MECHANISMS OF SPECIES DIFFERENCES IN BRAIN ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE SENSITIVITY TO ORGANOPHOSPHATE INHIBITION

In vitro incubation of acetylcholinesterase from brain tissue of several species with organophosphate compounds indicated that the concentrations required to inhibit 50% of acetylcholinesterase activity (IC(,50)) differed from species to species for the same compound (Murphy, et al., 1968; Andersen, et al., 1972, 1977 and 1978).^ The hypothesis that non-specific binding proteins (Lauwerys and Murphy, 1969a,b) exerts a protective effect on acetylcholinesterase, and thus cause the differences observed in IC(,50) studies was tested by a ('3)H-DFP binding experiment. It was found that differences in the amount of non-specific binding protein cannot explain the observed differences observed in IC(,50) studies.^ An alternative hypothesis, that acetylcholinesterase from different species have different affinities for binding and/or different rates of phosphorylation by organophosphate insecticides was tested by determining the apparent affinity constant (k(,a)) and apparent rate of phosphorylation (k(,p)). Kinetic studies indicated that acetylcholinesterases from different species have different sensitivities to inhibition by organophosphate insecticides, and the differences are due to different affinities for binding and/or different rates of phosphorylation by the same organophosphate compound.^ Studies of the spontaneous reactivation of acetylcholinesterase after inhibition by organophosphate insecticides also indicated that acetylcholinesterases from different species have different rates and extents of spontaneous reactivation. This further substantiates the hypothesis that acetylcholinesterases from different species have different kinetic characteristics with respect to organophosphate insecticides inhibition.^ Eleven paraoxon analogs were synthesized for a quantitative structure-activity relationship study. It was found that the electron-withdrawing power ((sigma)) and hydrophobicity ((PARAGR)) of the substituent are important in determining the anti-cholinesterase activity of paraoxon analogs. Thus, predictions of species differences in acetylcholinesterase sensitivities to paraoxon analogs can be made if the physicochemical parameters ((sigma) and (PARAGR)) of the substituents are known.^ In another approach, i.e. enzyme modeling, the sensitivity of rat brain acetylcholinesterase to organophosphate insecticides was used as the independent variable to predict the sensitivities of acetylcholinesterases from other species to the same compound. Regression equations were derived for each species based on nineteen organophosphate insecticides studied. It was found, that in addition to paraoxon analogs, this method is also applicable to other organophosphate compounds with wide variations in structure. Thus, the sensitivities of acetylcholinesterases from other species can also be predicted from the sensitivity of rat brain acetylcholinesterase. ^

Development of HIF-1α/HIF-1β heterodimerization inhibitors using a novel bioluminescence reporter assay system for in vitro high throughput screening and in vivo imaging

Tumor growth often outpaces its vascularization, leading to development of a hypoxic tumor microenvironment. In response, an intracellular hypoxia survival pathway is initiated by heterodimerization of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α and HIF-1β, which subsequently upregulates the expression of several hypoxia-inducible genes, promotes cell survival and stimulates angiogenesis in the oxygen-deprived environment. Hypoxic tumor regions are often associated with resistance to various classes of radio- or chemotherapeutic agents. Therefore, development of HIF-1α/β heterodimerization inhibitors may provide a novel approach to anti-cancer therapy. To this end, a novel approach for imaging HIF-1α/β heterodimerization in vitro and in vivo was developed in this study. Using this screening platform, we identified a promising lead candidate and further chemically derivatized the lead candidate to assess the structure-activity relationship (SAR). The most effective first generation drug inhibitors were selected and their pharmacodynamics and anti-tumor efficacy in vivo were verified by bioluminescence imaging (BLI) of HIF-1α/β heterodimerization in the xenograft tumor model. Furthermore, the first generation drug inhibitors, M-TMCP and D-TMCP, demonstrated efficacy as monotherapies, resulting in tumor growth inhibition via disruption of HIF-1 signaling-mediated tumor stromal neoangiogenesis.

