Religion and Ethnicity in Mongolian Societies. Historical and Contemporary Perspectives

This volume about religion and ethnicity in Mongolian societies is the outcome of an international seminar organized in Switzerland in 2009. Ten contributions explore the interplay of religion and ethnicity in the Mongolian and Buryat-Mongolian regions, covering four hundred years of Mongolian and Buryat history. Drawing on methods of diverse scholarly disciplines, including religious studies, Tibetan and Mongolian studies, social anthropology and history, the issues addressed include Mongolian identity formations in the light of the Tibeto-Mongolian interface in the 17th century, Buryat religious survival in the colonial setting of 18th and 19th century Russia, the interplay of religion and politics in Buryatia, a case study of the famous “Imperishable Body” of Khambo Lama Itigelov, an analysis of the religious politics of the Buryat Traditional Sangha in today’s Republic of Buryatia, the role of Shamanism in the identity practices of Modern Buryatia, as well as the revival of “traditional” religions like Buddhism and Shamanism in Mongolia and the emergence of new religions, especially Christianity. Furthermore, two contributions provide in-depth analyses of the dominant theoretical approaches that inform Russian and Anglophone scholarship dealing with these questions.

Validierung des STAI-SKD zur Messung von Zustandsangst in echten Prüfungssituationen

Die deutsche Kurzversion der State-Skala des State-Trait-Angstinventars (STAI-SKD) hat sich in Laborstudien als ökonomische Messung von Zustandsangst erwiesen. Ob sich das Messinstrument in echten Prüfungssituationen im pädagogischen Feld einsetzen lässt, wurde bislang jedoch noch nicht untersucht. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wies das STAI-SKD in universitären und schulischen Prüfungssituationen zufriedenstellende innere Konsistenzen auf und zeigte sich sensitiv bezüglich Situationen mit unterschiedlichem Bedrohungspotenzial. Es fanden sich zudem erwartungsgemäße Zusammenhänge mit Validitätskriterien (Geschlecht, selbsteingeschätzte Prüfungsleistung, Prüfungsängstlichkeit, schulisches Fähigkeitsselbstkonzept). Es ergaben sich keine Hinweise auf Deckeneffekte des STAI-SKD in Prüfungssituationen. Die Befunde sprechen für die Einsetzbarkeit und psychometrische Güte des STAI-SKD in echten Prüfungssituationen. Das ökonomische Messinstrument kann sowohl Forschenden als auch Lehrenden zur Angstdiagnostik im Feld dienen.

Die Rassenmerkmale der Juden : eine Einführung in ihre Anthropologie

von Maurice Fishberg

Recovery of large carnivores in Europe's modern human-dominated landscapes.

The conservation of large carnivores is a formidable challenge for biodiversity conservation. Using a data set on the past and current status of brown bears (Ursus arctos), Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), gray wolves (Canis lupus), and wolverines (Gulo gulo) in European countries, we show that roughly one-third of mainland Europe hosts at least one large carnivore species, with stable or increasing abundance in most cases in 21st-century records. The reasons for this overall conservation success include protective legislation, supportive public opinion, and a variety of practices making coexistence between large carnivores and people possible. The European situation reveals that large carnivores and people can share the same landscape.

Die jüdische Kolonisation Palästinas : eine volkswirtschaftliche Untersuchung ihrer Grundlagen

von Curt Nawratzki

Phyllotaxis involves auxin drainage through leaf primordia

The spatial arrangement of leaves and flowers around the stem, known as phyllotaxis, is controlled by an auxin-dependent reiterative mechanism that leads to regular spacing of the organs and thereby to remarkably precise phyllotactic patterns. The mechanism is based on the active cellular transport of the phytohormone auxin by cellular influx and efflux carriers, such as AUX1 and PIN1. Their important role in phyllotaxis is evident from mutant phenotypes, but their exact roles in space and time are difficult to address due to the strong pleiotropic phenotypes of most mutants in phyllotaxis. Models of phyllotaxis invoke the accumulation of auxin at leaf initials and removal of auxin through their developing vascular strand, the midvein. We have developed a precise microsurgical tool to ablate the midvein at high spatial and temporal resolution in order to test its function in leaf formation and phyllotaxis. Using amplified femtosecond laser pulses, we ablated the internal tissues in young leaf primordia of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) without damaging the overlying L1 and L2 layers. Our results show that ablation of the future midvein leads to a transient accumulation of auxin in the primordia and to an increase in their width. Phyllotaxis was transiently affected after midvein ablations, but readjusted after two plastochrons. These results indicate that the developing midvein is involved in the basipetal transport of auxin through young primordia, which contributes to phyllotactic spacing and stability.

