Talents in Migration Processes in the Conditions of the Czech Republic of the Nineties

The transformation of the 1990s has had a bearing on the academic and scientific world, as is becoming increasingly obvious with the changing numbers of foreign students wishing to study in the Czech Republic and of Czech students wishing to study abroad, the virtual collapse of doctoral studies, and the rapidly increasing age of Czech academics (placed at 48 by official sources and at rather more by this research). At the same time there is an apparent lack of interest in analysing and understanding these trends, which Mr. Cermak terms an ostrich policy, although his research showed that academics are in fact both aware and concerned about them. The mid-1990s migration of talent to and from R+D in the Czech Republic is also reflected in the number of talented Czech students studying abroad, who represent the largest and most interesting group of actual and potential migrants. Mr. Cermak's study took the form of a Delphi enquiry participated in by 44 specialists, including experts in the problems of higher education and science policy from the Presidium of the Higher Education Council (n = 23), members of the Council's Science and Research Commission (n = 14), former and current managers of higher education authorities (n = 4) and selected participants of the longitudinal talent research (n = 3). Questions considered included the influence of continuing talent migration from domestic R+D on the efficiency of domestic higher education, the diversification of forms of the brain drain and their impact on other processes in society, the possibility of positive influence on the brain drain processes to minimise the risks it presents, and the use of the knowledge obtained about the brain drain. The study revealed a clear drop of interest in brain drain problems in higher education in the mid-1990s, which is probably related to the collapsed of Czech R+D in the field of talent education. The effects on this segment of the labour market appeared earlier, with a major migration wave in 1991-1993 which significantly "cleared" the area of scientific talent. In addition, prospective talents from the ranks of younger students have not been integrated into domestic R+D, leading to the increasing average age of those working in this field. "Talent scouting" tended to be oriented towards much younger individuals, even in some cases towards undergraduate students. The R+D institutions deprived of human resources considered as basic in a functional R+D system have lost much of their dynamism and so no longer attract not only domestic talent but also talent from other regions. As a result the public, including the mass media and political structures, have stopped regarding the support of domestic science as a priority. This is clear both among the young people who are important for the future development of R+D (support for the education of talented children has dropped), from the drop in the prestige of this area as a profession among university students, and from the lack of explicit support for R+D by any of the political parties. On the basis of his findings Mr. Cermak concludes that there is no basis for the belief that the brain drain will represent a positive force in stimulating the development of the open society. Migration data shows that the outflow of talent from the Czech Republic far exceeds the inflow, and that the latter is largely short-term. Not only has the number of returning Czech professors dropped to half of its level at the beginning of the 1990s, but they also tend to take up only short-term contracts and retain their foreign positions. Recruitment of scientific talent from other countries, including the Slovak Republic, is limited. Furthermore internal contacts between those already involved in R+D have been badly hit by economic pressures and institutional co-operation has dropped to a minimum. There have been few moves to counteract this situation, the only notable one being the Program 250, launched in 1996 with government support to try and attract younger (i.e. under 40) talent into R+D. Its resources are however limited and its effects have not so far been evaluated. The deficit of academic and scientific talent in the Czech Republic is increasing and two major directions of academic work are emerging. Classic higher education science based on the teaching process is declining, largely due to economic factors, while there is an increasing emphasis on special; ad hoc projects which cannot be related directly to teaching but are often interesting to specialists outside the Czech Republic. This is shown clearly by the increase in publishing and in participation in domestic and foreign grant projects, which often serve to supplement the otherwise low salaries in the higher education sector. This tend was also accelerated by the collapse of applied R+D in individual sectors of the national economy and by substantial cutbacks in the Czech Academy of Sciences, which formerly fostered such research. Some part of the output of this research can be used in the education system and its financial contribution does significantly affect the stability of the present staff, but Mr. Cermak sees it as generally unfavourable for the development of talent education. In addition, it has led to a certain resignation on the question of integration into international structures, due to the emphasis on short-term targets, commercial advantages and individualism rather than team work. At the same time, he admits that these developments reflect those in other areas of the transformation in the Czech Republic.

