Sustainable urban transport in Central America - a future without the car?

Is it conceivable to contemplate a future without the car as the center of an urban transportation system? Can emerging economies grow without concomitant growth in car usage? San Pedro Sula, Honduras, is one city at a critical decision point about the future of transportation and mobility. Will it be a sustainable transport future that balances economic, environmental and social needs or will it be the traditional “predict and provide” approach that attempts to expand the capacity of the road system to meet future travel demand. This paper provides some background into the issue for this Central American city by describing the current urban transport system, current plans for improvement and outlines a process for defining a vision for a sustainable transport future in San Pedro Sula. The paper concludes with a challenge to all cities that currently have low automobile ownership rates to consider a sustainable transport system in order to “thrive” with transport choices for all residents rather than “choke” on congestion and the negative side effects thereof.

Interacciones entre propiedades físicas y composición mineralógica y granulométrica de suelos argiudoles de la pampa ondulada

En la pampa ondulada se han descripto en las posiciones positivas del paisaje numerosas series de suelos, que presentan rasgos diferenciales originados a partir de composiciones texturales y mineralógicas distintas. Sin embargo, son escasos los trabajos que relacionen la composición mineralógica con las propiedades físicas y físico-químicas de perfiles completos de suelos. En esta tesis se estudiaron algunos suelos argiudoles de distintos sectores de la pampa ondulada localizados en Chivilcoy, Luján, San Pedro, Arminda y Oliveros. En todos sus horizontes se determinaron parámetros físicos, físico-químicos, mecánicos y mineralógicos. Los resultados obtenidos evidencian el desarrollo de estos suelos a partir de distintos sedimentos loéssicos diferenciados en su granulometría y mineralogía. Además de la preponderante contribución de materiales volcaniclásticos provenientes del oeste, en algunos suelos existen aportes de las Sierras Pampeanas y/o de la cuenca del Paraná. La fracción arcilla de los suelos muestra un aumento de minerales interestratificados de illita/esmectita desde el oeste al este de la región, en tanto la mineralogía magnética presenta diferencias entre los suelos, atribuibles a la composición litogénica. Las propiedades físicas relacionadas con la retención y dinámica del agua, mostraron ser dependientes del contenido de arcilla y de su composición mineralógica, diferenciándose así tres grupos: el suelo de Chivilcoy con la menor retención hídrica, el suelo de San Pedro con la mayor y los tres restantes con capacidades de retención intermedias. Por otro lado, los valores de retención son menores en los horizontes superficiales, máximos en los Bt e intermedios en los BC y C. Las propiedades de expansión-contracción determinadas a través del COLE mostraron una alta correlación con el Indice plástico de Atterberg. El COLE y el Indice plástico mostraron altos coeficientes de correlación con la CIC, siendo este un parámetro que integra el contenido de materia orgánica, el contenido de arcilla y la mineralogía de ésta. Finalmente, el criterio taxonómico de extensibilidad lineal para clasificar el subgrupo vértico no resultó por sí solo definitorio, por lo que sería necesario profundizar el estudio de las propiedades físicas y los criterios de distinción entre los argiudoles típicos y vérticos de la pampa ondulada.

Valoración económica productiva de tres sistemas de riego localizado en naranjo (Citrus sinensis L.)

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Interacciones entre propiedades físicas y composición mineralógica y granulométrica de suelos argiudoles de la pampa ondulada

En la pampa ondulada se han descripto en las posiciones positivas del paisaje numerosas series de suelos, que presentan rasgos diferenciales originados a partir de composiciones texturales y mineralógicas distintas. Sin embargo, son escasos los trabajos que relacionen la composición mineralógica con las propiedades físicas y físico-químicas de perfiles completos de suelos. En esta tesis se estudiaron algunos suelos argiudoles de distintos sectores de la pampa ondulada localizados en Chivilcoy, Luján, San Pedro, Arminda y Oliveros. En todos sus horizontes se determinaron parámetros físicos, físico-químicos, mecánicos y mineralógicos. Los resultados obtenidos evidencian el desarrollo de estos suelos a partir de distintos sedimentos loéssicos diferenciados en su granulometría y mineralogía. Además de la preponderante contribución de materiales volcaniclásticos provenientes del oeste, en algunos suelos existen aportes de las Sierras Pampeanas y/o de la cuenca del Paraná. La fracción arcilla de los suelos muestra un aumento de minerales interestratificados de illita/esmectita desde el oeste al este de la región, en tanto la mineralogía magnética presenta diferencias entre los suelos, atribuibles a la composición litogénica. Las propiedades físicas relacionadas con la retención y dinámica del agua, mostraron ser dependientes del contenido de arcilla y de su composición mineralógica, diferenciándose así tres grupos: el suelo de Chivilcoy con la menor retención hídrica, el suelo de San Pedro con la mayor y los tres restantes con capacidades de retención intermedias. Por otro lado, los valores de retención son menores en los horizontes superficiales, máximos en los Bt e intermedios en los BC y C. Las propiedades de expansión-contracción determinadas a través del COLE mostraron una alta correlación con el Indice plástico de Atterberg. El COLE y el Indice plástico mostraron altos coeficientes de correlación con la CIC, siendo este un parámetro que integra el contenido de materia orgánica, el contenido de arcilla y la mineralogía de ésta. Finalmente, el criterio taxonómico de extensibilidad lineal para clasificar el subgrupo vértico no resultó por sí solo definitorio, por lo que sería necesario profundizar el estudio de las propiedades físicas y los criterios de distinción entre los argiudoles típicos y vérticos de la pampa ondulada.

