(Anti-)cliticization in Mapudungun

This article describes the formal behavior of some elements found in Mapudungun (isolate, South America): a question particle, a postposition, and several 3rd-person markers. Framed in terms of current theories of phonological and grammatical words, the paper argues that a useful characterization of the Mapudungun elements under scrutiny should acknowledge (a) that clitics are interestingly heterogeneous regarding how different bound elements stand in paradigmatic opposition to each other, and (b) that some of these elements can be meaningfully be called anti-clitics (i.e., they are p-words that are part of larger g-words).

Continuous milking of dairy cows disrupts timing of peak IgG concentration appearance in mammary secretions

The length of the dry period in commercial dairy production is under close scrutiny. While the main concern is the composition and volume of milk produced, the evaluation of colostrum quality under these new paradigms has suggested a decline in IgG concentrations, while some reports indicate no change. Colostrum quality has been defined as an adequate concentration (>50 mg/ml) of immunoglobulin in the secretions to provide the newborn with maximal disease resistance. We investigated the appearance of IgG in mammary pre- and post partum secretions in cows without a dry period (continuously milked, Dry0) and compared the secretions with cows that experienced a dry period of 60 d (Dry60). Blood was collected during the experimental period and plasma analysed for progesterone (P4) and prolactin (Prl). Approximately -6 d relative to parturition, the Dry0 animals exhibited increased concentration of IgG in their secretions to an average of ∼35 mg/ml that remained rather constant through subsequent pregnancy and following parturition. Dry0 cows were producing an average IgG concentration in parturition colostrum of 44·2±17·6 mg/ml that was not different than that of controls (66·86±16·8 mg/ml). However, Dry0 cows exhibited high variation, different peak times (day) of IgG concentration including times that occurred both pre and post parturition. IgG mass of the Dry0 cows remained rather constant pre- and post partum and did not show the same declining mass following parturition that was shown for the Dry60 cows. The change in plasma P4 and Prl were shown to have no timing effect on colostrum IgG concentration.

Renal microvascular assembly and repair: power and promise of molecular definition.

Developmental assembly of the renal microcirculation is a precise and coordinated process now accessible to experimental scrutiny. Although definition of the cellular and molecular determinants is incomplete, recent findings have reframed concepts and questions about the origins of vascular cells in the glomerulus and the molecules that direct cell recruitment, specialization and morphogenesis. New findings illustrate principles that may be applied to defining critical steps in microvascular repair following glomerular injury. Developmental assembly of endothelial, mesangial and epithelial cells into glomerular capillaries requires that a coordinated, temporally defined series of steps occur in an anatomically ordered sequence. Recent evidence shows that both vasculogenic and angiogenic processes participate. Local signals direct cell migration, proliferation, differentiation, cell-cell recognition, formation of intercellular connections, and morphogenesis. Growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases on vascular cells are important mediators of many of these events. Cultured cell systems have suggested that basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) promote endothelial cell proliferation, migration or morphogenesis, while genetic deletion experiments have defined an important role for PDGF beta receptors and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) B in glomerular development. Receptor tyrosine kinases that convey non-proliferative signals also contribute in kidney and other sites. The EphB1 receptor, one of a diverse class of Eph receptors implicated in neural cell targeting, directs renal endothelial migration, cell-cell recognition and assembly, and is expressed with its ligand in developing glomeruli. Endothelial TIE2 receptors bind angiopoietins (1 and 2), the products of adjacent supportive cells, to signals direct capillary maturation in a sequence that defines cooperative roles for cells of different lineages. Ultimately, definition of the cellular steps and molecular sequence that direct microvascular cell assembly promises to identify therapeutic targets for repair and adaptive remodeling of injured glomeruli.

The direct-democratic challenge to evidence-based policy making: Questioning the governmental PISA narrative in Swiss school policy

The democratic deficit of evidence-based policymaking and the little attention the approach pays to values and norms have repeatedly been criticized. This article argues that direct-democratic campaigns may provide an arena for citizens and stakeholders to debate the belief systems inherent to evidence. The study is based on a narrative analysis of Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) reports, as well as of newspaper coverage and governmental information referring to PISA in Swiss direct-democratic campaigns on a variety of school policy issues. The findings show that PISA reports are discursive instruments rather than ‘objective evidence’. The reports promote a narrative of economic progress through educational evidence that is adopted without scrutiny by governmental coalitions in direct-democratic campaigns to justify school policy reforms. Yet, the dominant PISA narrative is contested in two counter-narratives, one endorsed by numerous citizens, the other by a group of experts. These counter-narratives question how PISA is used by an ‘expertocracy’ to prescribe reforms, as well as the performance ideology inherent to. Overall, these findings suggest that direct-democratic campaigns may make more transparent how evidence is produced and used according to existing belief systems. Evidence, on the other hand, may be a stimulus for democratic discourse by feeding the debate with potential policy problems and solution. Thus, direct-democratic debates may reconcile normative positions of citizens with the desire to base decisions on empirical evidence.