The Constitutional-Judicial Control of the Legislative and Executive Powers in Central and Eastern European Countries

This project looked at the nature, contents, methods, means and legal and political effects of the influence that constitutional courts exercise upon the legislative and executive powers in the newly established democracies of Central and Eastern Europe. The basic hypothesis was that these courts work to provide a limitation of political power within the framework of the principal constitutional values and that they force the legislature and executive to exercise their powers and duties in strict accordance with the constitution. Following a study of the documentary sources, including primarily the relevant constitutional and statutory provisions and decisions of constitutional courts, Mr. Cvetkovski prepared a questionnaire on various aspects of the topics researched and sent it to the respective constitutional courts. A series of direct interviews with court officials in six of the ten countries then served to clarify a large number of questions relating to differences in procedures etc. that arose from the questionnaires. As a final stage, the findings were compared with those described in recent publications on constitutional control in general and in Central and Eastern Europe in particular. The study began by considering the constitutional and political environment of the constitutional courts' activities in controlling legislative and executive powers, which in all countries studied are based on the principles of the rule of law and the separation of powers. All courts are separate bodies with special status in terms of constitutional law and are independent of other political and judicial institutions. The range of matters within their jurisdiction is set by the constitution of the country in question but in all cases can be exercised only with the framework of procedural rules. This gives considerable significance to the question of who sets these rules and different countries have dealt with it in different ways. In some there is a special constitutional law with the same legal force as the constitution itself (Croatia), the majority of countries allow for regulation by an ordinary law, Macedonia gives the court the autonomy to create and change its own rules of procedure, while in Hungary the parliament fixes the rules on procedure at the suggestion of the constitutional court. The question of the appointment of constitutional judges was also considered and of the mechanisms for ensuring their impartiality and immunity. In the area of the courts' scope for providing normative control, considerable differences were found between the different countries. In some cases the courts' jurisdiction is limited to the normative acts of the respective parliaments, and there is generally no provision for challenging unconstitutional omissions by legislation and the executive. There are, however, some situations in which they may indirectly evaluate the constitutionality of legislative omissions, as when the constitution contains provision for a time limit on enacting legislation, when the parliament has made an omission in drafting a law which violates the constitutional provisions, or when a law grants favours to certain groups while excluding others, thereby violating the equal protection clause of the constitution. The control of constitutionality of normative acts can be either preventive or repressive, depending on whether it is implemented before or after the promulgation of the law or other enactment being challenged. In most countries in the region the constitutional courts provide only repressive control, although in Hungary and Poland the courts are competent to perform both preventive and repressive norm control, while in Romania the court's jurisdiction is limited to preventive norm control. Most countries are wary of vesting constitutional courts with preventive norm control because of the danger of their becoming too involved in the day-to-day political debate, but Mr. Cvetkovski points out certain advantages of such control. If combined with a short time limit it can provide early clarification of a constitutional issue, secondly it avoids the problems arising if a law that has been in force for some years is declared to be unconstitutional, and thirdly it may help preserve the prestige of the legislation. Its disadvantages include the difficulty of ascertaining the actual and potential consequences of a norm without the empirical experience of the administration and enforcement of the law, the desirability of a certain distance from the day-to-day arguments surrounding the political process of legislation, the possible effects of changing social and economic conditions, and the danger of placing obstacles in the way of rapid reactions to acute situations. In the case of repressive norm control, this can be either abstract or concrete. The former is initiated by the supreme state organs in order to protect abstract constitutional order and the latter is initiated by ordinary courts, administrative authorities or by individuals. Constitutional courts cannot directly oblige the legislature and executive to pass a new law and this remains a matter of legislative and executive political responsibility. In the case of Poland, the parliament even has the power to dismiss a constitutional court decision by a special majority of votes, which means that the last word lies with the legislature. As the current constitutions of Central and Eastern European countries are newly adopted and differ significantly from the previous ones, the courts' interpretative functions should ensure a degree of unification in the application of the constitution. Some countries (Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and Russia) provide for the constitutional courts' decisions to have a binding role on the constitutions. While their decisions inevitably have an influence on the actions of public bodies, they do not set criteria for political behaviour, which depends rather on the overall political culture and traditions of the society. All constitutions except that of Belarus, provide for the courts to have jurisdiction over conflicts arising from the distribution of responsibilities between different organs and levels in the country, as well for impeachment procedures against the head of state, and for determining the constitutionality of political parties (except in Belarus, Hungary, Russia and Slovakia). All the constitutions studied guarantee individual rights and freedoms and most courts have jurisdiction over complaints of violation of these rights by the constitution. All courts also have some jurisdiction over international agreements and treaties, either directly (Belarus, Bulgaria and Hungary) before the treaty is ratified, or indirectly (Croatia, Czech Republic, Macedonia, Romania, Russia and Yugoslavia). In each country the question of who may initiate proceedings of norm control is of central importance and is usually regulated by the constitution itself. There are three main possibilities: statutory organs, normal courts and private individuals and the limitations on each of these is discussed in the report. Most courts are limited in their rights to institute ex officio a full-scale review of a point of law, and such rights as they do have rarely been used. In most countries courts' decisions do not have any binding force but must be approved by parliament or impose on parliament the obligation to bring the relevant law into conformity within a certain period. As a result, the courts' position is generally weaker than in other countries in Europe, with parliament remaining the supreme body. In the case of preventive norm control a finding of unconstitutionality may act to suspend the law and or to refer it back to the legislature, where in countries such as Romania it may even be overturned by a two-thirds majority. In repressive norm control a finding of unconstitutionality generally serves to take the relevant law out of legal force from the day of publication of the decision or from another date fixed by the court. If the law is annulled retrospectively this may or may not bring decisions of criminal courts under review, depending on the provisions laid down in the relevant constitution. In cases relating to conflicts of competencies the courts' decisions tend to be declaratory and so have a binding effect inter partes. In the case of a review of an individual act, decisions generally become effective primarily inter partes but is the individual act has been based on an unconstitutional generally binding normative act of the legislature or executive, the findings has quasi-legal effect as it automatically initiates special proceedings in which the law or other regulation is to be annulled or abrogated with effect erga omnes. This wards off further application of the law and thus further violations of individual constitutional rights, but also discourages further constitutional complaints against the same law. Thus the success of one individual's complaint extends to everyone else whose rights have equally been or might have been violated by the respective law. As the body whose act is repealed is obliged to adopt another act and in doing so is bound by the legal position of the constitutional court on the violation of constitutionally guaranteed freedoms and rights of the complainant, in this situation the decision of the constitutional court has the force of a precedent.

