OC 9511, ORL 9285, PF 9099, PF 91205 e PG 9337. No ECR, destacaram-se, em mais de uma regiao, as cultivares EMBRAPA-27, OR 1, IAPAR 46, IAPAR 60, IAPAR 78 e T. BR 23.
Resumo:
O estado do Parana apresenta uma diversidade de clima, com invernos irregulares em relacao a precipitacoes pluviometricas e ocorrencia de geadas, e tambem, com relacao aos tipos de solos, que influem na adaptacao e no desempenho dos genotipos de trigo. Em vista disto, ha necessidade de um maior numero de cultivares, com caracteristicas diferenciadas para serem utilizadas pelos produtores. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar, nas zonas A e B, em solos com ate 5% de saturacao de aluminio, os novos genotipos de trigo criados pelas diferentes instituicoes que desenvolvem trabalhos de melhoramento genetico de trigo. Esta avaliacao e realizada pelo Instituto Agronomico do Parana (IAPAR), pelo Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Soja (Embrapa Soja) e pela Cooperativa Central de Desenvolvimento Tecnologico e Economico (COODETEC), atraves da instalacao de diferentes ensaios de competicao de genotipos. Os resultados aqui relatados sao resultantes de dez experimentos do Ensaio Intermediario Paranaense (IPS), doze experimentos do Ensaio Centro-Sul Brasileiro (CSBS) e onze experimentos do Ensaio de Cultivares em Cultivo (ECS), para solos com ate 5% de saturacao de aluminio, instalados em 1996, em diferentes epocas, nas localidade de Cambara, Londrina, Engenheiro Beltrao, Palotina e Sao Miguel do Iguacu. Devido a longa estiagem ocorrida no periodo de abril a julho, no Norte do estado (zona A1), alguns experimentos foram prejudicados e, outros perdidos. Em Londrina e Palotina, os experimentos receberam irrigacoes na fase inicial para propiciar uma boa germinacao e desenvolvimento das plantas. A incidencia de molestias foi baixa, em ambas as zonas predominando no entanto, uma razoavel infeccao de oidio, nas semeaduras mais tardias, e de ferrugem da folha. Observou-se uma variabilidade dos genotipos quanto ao grau de tolerancia e/ou suscetibilidade a estas molestias, como tambem, uma resposta no rendimento de graos ao controle destas, pelo uso de fungicidas especificos. Os rendimentos obtidos, em geral, foram muitos bons, alcancando, em alguns casos, a 6,7 t/ha. No ensaio IPS, em funcao do rendimento de graos e outras caracteristicas, foram selecionadas as linhagens IA 952, IWT 9430, LD 941, LD 946, OC 962, OC 963, OC 965, ORL 92203 e PR 961. NO CSBS, foram mantidas as linhagens IOR 90226 e PF 91450. No ECS, destacaram-se, em ambas as zonas, as cultivares IAPAR 60, IAPAR 78 e OR 1. Considerando os resultados de rendimentos de graos e outras caracteristicas agronomicas e, principalmente, a qualidade da farinha para panificacao, foram recomendadas como novas cultivares, as linhagens IDS 934-21 e OC 939, denominadas, respectivamente, de Manitoba 97 e COODETEC 101.
Resumo:
Situacao mundial da soja; Producao; Exportacoes/importacoes; Esmagamento; Estoques finais; Farelo de soja; Oleo de soja; Balanco de oferta e demanda mundial de soja; Recomendacoes tecnicas; Exigencias climaticas; Exigencias hidricas; Exigencias termicas e fotoperiodicas; Rotacao de culturas; Selecao de especies para rotacao de culturas; Planejamento da propriedade; Rotacao de culturas com a soja no sul do Maranhao; Manejo do solo; Manejo de residuos culturais; Preparo do solo; Alternancia do uso de implementos no preparo do solo; Rompimento da camada compactada; Sistema de semeadura direta; Correcao e manutencao da fertilidade do solo; Acidez do solo; Calagem; Qualidade do calcario e condicoes de uso; Correcao da acidez subsuperficial; Exigencias minerais e adubacao para a cultura da soja; Adubacao; Cultivares; Cuidados na aquisicao e na utilizacao da semente; Qualidade da semente; Armazenamento da sementes; Tratamento e inoculacao de sementes; Tratamento; Inoculacao; Preparo da semente; Instalacao da lavoura; Cuidados relativos ao manuseio das sementes; Epoca de semeadura; Semeadura na entressafra; Populacao de plantas e espacamento; Calculo da quantidade de sementes; Controle de plantas daninhas; Manejo de pragas; Doencas e medidas de controle; Consideracoes gerais; Doencas identificadas no Brasil; Principais doencas e demidas de controle; Retencao foliar "haste verde"); Colheita; Fatores que afetam a eficiencia da colheita; Avaliacao de perdas; Como evitar perdas; Tecnologia de sementes; Selecao do local; Avaliacao da qualidade; Remocoes de torroes para prevenir a disseminacao do nematoide de cisto.
Resumo:
A pecuária de corte do Estado do Acre, caracterizava-se por deficiência de comercialização, abastecimento e uma sensível carência alimentar do rebanho. Após a década de setenta, começaram a ser construídas estradas,no Estado, para interligá-lo a outros centros produtores o país o que ocasionou a imigração de pessoas para Rondônia e Acre. A maioria das pessoas que vieram para o Acre, usaram a terra como reserva de valor, ficando o capital produtivo em Rondônia que, por essa razão, é considerado hoje um dos maiores centros produtores de alimentos de primeira necessidade das regiões Norte e Centro-Oeste. Em termos de pecuária de corte, o rebanho do Estado sofreu introdução de várias raças, e com isso, o rebanho não teve uma padronização racial que favorecesse rendimentos de carcaças satisfatórios.