Shifts in microbial communities do not explain the response of grassland ecosystem function to plant functional composition and rainfall change

Ecosystem functioning in grasslands is regulated by a range of biotic and abiotic factors, and the role of microbial communities in regulating ecosystem function has been the subject of much recent scrutiny. However, there are still knowledge gaps regarding the impacts of rainfall and vegetation change upon microbial communities and the implications of these changes for ecosystem functioning. We investigated this issue using data from an experimental mesotrophic grassland study in south-east England, which had been subjected to four years of rainfall and plant functional composition manipulations. Soil respiration, nitrogen and phosphorus stocks were measured, and the abundance and community structure of soil microbes were characterised using quantitative PCR and multiplex-TRFLP analysis, respectively. Bacterial community structure was strongly related to the plant functional composition treatments, but not the rainfall treatment. However, there was a strong effect of both rainfall change and plant functional group upon bacterial abundance. There was also a weak interactive effect of the two treatments upon fungal community structure, although fungal abundance was not affected by either treatment. Next, we used a statistical approach to assess whether treatment effects on ecosystem function were regulated by the microbial community. Our results revealed that ecosystem function was influenced by the experimental treatments, but was not related to associated changes to the microbial community. Overall, these results indicate that changes in fungal and bacterial community structure and abundance play a relatively minor role in determining grassland ecosystem function responses to precipitation and plant functional composition change, and that direct effects on soil physical and chemical properties and upon plant and microbial physiology may play a more important role.

A variationist approach to the examination of insertion and deletion of /h/ in Kosraean English

I report on language variation in the unresearched variety of English emerging on Kosrae, Federated States of Micronesia. English is spoken as the inter-island lingua franca throughout Micronesia and has been the official language of FSM since gaining its independence in 1986, though still retaining close ties with the US through and economic “compact” agreement. I present here an analysis of a corpus of over 90 Kosraean English speakers, compiled during a three month fieldwork trip to the island in the Western Pacific. The 45 minute sociolinguistically sensitive recordings are drawn from a corpus of old and young, with varying levels of education and occupations, and off-island experiences. In the paper I analyse two variables. The first variable is the realisation of /h/, often subject to deletion in both L1 and L2 varieties of English. Such occurrences are commonly associated with Cockney English, but also found in Caribbean English and the postcolonial English of Australia. For example:  Male, 31: yeah I build their house their local huts and they pay me /h/ deletion is frequent in Kosraean English, but, perhaps expectedly, occurs slightly less among people with higher contact with American English, through having spent longer periods off island. The second feature under scrutiny is the variable epenthesis of [h] to provide a consonantal onset to vowel-initial syllables.  Male, 31: that guy is really hold now This practice is also found beyond Kosraean English. Previous studies find h-epenthesis arising in L1 varieties including Newfoundland and Tristan de Cunha English, while similar manifestations are identified in Francophone L2 learners of English. My variationist statistical analysis has shown [h] insertion:  to disproportionately occur intervocalically;  to be constrained by both speaker gender and age: older males are much more likely to epenthesis [h] in their speech;  to be more likely in the onset of stressed as opposed to unstressed syllables. In light of the findings of my analysis, I consider the relationship between h-deletion and h-epenthesis, the plausibility of hypercorrection as a motivation for the variation, and the potential influence of the substrate language, alongside sociolinguistic factors such as attitudes towards the US based on mobility. The analysis sheds light on the extent to which different varieties share this characteristic and the comparability of them in terms of linguistic constraints and attributes. Clarke, S. (2010). Newfoundland and Labrador English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Hackert, S. (2004). Urban Bahamian Creole: System and Variation. Varieties of English Around the World G32. Amsterdam: Benjamins Milroy, J. (1983). On the Sociolinguistic History of H-dropping in English in Current topics in English historical linguistics: Odense UP

Replications of fundamental research models in ultra high dilutions 1994 and 2015 - update on a bibliometric study