Advanced Protein Modeling Method: Benchmarking and Applications in Computer-Aided Drug Discovery

Development of homology modeling methods will remain an area of active research. These methods aim to develop and model increasingly accurate three-dimensional structures of yet uncrystallized therapeutically relevant proteins e.g. Class A G-Protein Coupled Receptors. Incorporating protein flexibility is one way to achieve this goal. Here, I will discuss the enhancement and validation of the ligand-steered modeling, originally developed by Dr. Claudio Cavasotto, via cross modeling of the newly crystallized GPCR structures. This method uses known ligands and known experimental information to optimize relevant protein binding sites by incorporating protein flexibility. The ligand-steered models were able to model, reasonably reproduce binding sites and the co-crystallized native ligand poses of the β2 adrenergic and Adenosine 2A receptors using a single template structure. They also performed better than the choice of template, and crude models in a small scale high-throughput docking experiments and compound selectivity studies. Next, the application of this method to develop high-quality homology models of Cannabinoid Receptor 2, an emerging non-psychotic pain management target, is discussed. These models were validated by their ability to rationalize structure activity relationship data of two, inverse agonist and agonist, series of compounds. The method was also applied to improve the virtual screening performance of the β2 adrenergic crystal structure by optimizing the binding site using β2 specific compounds. These results show the feasibility of optimizing only the pharmacologically relevant protein binding sites and applicability to structure-based drug design projects.

Potent, structurally constrained agonists and competitive antagonists of corticotropin-releasing factor.

Predictive methods, physicochemical measurements, and structure activity relationship studies suggest that corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF; corticoliberin), its family members, and competitive antagonists (resulting from N-terminal deletions) usually assume an alpha-helical conformation when interacting with the CRF receptor(s). To test this hypothesis further, we have scanned the whole sequence of the CRF antagonist [D-Phe12,Nle21,38]r/hCRF-(12-41) (r/hCRF, rat/human CRF; Nle, norleucine) with an i-(i + 3) bridge consisting of the Glu-Xaa-Xaa-Lys scaffold. We have found astressin [cyclo(30-33)[D-Phe12,Nle21,38,Glu30,Lys33]r/ hCRF(12-41)] to be approximately 30 times more potent than [D-Phe12,Nle21,38]r/hCRF-(12-41), our present standard, and 300 times more potent than the corresponding linear analog in an in vitro pituitary cell culture assay. Astressin has low affinity for the CRF binding protein and high affinity (Ki = 2 nM) for the cloned pituitary receptor. Radioiodinated [D-125I-Tyr12]astressin was found to be a reliable ligand for binding assays. In vivo, astressin is significantly more potent than any previously tested antagonist in reducing hypophyseal corticotropin (ACTH) secretion in stressed or adrenalectomized rats. The cyclo(30-33)[Ac-Pro4,D-Phe12,Nle21,38,Glu30,Lys33++ +]r/hCRF-(4-41) agonist and its linear analog are nearly equipotent, while the antagonist astressin and its linear form vary greatly in their potencies. This suggests that the lactam cyclization reinstates a structural constraint in the antagonists that is normally induced by the N terminus of the agonist.

A paradigm for drug discovery employing encoded combinatorial libraries.

Very large combinatorial libraries of small molecules on solid supports can now be synthesized and each library element can be identified after synthesis by using chemical tags. These tag-encoded libraries are potentially useful in drug discovery, and, to test this utility directly, we have targeted carbonic anhydrase (carbonate dehydratase; carbonate hydro-lyase, EC 4.2.1.1) as a model. Two libraries consisting of a total of 7870 members were synthesized, and structure-activity relationships based on the structures predicted by the tags were derived. Subsequently, an active representative of each library was resynthesized (2-[N-(4-sulfamoylbenzoyl)-4'-aminocyclohexanespiro]-4-oxo-7 -hydroxy- 2,3-dihydrobenzopyran and [N-(4-sulfamoylbenzoyl)-L-leucyl]piperidine-3-carboxylic acid) and these compounds were shown to have nanomolar dissociation constants (15 and 4 nM, respectively). In addition, a focused sublibrary of 217 sulfamoylbenzamides was synthesized and revealed a clear, testable structure-activity relationship describing isozyme-selective carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.

