The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation: Pawn or Global Player?,

This contribution aims at exploring the significance of the new generation of UNESCO conventions for the recognition of higher education qualifications. It discusses three possible scenarios and links them to the empirical findings of a study that compares the enabling conditions of the first generation of recognition conventions established in the 1970s and 1980s with the ones establishing the second generation today. Taking an interdisciplinary approach, the paper argues that the changes illustrate a more general shift in the architecture of the global order and highlights a new role of UNESCO.

Still in the Era of Area Studies? Political-Scientific Perspectives on European Competition Policy in the 2000s

This note reviews the political-scientific literature on European competition policy (ECP) in the 2000s. Based on a data set extracted from four well-known journals, and using an upfront methodology and explicit criteria, it analyzes the literature both quantitatively and qualitatively. On the quantitative side, it shows that, although a few sub-policy areas are still neglected, ECP is not the under-researched policy it used to be. On the qualitative side, the literature has greatly improved since the 1990s: Almost all articles now present a clear research question, and most advance specific theoretical claims/hypotheses. Yet, improvements can be made on research design, statistical testing, and, above all, state-of-the-art theorizing (e.g. in the game-theoretical treatment of delegation problems). Indeed, it is paradoxical that ECP specialists do not pay more attention to theoretical questions which are so central to the actual policy area they study.

Developments in the scientific and clinical understanding of gout.

Gout is the most common form of inflammatory arthritis in the elderly. In the last two decades, both hyperuricemia and gout have increased markedly and similar trends in the epidemiology of the metabolic syndrome have been observed. Recent studies provide new insights into the transporters that handle uric acid in the kidney as well as possible links between these transporters, hyperuricemia, and hypertension. The treatment of established hyperuricemia has also seen new developments. Febuxostat and PEG-uricase are two novel treatments that have been evaluated and shown to be highly effective in the management of hyperuricemia, thus enlarging the therapeutic options available to lower uric acid levels. Monosodium urate (MSU) crystals are potent inducers of inflammation. Within the joint, they trigger a local inflammatory reaction, neutrophil recruitment, and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as other inflammatory mediators. Experimentally, the uptake of MSU crystals by monocytes involves interactions with components of the innate immune system, namely Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2, TLR-4, and CD14. Intracellularly, MSU crystals activate multiple processes that lead to the formation of the NALP-3 (NACHT, LRR, and pyrin domain-containing-3) inflammasome complex that in turn processes pro-interleukin (IL)-1 to yield mature IL-1 beta, which is then secreted. The inflammatory effects of MSU are IL-1-dependent and can be blocked by IL-1 inhibitors. These advances in the understanding of hyperuricemia and gout provide new therapeutic targets for the future.

Radioimmunotherapy consolidation and rituximab maintenance in the initial treatment of follicular lymphoma.

ABSTRACT: Several reports have documented similar efficacies and tolerable toxicities of radioimmunotherapy (RIT) consolidation and rituximab maintenance after initial R-chemotherapy of follicular lymphoma. The relative merits of these two interventions are currently under discussion. We now raise the question whether both RIT consolidation and rituximab maintenance should be used together aiming to augment the results achievable with R-chemotherapy.

How to improve the formal analytic reasoning and scientific motivation in the intellectual training of medical students

A review article of the The New England Journal of Medicine refers that almost a century ago, Abraham Flexner, a research scholar at the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, undertook an assessment of medical education in 155 medical schools in operation in the United States and Canada. Flexner’s report emphasized the nonscientific approach of American medical schools to preparation for the profession, which contrasted with the university-based system of medical education in Germany. At the core of Flexner’s view was the notion that formal analytic reasoning, the kind of thinking integral to the natural sciences, should hold pride of place in the intellectual training of physicians. This idea was pioneered at Harvard University, the University of Michigan, and the University of Pennsylvania in the 1880s, but was most fully expressed in the educational program at Johns Hopkins University, which Flexner regarded as the ideal for medical education. (...)

Scientific Evidence in Europe : Admissibility, Evaluation and Equality of Arms

This study was commissioned by the European Committee on Crime Problems at the Council of Europe to describe and discuss the standards used to asses the admissibility and appraisal of scientific evidence in various member countries. After documenting cases in which faulty forensic evidence seems to have played a critical role, the authors describe the legal foundations of the issues of admissibility and assessment of the probative value in the field of scientific evidence, contrasting criminal justice systems of accusatorial and inquisitorial tradition and the various risks that they pose in terms of equality of arms. Special attention is given to communication issues between lawyers and scientific experts. The authors eventually investigate possible ways of improving the system. Among these mechanisms, emphasis is put on the adoption of a common terminology for expressing the weight of evidence. It is also proposed to adopt an harmonized interpretation framework among forensic experts rooted in good practices of logical inference.

Discursos y representaciones médico-sanitarias en el cine documental colonial español de la posguerra (1939-1950)

El objetivo de este estudio es contribuir al entendimiento, desde un punto de vista histórico, del papel que juega el cine en los procesos de popularización de la ciencia, la medicina y la tecnología. El punto de partida es la consideración de la medicina y del cine como conjuntos complejos y multidimensionales de “prácticas y discursos” de carácter científico-tecnológico y, por tanto, como formas particulares de acción e interacción cotidiana entre personas, colectivos e instituciones que juegan un papel básico en los procesos de construcción y funcionamiento de las sociedades contemporáneas. Así, mediante el análisis de la representación y articulación de las prácticas y los discursos médico-sanitarios en el cine documental colonial español del primer franquismo, es decir, en el caso particular de la construcción, legitimación y consolidación de un régimen totalitario, se aportan algunas claves explicativas sobre las múltiples relaciones entre diferentes colectivos (expertos y no-expertos) en cuanto a la naturaleza y el nivel de intervención en los procesos de generación y gestión de conocimiento científico-tecnológico. Como resultado, el cine se revela como un espacio no sólo de evasión y entretenimiento, sino también de ciencia y educación, donde la capacidad de definir y solucionar problemas cotidianos de la población, y por tanto, su impacto en la construcción de la arquitectura social, ideológica, económica, política y cultural de las sociedades contemporáneas, se fundamenta en la combinación de sus aspectos como espectáculo narrativo y científico-tecnológico.

Conditions pour la consolidation de la paix en Côte d'Ivoire. Rapport narratif du séminaire Abidjan, septembre 2010.

Aquesta relatoria correspon al seminari internacional “Conditions pour la consolidation de la Paix en Côte d’Ivoire” coorganitzat per l’Institut Català Internacional per la Pau, el Centre de Recherche et Action pour la Paix (CERAP), l’Université de Bouaké, i la missió del PNUD a Costa d’Ivori, que es va realitzar a Abidjan entre el 27 i el 29 de setembre de 2010. La situació al país en el moment de la realització del seminari era difícil davant la celebració d’eleccions presidencials pocs mesos després. A la relatoria es recullen diferents aspectes sociopolítics que indicaven les greus fractures a les que s’enfrontava el país, així s’analitzen les qüestions relatives a la propietat de la terra, els problemes relacionats amb la nacionalitat i ciutadania ivoriana, les possibilitats de reorganització de l’estat i la situació del jovent, majoritari a la població ivoriana. Malauradament, les dificultats prèvies a les eleccions és van agreujar amb un resultat ajustat i la proclamació dels dos candidats com a guanyadors. Aquest desafortunat escenari ha fet encara més valuosa la present relatoria.