INTRODUCTION This paper focuses exclusively on experimental models with ultra high dilutions (i.e. beyond 10(-23)) that have been submitted to replication scrutiny. It updates previous surveys, considers suggestions made by the research community and compares the state of replication in 1994 with that in 2015. METHODS Following literature research, biochemical, immunological, botanical, cell biological and zoological studies on ultra high dilutions (potencies) were included. Reports were grouped into initial studies, laboratory-internal, multicentre and external replications. Repetition could yield either comparable, or zero, or opposite results. The null-hypothesis was that test and control groups would not be distinguishable (zero effect). RESULTS A total of 126 studies were found. From these, 28 were initial studies. When all 98 replicative studies were considered, 70.4% (i.e. 69) reported a result comparable to that of the initial study, 20.4% (20) zero effect and 9.2% (9) an opposite result. Both for the studies until 1994 and the studies 1995-2015 the null-hypothesis (dominance of zero results) should be rejected. Furthermore, the odds of finding a comparable result are generally higher than of finding an opposite result. Although this is true for all three types of replication studies, the fraction of comparable studies diminishes from laboratory-internal (total 82.9%) to multicentre (total 75%) to external (total 48.3%), while the fraction of opposite results was 4.9%, 10.7% and 13.8%. Furthermore, it became obvious that the probability of an external replication producing comparable results is bigger for models that had already been further scrutinized by the initial researchers. CONCLUSIONS We found 28 experimental models which underwent replication. In total, 24 models were replicated with comparable results, 12 models with zero effect, and 6 models with opposite results. Five models were externally reproduced with comparable results. We encourage further replications of studies in order to learn more about the model systems used.

International Transfer Pricing for Goods and Intangible Asset Licenses in a Decentralized Multinational Corporation: Review and Extensions

We review and extend the core literature on international transfer price manipulation to avoid or evade taxes. Under negotiated transfer pricing with a viable bargaining structure, including performance evaluation disconnected from the transfer price, divisions voluntarily exchange accurate information to obtain firm-wide optimality, a result not dependent on restraint from exercising internal market power. For intangible licenses, a larger optimal profit shift for a given tax rate change strengthens incentives for transfer pricing abuse. In practice, an intangible's arm's length range is viewed as a guideline, a context where incentives for abuse materialize. Transfer pricing for intangibles obliges greater tax authority scrutiny.

Socioeconomic disparities in thyroid cancer incidence within the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry, 1980--2008

Background. In the past two decades, the incidence of thyroid cancer in the United States (US) has been increasing. There has been debate on whether the increase is real or an artifact of improved diagnostic scrutiny. Methods. We linked SEER9 database with 2000 US Census to obtain county-level SES (Socioeconomic Status) and compared thyroid cancer incidence trends between high and low SES counties. Joinpoint analysis was used to assess the thyroid cancer incidence trends. Annual Percentage Changes (APCs) were calculated to evaluate incidence trends. Results . The thyroid cancer incidence in high SES counties increased moderately (APC1=+2.5*, *P<0.05) before late 1990s and dramatically increased (APC2=+6.3*) after late 1990s, whereas incidence in low SES counties increased moderately (APC=+3.5*) during the entire time period (1980–2008). For smaller tumors (≤4cm), the APCs in high and low SES counties are similar to each other before late 1990s, but the incidence in high SES counties increased dramatically after late 1990s while that in low SES counties continued at a moderate increase. For large tumors (>4cm), the incidence trends in high SES counties are similar to those of low SES counties, which had a steady moderate increase. Conclusion. Our findings indicate that enhanced detection likely contributed to the increased thyroid cancer incidence in the past decades but cannot fully explain the increase, suggesting that a true increase also exists. Efforts should be made on identifying the cause of this observed increased incidence as well as more refined/selected screening and prevention measures.^

Stable carbon and oxygen isotope compositions of bulk rock samples analyzed from the Zumaia section