Kants Wette. Von Kants starkem Glauben an ausserirdisches Leben, der Geschichte dieser Fragestellung und ihrer Herausforderung für die Theologie heute.

Der «bestirnte Himmel» über uns hat nicht erst seit Kant Bewunderung und Ehrfurcht befördert. Für ihn, der mit der Existenz von Bewohnern anderer Welten fest gerechnet hat, war dieser Himmel bewohnt. Er ist sich sicher: «Wenn es möglich wäre durch irgend eine Erfahrung auszumachen, so möchte ich wohl alles das Meinige darauf verwetten, daß es wenigstens in irgend einem von den Planeten, die wir sehen, Einwohner gebe. Daher sage ich, ist es nicht bloß Meinung, sondern ein starker Glaube (auf dessen Richtigkeit ich schon viele Vorteile des Lebens wagen würde), daß es auch Bewohner anderer Welten gebe.» In dieser Aussage Kants, die sich an keinem geringeren Ort als in der Kritik der reinen Vernunft findet, kann man einerseits einen Reflex früherer Überzeugungen und Darlegungen Kants erkennen, andererseits sind der Kontext der zitierten Stelle und der zeitgeschichtliche Hintergrund natürlich relevant. An Kants Beispiel wird dem Sinn solcher Überlegungen über Bewohner fremder Welten nachgegangen, die aufgrund des Fortschritts der planetaren Astronomie heute von neuem auf der Tagesordnung stehen. Das Nachdenken darüber stellt auch für die Theologie eine Herausforderung dar.

Der deutsche Militarismus in seiner Bedeutung für die menschliche Kultur

Georg Bonne

Regulation of phyllotaxis

Plant architecture is characterized by a high degree of regularity. Leaves, flowers and floral organs are arranged in regular patterns, a phenomenon referred to as phyllotaxis. Regular phyllotaxis is found in virtually all higher plants, from mosses, over ferns, to gymnosperms and angiosperms. Due to its remarkable precision, its beauty and its accessibility, phyllotaxis has for centuries been the object of admiration and scientific examination. There have been numerous hypotheses to explain the nature of the mechanistic principle behind phyllotaxis, however, not all of them have been amenable to experimental examination. This is due mainly to the delicacy and small size of the shoot apical meristem, where plant organs are formed and the phyllotactic patterns are laid down. Recently, the combination of genetics, molecular tools and micromanipulation has resulted in the identification of auxin as a central player in organ formation and positioning. This paper discusses some aspects of phyllotactic patterns found in nature and summarizes our current understanding of the regulatory mechanism behind phyllotaxis.

Phyllotaxis — a new chapter in an old tale about beauty and magic numbers

Phyllotaxis, the regular arrangement of leaves and flowers around the stem, is one of the most fascinating patterning phenomena in biology. Numerous theoretical models, that are based on biochemical, biophysical and other principles, have been proposed to explain the development of the patterns. Recently, auxin has been identified as the inducer of organ formation. An emerging model for phyllotaxis states that polar auxin transport in the plant apex generates local peaks in auxin concentration that determine the site of organ formation and thereby the different phyllotactic patterns found in nature. The PIN proteins play a primary role in auxin transport. These proteins are localized in a polar fashion, reflecting the directionality of polar auxin transport. Recent evidence shows that most aspects of phyllotaxis can be explained by the expression pattern and the dynamic subcellular localization of PIN1.

Arabidopsis AXR6 encodes CUL1 implicating SCF E3 ligases in auxin regulation of embryogenesis

The AXR6 gene is required for auxin signaling in the Arabidopsis embryo and during postembryonic development. One of the effects of auxin is to stimulate degradation of the Aux/IAA auxin response proteins through the action of the ubiquitin protein ligase SCFTIR1. Here we show that AXR6 encodes the SCF subunit CUL1. The axr6 mutations affect the ability of mutant CUL1 to assemble into stable SCF complexes resulting in reduced degradation of the SCFTIR1 substrate AXR2/IAA7. In addition, we show that CUL1 is required for lateral organ initiation in the shoot apical meristem and the inflorescence meristem. These results indicate that the embryonic axr6 phenotype is related to a defect in SCF function and accumulation of Aux/IAA proteins such as BDL/IAA12. In addition, we show that CUL1 has a role in auxin response throughout the life cycle of the plant.

Vascular Patterning: More Than Just Auxin?

The plant hormone auxin has long been known to play a pivotal role in vascular patterning and differentiation. But auxin is not the whole story: recent genetic analyses have identified additional factors required for vascular patterning, one of them involving sterols.