Caregiver Responses to the Language Mixing of a Young Trilingual

The situation once described by Hoffmann (1985), in which children grow up exposed to three languages from an early age, is a reality for an increasing number of families. In Europe – as elsewhere – greater mobility is leading to greater numbers of mixed-language couples (Piller 2002), and, by extension, multilingual families. For such families, questions concerning the acquisition and maintenance of three or more languages in a natural environment are of direct relevance. Researchers in bilingualism have already pointed out the importance of social context for the acquisition of two languages in childhood, focusing in particular on the quantity and quality of exposure to the languages (De Houwer 1990; Döpke 1992; Okita 2002; Lanza 2004) or the prestige of the languages (Lambert 1977). In this paper, I will make use of the insights gained by such researchers and test them in a trilingual setting. The paper will focus mainly on one aspect, namely the conversational style of parents and caretakers. The data come from research being carried out in Switzerland and consist of 33 interviews with multilingual families, as well as case studies of two trilingual children. The findings attest to the importance of conversational style, but at the same time indicate that a number of further factors are also of great significance.

Internationale Kontrolle lokaler Verwaltung in einer Konfliktregion. Das Experiment „Freie Stadt Danzig“ (1920-1939)

The Free City of Danzig was founded by the Allies after World War One to settle the conflict between Poles and Germans as to which territory the town belonged. The League of Nations was designated to be the guarantor of its status. British and American experts and policy advisors saw it as an experiment on the way to new forms of statehood, by means of which nationalism as the founding principle of territorial entities could be overcome. However, the „Free City“ status was rejected by both the city’s inhabitants and German and Polish government agencies, with the result that the League and its local representative, the High Commissioner, were constantly confronted with difficulties in the interpretation of the international treaties and conventions relating to Danzig. In addition, hardly anyone in Danzig, Germany or Poland was interested in the economic and financial situation of the Free City, but were more interested in winning political battles than in the well-being of the city and its inhabitants. As a result, the situation in Danzig became more and more hopeless. The city became increasingly dependent on (illegal) German subsidies, while the High Commissioners generally cared more about their own prestige and that of their home countries than about the interests of the League of Nations. But as no political means of modifying the city’s status had been provided for, nothing changed formally in Danzig until Germany started the Second World War and annexed the city in September 1939. In retrospect, the international control of local government could not contribute to a long-term solution for Danzig. It merely postponed its violent solution for twenty years.

Die Rolle der kommerziellen Akteure im Snowboardsport