Astronomical tuning of sedimentary records to precise orbital solutions has led to unprecedented resolution in the geological time scale. However, the construction of a consistent astronomical time scale for the Paleocene is controversial due to uncertainties in the recognition of the exact number of 405-kyr eccentricity cycles and accurate correlation between key records. Here, we present a new Danian integrated stratigraphic framework using the land-based Zumaia and Sopelana hemipelagic sections from the Basque Basin and deep-sea records drilled during Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Legs 198 (Shatsky Rise, North Pacific) and 208 (Walvis Ridge, South Atlantic) that solves previous discrepancies. The new coherent stratigraphy utilises composite images from ODP cores, a new whole-rock d13C isotope record at Zumaia and new magnetostratigraphic data from Sopelana. We consistently observe 11 405-kyr eccentricity cycles in all studied Danian successions. We achieve a robust correlation of bioevents and stable isotope events between all studied sections at the ~100-kyr short-eccentricity level, a prerequisite for paleoclimatic interpretations. Comparison with and subsequent tuning of the records to the latest orbital solution La2011 provides astronomically calibrated ages of 66.022 ± 0.040 Ma and 61.607 ± 0.040 Ma for the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) and Danian-Selandian 105 (D-S) boundaries respectively. Low sedimentation rates appear common in all records in the mid-Danian interval, including conspicuous condensed intervals in the oceanic records that in the past have hampered the proper identification of cycles. The comprehensive interbasinal approach applied here reveals pitfalls in time scale construction, filtering techniques in particular, and indicates that some caution and scrutiny has to be applied when building orbital chronologies. Finally, the Zumaia section, already hosting the Selandian Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP), could serve as the global Danian unit stratotype in the future.

La Casa Domínguez. Alejandro de la Sota: Construir - Habitar

La Tesis Doctoral nace con una intensa vocación pedagógica. La hipótesis de trabajo se establece en torno a una cuestión de interés personal, un tema sobre el que se vertebran, desde el comienzo del doctorado, los diferentes cursos y trabajos de investigación: LA CASA DOMÍNGUEZ como paradigma de la dialéctica en la obra de Alejandro de la Sota. La clasificación de la realidad en categorías antagónicas determina un orden conceptual polarizado, una red de filiaciones excluyentes sobre las que Sota construye su personal protocolo operativo: la arquitectura intelectual o popular, experimental o tradicional, universal o local, ligera o pesada, elevada o enterrada, etc. Se propone el abordaje de una cuestión latente en el conjunto de la obra ‘sotiana’, desde la disección y el análisis de una de sus obras más pequeñas: la casa Domínguez. Se trata de una organización sin precedentes, que eleva la estrategia dialéctica al paroxismo: la vivienda se separa en dos estratos independientes, la zona de día, elevada, y la zona de noche, enterrada; cada uno de los estratos establece su propio orden geométrico y constructivo, su propio lenguaje y carácter, su propia identidad e incluso su propio presupuesto. Las relaciones entre interior y exterior se especializan en función de la actividad o el reposo, estableciéndose una compleja red de relaciones, algunas evidentes y otras celosamente veladas, entre los diferentes niveles. La estancia destinada a las tareas activas se proyecta como un objeto de armazón ligero y piel fría; la precisa geometría del cubo delimita la estancia vigilante sobre el paisaje conquistado. La ladera habitada se destina al reposo y se configura como una topografía verde bajo la que se desarrollan los dormitorios en torno a patios, grietas y lucernarios, generando un paisaje propio: la construcción del objeto frente a la construcción del lugar La casa Domínguez constituye uno de los proyectos menos estudiados, y por lo tanto menos celebrados, de la obra de Don Alejandro. Las publicaciones sucesivas reproducen la documentación gráfica junto a la memoria (epopeya) que el propio Sota compone para la publicación del proyecto. Apenas un par de breves textos críticos de Miguel Ángel Baldellou y, recientemente de Moisés Puente, abordan la vivienda como tema monográfico. Sin embargo, la producción de proyecto y obra ocupó a De la Sota un periodo no inferior a diez años, con casi cien planos dibujados para dos versiones de proyecto, la primera de ellas, inédita. El empeño por determinar hasta el último detalle de la ‘pequeña’ obra, conduce a Sota a controlar incluso el mobiliario interior, como hiciera en otras obras ‘importantes’ como el Gobierno Civil de Tarragona, el colegio mayor