Dalla catalisi all’inibizione della crescita da contatto: le molteplici funzioni di O-acetilserina sulfidrilasi batterica

CysK, uno degli isoenzimi di O-acetilserina sulfidrilasi (OASS) presenti in piante e batteri, è un enzima studiato da molto tempo ed il suo ruolo fisiologico nella sintesi della cisteina è stato ben definito. Recentemente sono state scoperte altre funzioni apparentemente non collegate alla sua funzione enzimatica (moonlighting). Una di queste è l’attivazione di una tossina ad attività tRNAsica, CdiA-CT, coinvolta nel sistema di inibizione della crescita da contatto (CDI) di ceppi patogeni di E. coli. In questo progetto abbiamo studiato il ruolo di CysK nel sistema CDI e la formazione di complessi con due differenti partner proteici: CdiA-CT e CysE (serina acetiltransferasi, l’enzima che catalizza la reazione precedente nella biosintesi della cisteina). I due complessi hanno le stesse caratteristiche spettrofluorimetriche e affinità molto simili, ma la cinetica di raggiungimento dell’equilibrio per il complesso tossina:CysK è più lenta che per il complesso CysE:CysK (cisteina sintasi). In entrambi i casi la formazione veloce di un complesso d’incontro è seguita da un riarrangiamento conformazionale che porta alla formazione di un complesso ad alta affinità. L’efficienza di formazione del complesso cisteina sintasi è circa 200 volte maggiore rispetto al complesso CysK:tossina. Una differenza importante, oltre alla cinetica di formazione dei complessi, è la stechiometria di legame. Infatti mentre CysE riesce a legare solo uno dei due siti attivi del dimero di CysK, nel complesso con CdiA-CT entrambi i siti attivi dell’enzima risultano essere occupati. Le cellule isogeniche esprimono un peptide inibitore della tossina (CdiI), e sono quindi resistenti all’azione tRNAsica. Tuttavia, siccome CdiI non altera la formazione del complesso CdiA-CT:CysK, CdiA-CT può esercitare comunque un ruolo nel metabolismo della cisteina e quindi nella fitness dei batteri isogenici, attraverso il legame e l'inibizione di CysK e la competizione con CysE. La via biosintetica della cisteina, un precursore di molecole riducenti, risulta essere molto importante per i batteri soprattutto in condizioni avverse come all’interno dei macrofagi nelle infezioni persistenti. Perciò questa via metabolica è di interesse per lo sviluppo di nuovi antibiotici, e in particolare le due isoforme dell’OASS negli enterobatteri, CysK e CysM, sono potenziali target per lo sviluppo di nuove molecole ad azione antibatterica. Partendo dall’analisi delle modalità di interazione con CysK del suo partner ed inibitore fisiologico, CysE, si è studiato dapprima l’interazione di pentapeptidi che mimassero la regione C-terminale di quest'ultimo, e in base ai dati ottenuti sono stati sviluppati piccoli ligandi sintetici. La struttura generale di questi composti è costituita da un gruppo acido ed un gruppo lipofilo, separati da un linker ciclopropanico che mantiene questi due gruppi in conformazione trans, ottimale per l’interazione col sito attivo dell’enzima. Sulla base di queste considerazioni, di docking in silico e di dati sperimentali ottenuti con la tecnica dell’STD-NMR e con saggi di binding spettrofluorimetrici, si è potuta realizzare una analisi di relazione struttura-attività che ha portato via via all’ottimizzazione dei ligandi. Il composto più affine che è stato finora ottenuto ha una costante di dissociazione nel range del nanomolare per entrambe le isoforme, ed è un ottimo punto di partenza per lo sviluppo di nuovi farmaci.

Antichagásicos potenciais: síntese e modelagem molecular de híbridos de hidrazonas e liberadores de óxido nítrico

