878 resultados para SAM.


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Mode of access: Internet.

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Background/Aims: Positron emission tomography has been applied to study cortical activation during human swallowing, but employs radio-isotopes precluding repeated experiments and has to be performed supine, making the task of swallowing difficult. Here we now describe Synthetic Aperture Magnetometry (SAM) as a novel method of localising and imaging the brain's neuronal activity from magnetoencephalographic (MEG) signals to study the cortical processing of human volitional swallowing in the more physiological prone position. Methods: In 3 healthy male volunteers (age 28–36), 151-channel whole cortex MEG (Omega-151, CTF Systems Inc.) was recorded whilst seated during the conditions of repeated volitional wet swallowing (5mls boluses at 0.2Hz) or rest. SAM analysis was then performed using varying spatial filters (5–60Hz) before co-registration with individual MRI brain images. Activation areas were then identified using standard sterotactic space neuro-anatomical maps. In one subject repeat studies were performed to confirm the initial study findings. Results: In all subjects, cortical activation maps for swallowing could be generated using SAM, the strongest activations being seen with 10–20Hz filter settings. The main cortical activations associated with swallowing were in: sensorimotor cortex (BA 3,4), insular cortex and lateral premotor cortex (BA 6,8). Of relevance, each cortical region displayed consistent inter-hemispheric asymmetry, to one or other hemisphere, this being different for each region and for each subject. Intra-subject comparisons of activation localisation and asymmetry showed impressive reproducibility. Conclusion: SAM analysis using MEG is an accurate, repeatable, and reproducible method for studying the brain processing of human swallowing in a more physiological manner and provides novel opportunities for future studies of the brain-gut axis in health and disease.

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We thank Prof. David O’Hagan and Dr Qingzhi Zhang (University of St Andrews, UK) for their helpful discussion and for providing the synthetic 50 -FDA sample. This work is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81503086), a starting funding (No. 20140520) from Tianjin University of Science & Technology, a research funding of “1000 Talents Plan” of Tianjin (to LM) and Foundation of Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Lab of Industrial Microbiology (No. 2015IM106)

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MOTIVATION: Data from RNA-seq experiments provide us with many new possibilities to gain insights into biological and disease mechanisms of cellular functioning. However, the reproducibility and robustness of RNA-seq data analysis results is often unclear. This is in part attributed to the two counter acting goals of (a) a cost efficient and (b) an optimal experimental design leading to a compromise, e.g., in the sequencing depth of experiments.

RESULTS: We introduce an R package called samExploreR that allows the subsampling (m out of n bootstraping) of short-reads based on SAM files facilitating the investigation of sequencing depth related questions for the experimental design. Overall, this provides a systematic way for exploring the reproducibility and robustness of general RNA-seq studies. We exemplify the usage of samExploreR by studying the influence of the sequencing depth and the annotation on the identification of differentially expressed genes.

AVAILABILITY: Availability: samExploreR is available as an R package from Bioconductor (after acceptance of the paper, download link: http://www.bio-complexity.com/samExploreR_1.0.0.tar.gz).


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La détermination de la structure d’une molécule dans une cellule est souvent la première étape à la compréhension de son mode d’action. Un exemple flagrant est le riborégulateur, qui est un ARN hautement structuré capable de lier un ligand et de modifier la régulation génique chez les bactéries. Cette étude se penche sur la structure de l’aptamère d’un riborégulateur pouvant se lier au métabolite S-adénosylméthionine (SAM), qui est impliqué dans des réactions de méthylations essentielles dans une cellule. Plus précisément, le modèle sélectionné pour ces travaux provient de la famille SAM-I et est composé de quatre tiges (P1 à P4). En utilisant des techniques biophysiques telles le FRET et le single-molecule FRET (sm-FRET), nous pouvons comprendre plus en détails le dynamisme structural du repliement de l’aptamère qui se passe en deux étapes. La première étape de repliement de l’aptamère est constituée par la formation de l’état intermédiaire induite par la liaison du magnésium. Cet état a été caractérisé grâce à des mutations nucléotidiques bloquant des changements conformationnels spécifiques. Aussi, cette étude a permis d’ajouter des détails biophysiques sur la dernière étape de repliement de l’aptamère induite par la liaison de SAM. La réorganisation finale du site de liaison implique une rotation de la tige P1. D’ailleurs, la formation de la tige P1 permet le contrôle direct de l’expression génétique. Ces deux étapes permettent à l’aptamère du riborégulateur SAM d’adopter sa structure native essentielle à l’arrêt de transcription. En bref, nous décrivons en détail les mécanismes structuraux expliquant le fonctionnement du riborégulateur SAM. Certains de ces mécanismes pourraient être communs à plusieurs classes de riborégulateurs, d’où l’intérêt de prospecter d’autres cibles.

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En este artículo se trata de apuntar algunas de las líneas fundamentales que guían la crítica que Th.W. Adorno llevó a cabo sobre el mundo cinematográfico en vinculación a su reflexión sobre la industria cultural. Adorno abordó el cine desde múltiples perspectivas, que van desde el ámbito musicológico (gracias a su trabajo colaborativo con Hanns Eisler) hasta el sociológico (relacionado con textos tan importantes como Dialéctica de la Ilustración, que escribió a cuatro manos con Max Horkheimer). Uno de los objetivos de este artículo es el de relativizar la extendida idea del disgusto que le produjo el cine al filósofo alemán, tratando de justificar su postura con respecto al séptimo arte en el contexto de su obra completa.

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Fondo Margaritainés Restrepo