César Carlos o el edificio de Correos y Telecomunicaciones de León. La complicidad del cliente, mantenida durante casi cuarenta años, habilita el despliegue de una importante colección de recursos y herramientas de proyecto. La elección de la casa Domínguez como tema central de la tesis persigue por lo tanto un triple objetivo: en primer lugar, el abordaje del proyecto como paradigma de la dialéctica ‘sotiana’, analizando la coherencia entre el discurso de carácter heroico y la obra finalmente construida; en segundo lugar, la investigación rigurosa, de corte científico, desde la disección y progresivo desmontaje del objeto arquitectónico; y por último, la reflexión sobre los temas y dispositivos de proyecto que codifican la identificación entre la acción de construir y el hecho de habitar, registrando los aciertos y valorando con actitud crítica aquellos elementos poco coherentes con el orden interno de la propuesta. This doctoral thesis is the fruit of a profound pedagogical vocation. The central hypothesis was inspired by a question of great personal interest, and this interest has, since the very beginning of the doctorate, been the driving force behind all subsequent lines of research and investigation. The “Casa Domínguez” represents a paradigm of the dialectics found in the work of Alejandro de la Sota. The perception of reality as antagonistic categories determines a polarized conceptual order, a network of mutually excluding associations upon which Sota builds his own personal operative protocol: intellectual or popular architecture, experimental or traditional, universal or local, heavy or light, above or below ground, etc. Through the analysis and dissection of the “Casa Domínguez”, one of Sota’s smallest projects, an attempt is made to approach the underlying question posed in “Sotian” work as a whole. This is about organization without precedent, raising the strategic dialectics to levels of paroxysm. The house is divided into two separate levels, the day-time level above ground, and the lower night-time level beneath the surface of the ground. Each level has its own geometrical and stuctural order, its own language and character, its own identity and even has its own construction budget. The interaction between the two areas is centered on the two functions of rest and activity, and this in turn establishes a complex relationship network between both, which is sometimes self-evident, but at other times jealously guarded. The living area designed for daily activity is presented as an object of light structure and delicate skin; the precise geometry of the cube delimiting the ever watchful living area’s domain over the land it has conquered. A green topography is created on the slope below which lies an area adapted for rest and relaxation. Two bedrooms, built around patios, skylights and light crevices, generate an entirely independent environment: the construction of an object as opposed to the creation of a landscape. The “Casa Domínguez” project has been subject to much less scrutiny and examination than Don Alejandro’s other works, and is consequently less well-known. A succession of journals have printed the blueprint document together with a poetic description (epopee), composed by Sota himself, to mark the project’s publication. There has, however, scarcely been more than two brief critical appraisals, those by Miguel Ángel Baldellou and more recently by Moisés Puente, that have regarded the project as a monographic work. The project and works nevertheless occupied no less than ten years of De La Sota’s life, with over a hundred draft drawings for two separate versions of the project, the first of which remains unpublished. The sheer determination to design this “small” work in the most meticulous detail, drove Sota to manage and select its interior furniture, as indeed he had previously done with more “important” works like the Tarragona Civil Government, César Carlos College, or the Post Office telecommunications building in León. Client collaboration, maintained over a period of almost forty years, has facilitated an impressive array of the project’s tools and resources. The choice of “Casa Domínguez” as the central subject matter of this thesis, was made in pursuance of a triple objective: firstly, to approach the project as a paradigm of the “Sotian” dialectic, the analysis of the discourse between the heroic character and the finished building; secondly, a rigorous scientific investigation, and progressive disassembling and dissecting of the architectonic object; and finally, a reflection on aspects of the project and its technology which codify the identification between the action of construction and the reality of living, thus marking its achievements, whilst at the same time subjecting incoherent elements of the proposal’s established order to a critical evaluation.