A doença de Chagas é uma parasitose extremamente negligenciada, cujo agente etiológico é o protozoário Trypanosoma cruzi. Atualmente, 21 países da América Latina são considerados regiões endêmicas, onde 75-90 milhões de pessoas estão expostas à infecção, 6-7 milhões estão infectadas e mais de 41 mil novos casos surgem por ano. Entretanto, apenas os fármacos nifurtimox e benznidazol estão disponíveis no mercado. Estes, além da baixa eficácia na fase crônica da parasitose, apresentam diversos efeitos adversos, sendo que no Brasil apenas o benznidazol é utilizado. Este fato mostra a importância de se ampliar o número de fármacos disponíveis e propor quimioterapia mais eficaz para o tratamento da doença de Chagas. Como forma de contribuir para essa busca, este trabalho objetiva a síntese de compostos híbridos bioisostéricos N-acilidrazônicos e sulfonilidrazônicos, contendo grupo liberador de óxido nítrico, com potencial de interação com cisteíno-proteases parasitárias, tais como a cruzaína. Nestes derivados, os grupos liberadores de óxido nítrico utilizados foram os grupos furoxano (contendo substituinte metílico e fenílico) e éster nitrato. Propôs-se a variação de anéis aromáticos substituídos e não-substituídos, com o intuito de avaliar a possível relação estrutura-atividade (REA) desses análogos. Até o momento, somente os compostos da série N-acilidrazônica tiveram avaliação biológica realizada. Os valores de IC50 dos compostos na forma amastigota do parasita variaram entre >100 a 2,88 µM, sendo este último valor comparável ao fármaco de referência. A atividade inibitória frente à cruzaína foi de 25,2 µM a 2,2 µM. Já a liberação de óxido nítrico foi avaliada pelo método indireto de detecção de nitrato e os valores variaram entre 52,0 µM e 4.232,0 µM. Estes são bem inferiores ao composto padrão, além de não se identificar correlação direta entre a atividade biológica e a liberação de NO. Na sequência, os dois compostos mais ativos (6 e 14) foram submetidos a estudos de permeabilidade e de citotoxicidade. O composto 6 foi considerado o de maior permeabilidade segundo o Sistema de Classificação Biofarmacêutica (SCB) e todos os compostos apresentaram a taxa de fluxo menor que 2, indicando a ausência de mecanismo de efluxo. Na avaliação do potencial citotóxico desses compostos em células humanas, o derivado 6 apresentou índice de seletividade superior ao do benznidazol. Em estudos de modelagem molecular usando análise exploratória de dados (HCA e PCA), propriedades estéricas/geométricas e eletrônicas foram consideradas as mais relevantes para a atividade biológica. Além disso, estudos de docking mostraram que a posição do grupo nitro no anel aromático é importante para a interação com a cruzaína. Ademais o composto 6 não provocou mudanças significativas no ciclo celular e na fragmentação de DNA em células humanas, mostrando-se como líder promissor para futuros estudos in vivo. Atividade tripanomicida, citotoxicidade, potencial de liberação de NO e estudos de permeabilidade dos 23 derivados sulfonilidrazônicos e ésteres nitrato estão sendo avaliados.

Novel chromone and xanthone derivatives: Synthesis and ROS/RNS scavenging activities

Chromones and xanthones are oxygen-containing heterocyclic compounds acknowledged by their antioxidant properties. In an effort to develop novel agents with improved activity, a series of compounds belonging to these chemical classes were prepared. Their syntheses involve the condensation of appropriate 2-methyl-4H-chromen-4-ones, obtained via Baker-Venkataraman rearrangement, with (E)-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)acrylaldehyde to provide the corresponding 2-[(1E,3E)-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)buta-1,3-dien-1-yl]-4H-chromen-4-ones. Subsequent electrocyclization and oxidation of these compounds led to the synthesis of 1-aryl-9H-xanthen-9-ones. After cleavage of the protecting groups, hydroxylated chromones and xanthones were assessed as scavenging agents against both reactive oxygen species (ROS) [superoxide radical (O2(•-)), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hypochlorous acid (HOCl), singlet oxygen ((1)O2), and peroxyl radical (ROO(•))] and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) [nitric oxide ((•)NO) and peroxynitrite anion (ONOO(-))]. Generally, all the tested new hydroxylated chromones and xanthones exhibited scavenger effects dependent on the concentration, with IC50 values found in the micromolar range. Some of them were shown to have improved scavenging activity when compared with previously reported analogues, allowing the inference of preliminary conclusions on the structure-activity relationship.

Nematocidal thiocyanatins from a southern Australian marine sponge Oceanapia sp.

Investigations of a southern Australian marine sponge, Oceanapia sp., have yielded two new methyl branched bisthiocyanates, thiocyanatins D-1 (3a) and D-2 (3b), along with two new thiocarbamate thiocyanates, thiocyanatins E-l (4a) and E-2 (4b). The new thiocyanatins belong to a rare class of bioactive marine metabolite previously only represented by thiocyanatins A-C (1, 2a/b). Structures were assigned on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analysis, with comparisons to the known bisthiocyanate thiocyanatin A (1) and synthetic model compounds (5-7). The thiocyanatins exhibit potent nematocidal activity, and preliminary structure-activity relationship investigations have confirmed key characteristics of the thiocyanatin pharmacophore.