Im Snowboardsport spielen kommerzielle Akteure für die informelle Organisation und das Funktionieren der Sportart eine bedeutende Rolle. Der Sport wird meist unabhängig von Vereinen und Verbänden in lokalen Gruppen von Gleichgesinnten betrieben und besitzt im Gegensatz zu klassischen Sportarten eine alternative Organisationsstruktur. Die kommerziellen Akteure springen in diese Lücke und versuchen mit Wettbewerben, Showevents und Snowparks Treffpunkte und Inhalt für Szeneanhänger zu kreieren. Sie liefern ästhetisches Film- und Bildmaterial, sowie zugeschnittene Produkte, um Medienpräsenz zu erhalten und die Anzahl Interessierte zu steigern. Sie sehen sich als «Motoren der Sportart» und engagieren sich mit kommerziellem Hintergrund um die organisationale Entwicklung des Sports. Sie treten als Sponsoren auf, wobei sie Partnerschaften mit ausgewählten Akteuren innerhalb des Szenekerns bilden, welche eine hohe Glaubwürdigkeit bei den Szeneanhängern besitzen. Zusammen inszenieren sie Werte und Normen der Sportkultur und übermitteln diese mit szeneaffinen Medien. Dies führt zur These, dass durch das Sponsoring und Branding von Athleten sowie der Organisation von Wettbewerben und Showevents die kommerziellen Akteure einen direkten Einfluss auf die Genese der Sportart besitzen. Dabei interessiert die Art und Weise, wie die kommerziellen Akteure innerhalb der Snowboardzene Beziehungen knüpfen, Identitäten schaffen und einflussreiche Positionierungen einnehmen und wahren können. Aufbauend auf dem Szenemodell von Hitzler und Niederbacher (2010) wird mit einem Kern-Peripherie-Modell der Szenekern analysiert, wobei das soziale Wissen und die sozialen Kontakte die Positionierung bestimmen. Die Partnerschaften zwischen den Akteuren aus dem Szenekern haben eine hohe gemeinsame Identifikation und verfolgen gemeinsame strategische Ziele. Sie bilden ein soziales Netzwerk von Individuen, wobei die verschiedenen Beziehungen das Funktionieren der Organisationselite bestimmen. In der ethnographischen Studie wurden teilnehmende Beobachtung an zwei europäischen und drei neuseeländischen Events betrieben, welche nach der «Grounded Theory» von Glaser und Strauss (1967) ausgewertet wurden. Darauf aufbauend und vertiefend wurden über 40 Experteninterviews mit Szenekernakteuren aus elf Ländern zur Datengewinnung betrieben. Die teilstandardisierten Gespräche wurden mit der «Inhaltsanalyse» von Mayring (2010) ausgewertet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die kommerziellen Akteure durch Sponsoring- und Brandingaktivitäten sowie Medienpräsenz die Entwicklung der Sportart prägen. Sie teilen ihr soziales Netzwerk mit ihren Partnern und ermöglichen den einzelnen Akteuren die Inklusion in einen selektiven und exklusiven Kreis von Akteuren, welches ihnen eine privilegierte Positionierung innerhalb der Szene garantiert. Der Image- und Wissenstransfer, welcher zwischen den Akteuren aufgebaut wird, stützen Ansehen, Authentizität und Glaubwürdigkeit der involvierten Akteure innerhalb der Szene. Die von den kommerziellen Akteuren unterstützte Athleten, Events und Resorts bekommen in szeneaffinen Medien Präsentationsplattformen, in welchen Produkte und Markenlogos inszeniert werden. Prestige, Status, soziale Kontakte sowie Zugang zu lukrativen und szenennahen Wettbewerben lassen die Akteure des Snowboardszenekerns mit den in der Szene respektierten kommerziellen Akteuren Partnerschaften bilden. Das Netzwerk und die Positionierung innerhalb des Szenekerns ermöglichen den kommerziellen Akteuren einen privilegierten Zugang zur Organisation des Snowboardsports. Literatur Glaser, B. & Strauss, K. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Chicago: Aldine. Hitzler, R. & Niederbacher, A. (2010). Leben in Szenen: Formen juveniler Vergemeinschaftung heute. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag. Mayring, P. (2010). Qualitative Inhaltsanalyse: Grundlagen und Techniken. Weinheim: Beltz.