Consequences of different meteorological scenarios in the environmental impact assessment of tritium in air

The environmental impact of systems managing large (kg) tritium amount represents a public scrutiny issue for the next coming fusion facilities as ITER and DEMO. Furthermore, potentially new dose limits imposed by international regulations (ICRP) shall impact next coming devices designs and the overall costs of fusion technology deployment. Refined environmental tritium dose impact assessment schemes are then overwhelming. Detailed assessments can be procured from the knowledge of the real boundary conditions of the primary tritium discharge phase into atmosphere (low levels) and into soils. Lagrangian dispersion models using real-time meteorological and topographic data provide a strong refinement. Advance simulation tools are being developed in this sense. The tool integrates a numerical model output records from European Centre for Medium range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) with a lagrangian atmospheric dispersion model (FLEXPART). The composite model ECMWF/FLEXTRA results can be coupled with tritium dose secondary phase pathway assessment tools. Nominal tritium discharge operational reference and selected incidental ITER-like plant systems tritium form source terms have been assumed. The realtime daily data and mesh-refined records together with lagrangian dispersion model approach provide accurate results for doses to population by inhalation or ingestion in the secondary phase

Atmospheric modelling of tritium forms transport: review of capabilities and R&D needs for the assessment of fusion facilities environmental impact

One of the key scrutiny issues of new coming energy era would be the environmental impact of fusion facilities managing one kg of tritium. The potential change of committed dose regulatory limits together with the implementation of nuclear design principles (As Low as Reasonably achievable - ALARA -, Defense in Depth -D-i-D-) for fusion facilities could strongly impact on the cost of deployment of coming fusion technology. Accurate modeling of environmental tritium transport forms (HT, HTO) for the assessment of fusion facility dosimetric impact in Accidental case appears as of major interest. This paper considers different short-term releases of tritium forms (HT and HTO) to the atmosphere from a potential fusion reactor located in the Mediterranean Basin. This work models in detail the dispersion of tritium forms and dosimetric impact of selected environmental patterns both inland and in-sea using real topography and forecast meteorological data-fields (ECMWF/FLEXPART). We explore specific values of this ratio in different levels and we examine the influence of meteorological conditions in the HTO behavior for 24 hours. For this purpose we have used a tool which consists on a coupled Lagrangian ECMWF/FLEXPART model useful to follow real time releases of tritium at 10, 30 and 60 meters together with hourly observations of wind (and in some cases precipitations) to provide a short-range approximation of tritium cloud behavior. We have assessed inhalation doses. And also HTO/HT ratios in a representative set of cases during winter 2010 and spring 2011 for the 3 air levels.

El vidrio y la luz en la envolvente contemporánea

Los arquitectos se han sentido progresivamente inclinados a incorporar superficies de vidrio cada vez mayores en sus proyectos de arquitectura, en correspondencia con una percepción socio-cultural del vidrio vinculada al progreso, la contemporaneidad y el bienestar, así como por la versatilidad de este material para expresar aspectos de la identidad del proyecto, establecer comunicación con el entorno y actuar como un escaparate para las tecnologías emergentes. A pesar de esta receptividad para acoger los sistemas tecnológicos más avanzados, la envolvente de vidrio contemporánea muy raramente integra tecnología avanzada para el control de la luz natural. Desde la arquitectura, el proyecto de la luz natural a través de la superficie de vidrio se ha explorado muy escasamente, aún cuando en las últimas tres décadas se haya producido una gran diversidad de soluciones tecnológicas para este propósito. Uno de los motivos principales para esta falta de sinergia es la inconsistencia conceptual que impulsa a los procesos proyectuales de la arquitectura y a los desarrollos tecnológicos para la sostenibilidad. Por un lado, las especificaciones de las tecnologías del control de la luz natural se determinan fundamentalmente desde una perspectiva científica de la eficiencia, que no tiene en consideración otros intereses y preocupaciones arquitectónicos. Por otro lado, la práctica arquitectónica no ha asimilado un pensamiento técnico en torno a la luz natural que lo determine como un agente clave del proceso proyectual, incluso cuando la sostenibilidad se perfile como la fuerza que ha de liderar la arquitectura del futuro y, en este sentido, sea una prioridad absoluta minimizar las consecuencias económicas y ecológicas del impacto negativo del vidrio. Por medio del escrutinio de valores culturales, proyectuales, funcionales y ecológicos, esta tesis aborda el estudio del precario diálogo transdisciplinar entre la evolución de la envolvente de vidrio en la arquitectura contemporánea y el desarrollo de soluciones tecnológicas para el proyecto de la luz natural, e identifica sus principales puntos de divergencia como los temas centrales desde los que proyectar con vidrio en una arquitectura sostenible futura. Desde una perspectiva energética, este ejercicio es un paso crítico para concienciar sobre la gravedad de la situación presente y establecer los cimientos para líneas de intervención esenciales para hacer a ambos mundos converger. Desde la óptica arquitectónica, este estudio representa además de una oportunidad para entender los potenciales proyectuales de estas tecnologías y reflexionar sobre la relación vidrio-luz, un escenario desde el que comprender el estatus incongruente de la sostenibilidad tecnológica en la arquitectura actual, contribuyendo a que se genere una contextualización recíproca entre la investigación en energía y la práctica de la arquitectura futura. ABSTRACT Architects are increasingly demanded to incorporate extensive glazed areas in buildings in correspondence with a socio-cultural perception of glass linked with progress, contemporaneity and welfare, as well as for this material’s versatility to express identity features, establish communication with its environment, and perform as a showroom for emergent technologies. Despite this disposition to take cutting-edge technology in, the contemporary glass envelope very scarcely integrates advanced daylight control technology. From an architectural standpoint, the exploration of the manipulation of natural light through the glass surface has been very swallow, even though a wide range of technical solutions has being produced in the last three decades for this purpose. One of the core issues behind this inconsistency is the lack of established synergy between architectural design processes and sustainable technological developments. From one side, the specifications of daylighting technologies are primarily determined by a scientific perspective of efficiency and disregard fundamental architectural concerns and interests. From another, architectural practice does not conceive sustainable technologies as key active agents in the design process, despite the fact the concept of sustainability is constantly regarded as the driving force of the leading-edge architecture of the future, and in this sense, it becomes an absolute priority to minimize the ecological and economical consequences of glass decisive impact in buildings. Through the scrutiny of cultural, functional and ecological values, this thesis analyses the precarious transdisciplinary dialogue between the evolution of the glass envelope in contemporary architecture and the development of daylighting technological solutions, and identifies the core affairs necessary to a sustainable integration of glass facades into future architecture. From an energy point of view, this exercise is a critical step to raise awareness about the severity of the present situation, and to establish the underpinnings for new lines of intervention essential to make both worlds efficiently converge. Architecturally speaking, in addition to the opportunity to understand the design potentials of these technologies and reflect on the relationship glasslight, this study contributes with a scenario from which generate the reciprocal contextualization of energy building research to future architectural practices.