Conotoxins as research tools and drug leads

The complex mixture of biologically active peptides that constitute the venom of Conus species provides a rich source of ion channel neurotoxins. These peptides, commonly known as conotoxins, exhibit a high degree of selectivity and potency for different ion channels and their subtypes making them invaluable tools for unravelling the secrets of the nervous system. Furthermore, several conotoxin molecules have profound applications in drug discovery, with some examples currently undergoing clinical trials. Despite their relatively easy access by chemical synthesis, rapid access to libraries of conotoxin analogues for use in structure-activity relationship studies still poses a significant limitation. This is exacerbated in conotoxins containing multiple disulfide bonds, which often require synthetic strategies utilising several steps. This review will examine the structure and activity of some of the known classes of conotoxins and will highlight their potential as neuropharmacological tools and as drug leads. Some of the classical and more recent approaches to the chemical synthesis of conotoxins, particularly with respect to the controlled formation of disulfide bonds will be discussed in detail. Finally, some examples of structure-activity relationship studies will be discussed, as well as some novel approaches for designing conotoxin analogues.

Omega-conotoxins GVIA, MVIIA and CVID: SAR and clinical potential

Highly selective N-type voltage-gated calcium (Ca-V) channel inhibitors from cone snail venom (the omega-conotoxins) have emerged as a new class of therapeutics for the treatment of chronic and neuropathic pain. Earlier in 2005, Prialt ( Elan) or synthetic omega-conotoxin MVIIA, was the first omega-conotoxin to be approved by Food and Drug Administration for human use. This review compares the action of three omega-conotoxins, GVIA, MVIIA and CVID, describing their structure-activity relationships and potential as leads for the design of improved N-type therapeutics that are more useful in the treatment of chronic pain.

Synthesis and evaluation of N1-substituted-3-propyl-1,4-benzodiazepine-2-ones as cholecystokinin (CCK2) receptor ligands

A novel synthetic approach towards N1-alkylated 3-propyl-1,4-benzodiazepines was developed in five synthetic steps from 2-amino-4-chlorobenzophenone, in which the N-oxide 4 served as a key intermediate. The structure-activity relationship optimization of this 3-prophyl-1,4-benzodiazepine template was carried out on the N1-position by selective alkylation reactions and resulted in a ligand with an improved affinity on the cholecystokinin (CCK2) receptor. The N-allyl-3-propyl-benzodiazepine 6d displayed an affinity towards the CCK2 (CCK-B) receptor of 170 nM in a radiolabelled receptor-binding assay. The anxiolytic activity of this allyl-3-propyl-1,4-benzodiazepine 6d was subsequently determined in in-vivo psychotropic assays. This novel ligand had ED50 values of 4.7 and 5.2 mg kg-1 in the black and white box test and the x-maze, respectively, and no significant sedation/muscle relaxation was observed.

Synthesis and evaluation of 5-arylated 2(5H)-furanones and 2-arylated pyridazin-3(2H)-ones as anti-cancer agents

Bis-cyclic butenolides, 5-arylated 2(5H)-furanones 6a-c, 7a, b and the 3(2H)-pyridazones 9a-d were prepared by using the aldehyde form of muco halogen acids in electrophilic substitution reactions and in an aldol-like condensation reaction. The cytotoxicity of these simple and bis-cyclic butenolides have been evaluated in tissue culture studies on MAC 13 and MAC 16 murine colon cancer cell lines. The butyl furanone 3 displayed the highest cytotoxicity of 3 μM, as one selected example of a series of dichlorinated pseudoesters. The 5-arylated 2(5H)-furanones 6 and 7 did not show a structure-activity relationship (SAR) depending on the substitution pattern of the aromatic system. An IC50 (concentration inhibiting growth by 50%) was found within a range of 30-50 and 40-50 μM for the MAC 13 and MAC 16 cell lines, respectively. The pyridazine series 9 showed a maximum in-vitro activity for the p-methoxydrivative 9b, having an IC50 of 17 in MAC 13 and 11 μM in MAC 16 cell lines. Selected examples of each series and further novel 2(5H)-furanones such as the hydrazone 5 and the hydantoin 8 have been screened in-vivo in mice and the data are presented. For the pyridazines 9a-d, the in-vitro cytotoxicity correlated with an in-vivo inhibition of tumour growth. The ring expansion of the 5-membered 2(5H)-furanone ring system such as 6a into the 6-membered 3(2H)-pyridazone 9b led to an agent with improved antineoplastic properties. On the resistant MAC 16 cell line the pyridazone 9b displayed 52% tumour inhibition in mice at a dose of 50 mg kg-1 compared with 27% for the 5-FU standard.