Utilización del modelo hidrológico OCINE3 en una microcuenca de pampa ondulada, Argentina

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Proof of polar ejection from the close-binary core of the planetary nebula Abell 63

We present the first detailed kinematical analysis of the planetary nebula Abell 63, which is known to contain the eclipsing close-binary nucleus UU Sge. Abell 63 provides an important test case in investigating the role of close-binary central stars on the evolution of planetary nebulae. Longslit observations were obtained using the Manchester echelle spectrometer combined with the 2.1-m San Pedro Martir Telescope. The spectra reveal that the central bright rim of Abell 63 has a tube-like structure. A deep image shows collimated lobes extending from the nebula, which are shown to be high-velocity outflows. The kinematic ages of the nebular rim and the extended lobes are calculated to be 8400 +/- 500 and 12900 +/- 2800 yr, respectively, which suggests that the lobes were formed at an earlier stage than the nebular rim. This is consistent with expectations that disc-generated jets form immediately after the common envelope phase. A morphological-kinematical model of the central nebula is presented and the best-fitting model is found to have the same inclination as the orbital plane of the central binary system; this is the first proof that a close-binary system directly affects the shaping of its nebula. A Hubble-type flow is well-established in the morphological-kinematical modelling of the observed line profiles and imagery. Two possible formation models for the elongated lobes of Abell 63 are considered, (i) a low-density, pressure-driven jet excavates a cavity in the remnant asymptotic giant branch (AGB) envelope; (ii) high-density bullets form the lobes in a single ballistic ejection event.

High-speed knots in the hourglass shaped planetary nebula Hubble 12

We present a detailed kinematical analysis of the young compact hourglass-shaped planetary nebula Hb 12. We performed optical imaging and long-slit spectroscopy of Hb 12 using the Manchester echelle spectrometer with the 2.1-m San Pedro Mártir telescope. We reveal, for the first time, the presence of end caps (or knots) aligned with the bipolar lobes of the planetary nebula shell in a deep [NII] ?6584 image of Hb 12. We measured from our spectroscopy radial velocities of ~120kms-1 for these knots. We have derived the inclination angle of the hourglass-shaped nebular shell to be ~65° to the line of sight. It has been suggested that Hb 12's central star system is an eclipsing binary which would imply a binary inclination of at least 80°. However, if the central binary has been the major shaping influence on the nebula, then both nebula and binary would be expected to share a common inclination angle. Finally, we report the discovery of high-velocity knots with Hubble-type velocities, close to the core of Hb 12, observed in Ha and oriented in the same direction as the end caps. Very different velocities and kinematical ages were calculated for the outer and inner knots showing that they may originate from different outburst events.

Abell 41: shaping of a planetary nebula by a binary central star

ABSTRACT We present the first detailed spatiokinematical analysis and modelling of the planetary nebula Abell 41, which is known to contain the well-studied close-binary system MT Ser. This object represents an important test case in the study of the evolution of planetary nebulae with binary central stars as current evolutionary theories predict that the binary plane should be aligned perpendicular to the symmetry axis of the nebula. Deep narrow-band imaging in the light of [NII]6584Å, [OIII]5007 Å and [SII]6717+6731Å, obtained using ACAM on the William Herschel Telescope, has been used to investigate the ionization structure of Abell 41. Long-slit observations of the Ha and [NII]6584Å emission were obtained using the Manchester Echelle Spectrometer on the 2.1-m San Pedro Mártir Telescope. These spectra, combined with the narrow-band imagery, were used to develop a spatiokinematical model of [NII]6584Å emission from Abell 41. The best-fitting model reveals Abell 41 to have a waisted, bipolar structure with an expansion velocity of ~40 km s-1 at the waist. The symmetry axis of the model nebula is within 5° of perpendicular to the orbital plane of the central binary system. This provides strong evidence that the close-binary system, MT Ser, has directly affected the shaping of its nebula, Abell 41. Although the theoretical link between bipolar planetary nebulae and binary central stars is long established, this nebula is only the second to have this link, between nebular symmetry axis and binary plane, proved observationally.

A Community-Level, Mesoscale Analysis of Fish Assemblage Structure in Shoreline Habitats of a Large River Using Multivariate Regression Trees.

The mesoscale (100–102 m) of river habitats has been identified as the scale that simultaneously offers insights into ecological structure and falls within the practical bounds of river management. Mesoscale habitat (mesohabitat) classifications for relatively large rivers, however, are underdeveloped compared with those produced for smaller streams. Approaches to habitat modelling have traditionally focused on individual species or proceeded on a species-by-species basis. This is particularly problematic in larger rivers where the effects of biological interactions are more complex and intense. Community-level approaches can rapidly model many species simultaneously, thereby integrating the effects of biological interactions while providing information on the relative importance of environmental variables in structuring the community. One such community-level approach, multivariate regression trees, was applied in order to determine the relative influences of abiotic factors on fish assemblages within shoreline mesohabitats of San Pedro River, Chile, and to define reference communities prior to the planned construction of a hydroelectric power plant. Flow depth, bank materials and the availability of riparian and instream cover, including woody debris, were the main variables driving differences between the assemblages. Species strongly indicative of distinctive mesohabitat types included the endemic Galaxias platei. Among other outcomes, the results provide information on the impact of non-native salmonids on river-dwelling Galaxias platei, suggesting a degree of habitat segregation between these taxa based on flow depth. The results support the use of the mesohabitat concept in large, relatively pristine river systems, and they represent a basis for assessing the impact of any future hydroelectric power plant construction and operation. By combing community classifications with simple sets of environmental rules, the multivariate regression trees produced can be used to predict the community structure of any mesohabitat along the reach.