La transformación de las grandes estaciones europeas con la llegada de la Alta Velocidad. El caso de Atocha

La aparición del tren de alta velocidad en Europa en las últimas décadas del siglo XX supuso el resurgir de un medio de transporte en progresivo declive desde la popularización del automóvil y del avión. La decadencia del ferrocarril había supuesto en muchos casos el abandono, o incluso la demolición, de estaciones históricas y el deterioro de su entorno urbano. Como reacción a esa desatención surgió, también en el último cuarto de siglo, una mayor conciencia social preocupada por la conservación del patrimonio construido del ferrocarril. La necesidad de adaptación de las grandes estaciones de ferrocarril para dar servicio al nuevo sistema de transporte, junto con el interés por poner en valor sus construcciones históricas y su céntrico entorno, ha dado como resultado la realización de importantes transformaciones. El objeto de la presente investigación es el estudio de las transformaciones que han sufrido las grandes estaciones europeas del siglo XIX con la llegada del tren de alta velocidad, profundizando de manera especial en el caso más significativo que tenemos en nuestro país: la estación de Atocha. En el ámbito europeo es donde se localizan los ejemplos más relevantes de estaciones que tuvieron gran trascendencia en el siglo XIX y que ahora, con la llegada de la Alta Velocidad, vuelven a recuperar su grandeza. En España, el crecimiento de la Alta Velocidad en los últimos años ha sido extraordinario, hasta situarse como el segundo país del mundo con más kilómetros de líneas de alta velocidad en operación y, en consecuencia, se ha construido un gran número de estaciones adaptadas a este servicio. El caso más notable es el de la estación de Atocha, que desde la llegada del AVE en 1992 hasta el día de hoy, se ha convertido en uno de los complejos ferroviarios más importantes del mundo. El trabajo parte del estudio de otros referentes europeos, como las Gares de París, la estación de St Pancras en Londres y de otras cinco estaciones del centro de Europa –Amsterdam Centraal, Antwerpen Centraal, Köln Hauptbahnhof, Frankfurt (Main) Hauptbahnhof y la Gare de Strasbourg–, para establecer el marco analítico sobre el que se profundiza con la estación de Atocha. El proceso de transformación de la estación de Atocha se ha gestado a través de una serie de proyectos que han ido configurando la estación hasta el momento actual y planteando la previsión de futuro: el proyecto del Plan General de Madrid, el concurso de ideas para el diseño de la estación, la estación de Cercanías, la estación de Alta Velocidad y Largo Recorrido, la ampliación de esta para separar los flujos por niveles, los Estudios Informativos del Nuevo Complejo Ferroviario de la Estación de Atocha y su primera fase de construcción. Estos siete proyectos son objeto de un análisis en tres niveles: análisis cronológico, análisis funcional y análisis formal. La estación de Atocha fue la primera estación histórica europea en sufrir una gran transformación vinculada a la llegada de la Alta Velocidad. Aporta el entendimiento de la estación como un todo y la intermodalidad como sus principales valores, además de la gran mejora urbana que supuso la «operación Atocha», y adolece de ciertas carencias en su desarrollo comercial, vinculadas en parte a la presencia del jardín tropical, y de un pobre espacio en las salas de embarque para los pasajeros de salidas. La estación de Atocha completa su transformación a partir de su renovación funcional, manteniendo la carga simbólica de su historia. De la confrontación del caso de Atocha con otras importantes estaciones europeas resulta la definición de las principales consecuencias de la llegada de la Alta Velocidad a las grandes terminales europeas y la identificación de los elementos clave en su transformación. Las consecuencias principales son: la potenciación de la intermodalidad con otros medios de transporte, el desarrollo comercial no necesariamente destinado a los usuarios de los servicios ferroviarios, y la puesta en valor de la antigua estación y de su entorno urbano. Por su parte, los elementos clave en la transformación de las grandes estaciones tienen que ver directamente con la separación de flujos, el entendimiento de la estación por niveles, la dotación de nuevos accesos laterales y la construcción de una nueva gran cubierta para los nuevos andenes. La preeminencia de unos elementos sobre otros depende del carácter propio de cada estación y de cada país, de la magnitud de la intervención y, también, de la estructura y composición de los equipos encargados del diseño de la nueva estación. En la actualidad, nos encontramos en un momento interesante respecto a las estaciones de Alta Velocidad. Tras el reciente atentado frustrado en el Thalys que viajaba de Ámsterdam a París, se ha acordado establecer controles