Production of membrane proteins in yeast

Background Yeast is an important and versatile organism for studying membrane proteins. It is easy to cultivate and can perform higher eukaryote-like post-translational modifications. S. cerevisiae has a fully-sequenced genome and there are several collections of deletion strains available, whilst P. pastoris can produce very high cell densities (230 g/l). Results We have used both S. cerevisiae and P. pastoris to over-produce the following His6 and His10 carboxyl terminal fused membrane proteins. CD81 – 26 kDa tetraspanin protein (TAPA-1) that may play an important role in the regulation of lymphoma cell growth and may also act as the viral receptor for Hepatitis C-Virus. CD82 – 30 kDa tetraspanin protein that associates with CD4 or CD8 cells and delivers co-stimulatory signals for the TCR/CD3 pathway. MC4R – 37 kDa seven transmembrane G-protein coupled receptor, present on neurons in the hypothalamus region of the brain and predicted to have a role in the feast or fast signalling pathway. Adt2p – 34 kDa six transmembrane protein that catalyses the exchange of ADP and ATP across the yeast mitochondrial inner membrane. Conclusion We show that yeasts are flexible production organisms for a range of different membrane proteins. The yields are such that future structure-activity relationship studies can be initiated via reconstitution, crystallization for X-ray diffraction or NMR experiments.

Synthesis and cytotoxity of oxysterols:studies on the A,B ring polyoxygenated sterols

Oxysterols (OS), the polyoxygenated sterols, represent a class of potent regulatory molecules for important biological actions. Cytotoxicity of OS is one of the most important aspects in studies of OS bioactivities. However, studies, the structure-activity relationship (SAR) study in particular, have been hampered by the limited availability of structurally diverse OS in numbers and amounts. The aim of this project was to develop robust synthetic methods for the preparation of polyhydroxyl sterols, thereof, evaluate their cytotoxicity and establish structure-activity relationship. First, we found hydrophobicity of the side chain is essential for 7-HC's cytotoxicity, and a limited number of hydroxyl groups and a desired configuration on the A, B ring are required for a potent cytotoxicity of an OS, after syntheses and tests of a number of 7-HC's analogues against cancer cell lines. Then polyoxygenation of cholesterol A, B rings was explored. A preparative method for the synthesis of four diastereomerically pure cholest-4-en-3,6-diols was developed. Epoxidation on these cholest-4-en-3,6-diols showed that an allyl group exerts an auxiliary role in producing products with desired configuration in syntheses of the eight diastereomerically pure 45-epoxycholestane-3,6-diols. Reduction of the eight 45-epoxycholestane-3,6-diols produced all eight isomers of the cytotoxic 5α-acholestane 3β,5,6β-triol (CT) for the first time. Epoxide ring opening with protic or Lewis acids on the eight 45-epoxycholestane-3,6-diols are carefully studied. The results demonstrated a combination of an acid and a solvent affected the outcomes of a reaction dramatically. Acyl group participation and migration play an important role with numbers of substrates under certain conditions. All the eight 4,5-trans cholestane- 3,4,5,6-tetrols were synthesised through manipulation of acyl participation. Furthermore these reaction conditions were tested when a number of cholestane-3,4, 5,6,7-pentols and other C3-C7 oxygenated sterols were synthesised for the first time. Introduction of an oxygenated functional group through cholest-2-ene derivatives was studied. The elimination of 3-(4-toluenesulfonate) esters showed the interaction between the existing hydroxyls or acyls with the reaction centre often resulted in different products. The allyl oxidation, epoxidation and Epoxide ring opening reactions are investigated with these cholest-2-enes.