de identidad y equipajes en todas las estaciones de la red europea de alta velocidad, lo que implicará modificaciones importantes en las grandes estaciones que, probablemente, tomarán el modelo de la estación de Atocha como referencia. ABSTRACT The emergence of the high speed train in Europe in the last few decades of the 20th century represented the resurgence of a means of transport in progressive decline since the popularization of the car and the airplane. The railway decay brought in many cases the abandonment, or even the demolition, of historical stations and the deterioration of its urban environment. In response to that neglect, a greater social awareness towards the preservation of the railway built heritage raised up, also in the last quarter-century. The need for adaptation of the great railway stations to serve the new transport system, along with the interest in enhancing the historical buildings and its central locations, had resulted in important transformations. The subject of current investigation is the study of the transformations that the great 19th century European stations have experienced with the arrival of the high speed rail, deepening in particular in the most significant case we have in Spain: Atocha railway station. At European level is where the most relevant examples of stations which have had a great significance in the 19th century and now, with the arrival of the high speed train, have regain their greatness, are located. In Spain, the growth of the high speed rail over the past few years has been outstanding. Today is the second country in the world with the longest high speed rail network in operation and, therefore, with a great number of new stations adapted to this service. The most remarkable case is Atocha station. Since the arrival of the AVE in 1992, the station has become one of the world's most important railway hub. The research starts with the study of other European reference points, as the Gares of Paris, St Pancras station in London and five other stations of Central Europe –Amsterdam Centraal, Antwerpen Centraal, Köln Hauptbahnhof, Frankfurt (Main) Hauptbahnhof y la Gare de Strasbourg–, to establish the analytical framework that will be deepen with Atocha station. The transformation process of Atocha station has been created through a number of projects that have forged the station to date and have raised the sights in the future: the project of the General Urban Development Plan, the ideas competition for the station design, the Suburban train station, the High Speed and Long Distance station, its enlargement in order to separate passenger flows in different levels, the 'Masterplans' for the new Atocha transport hub and its first phase of construction. These seven projects are under scrutiny at three levels: chronological analysis, functional analysis and formal analysis. Atocha station was the first European historical station to undergo a great transformation tied to the arrival of the high speed rail. It brings the understanding of the station as a whole and the intermodality as its greatest values, besides the great urban improvement of the 'Atocha operation', and suffers from certain shortcomings in its commercial development, partly linked to the presence of the tropical garden, and from a poor space in the departure lounges. Atocha station completes its transformation on the basis of its functional renewal, keeping the symbolic charge of its history. The confrontation of Atocha case with the great European stations results in the definition of the principal consequences of the high speed rail arrival to the great European terminals and the identification of the key elements in its transformation. The principal consequences are: the empowering of the intermodality with other means of transport, of the commercial development, not necessarily intended for railway services users, and the enhancement of the old station and its urban environment. On the other hand, the key elements in the transformation of the great stations are directly related with the separation of passenger flows, the understanding of the station in different levels, the placement of new lateral accesses and the construction of a new deck over the new platforms. The pre-eminence of some elements over the others depends on the particular nature of each station and each country, on the scale of the intervention and also in the structure and composition of the teams in charge of the new station design. Nowadays, this is an interesting time concerning the high speed rail stations. After the recent foiled terrorist attempt in the Thalys train travelling from Amsterdam to Paris, it was agreed to establish passenger and luggage controls in every European high speed rail station. This will mean important changes in these great stations, which probably will take Atocha station's model as a reference.