From Similes to Allegory: The Deconstruction of Chariot Imagery in Early Buddhist Texts, Analyzed with Cognitive Metaphor Theory

The presentation will start by unfolding the various layers of chariot imagery in early Indian sources, namely, chariots as vehicles of gods such as the sun (sūrya), i.e. as symbol of cosmic stability; chariots as symbols of royal power and social prestige e.g. of Brahmins; and, finally, chariots as metaphors for the “person”, the “mind” and the “way to liberation” (e.g., Kaṭ.-Up. III.3; Maitr.-Up. II. 6). In Buddhist and non-Buddhist sources, chariots are in certain aspects used as a metaphor for the (old) human body (e.g., Caraka-S., Vi.3.37-38; D II.100; D II.107); apart from that, there is, of course, mention of the “real” use of chariots in sports, cults, journey, and combat. The most prominent example of the Buddhist use of chariot imagery is its application as a model for the person (S I.134 f.; Milindapañha, ed. Trenckner, 26), i.e., for highlighting the “non-substantial self”. There are, however, other significant examples of the usage of chariot imagery in early Buddhist texts. Of special interest are those cases in which chariot metaphors were applied in order to explain how the ‘self’ may proceed on the way to salvation – with ‘mindfulness’ or the ‘self’ as charioteer, with ‘wisdom’ and ‘confidence’ as horses etc. (e.g. S I. 33; S V.7; Dhp 94; or the Nārada-Jātaka, No. 545, verses 181-190). One might be tempted to say that these instances reaffirm the traditional soteriology of a substantial “progressing soul”. Taking conceptual metaphor analysis as a tool, I will, in contrast, argue that there is a special Buddhist use of this metaphor. Indeed, at first sight, it seems to presuppose a non-Buddhist understanding (the “self” as charioteer; the chariot as vehicle to liberation, etc.). Yet, it will be argued that in these cases the chariot imagery is no longer fully “functional”. The Buddhist usage may, therefore, best be described as a final allegorical phase of the chariot-imagery, which results in a thorough deconstruction of the “chariot” itself.

Milan Kundera et la littérature mondiale

« Les littératures nationales ne signifient plus grand-chose aujourd’hui. Nous entrons dans l’ère de la littérature mondiale et il appartient à chacun de nous de hâter cette évolution » (Goethe). Milan Kundera, écrivain natif de Moravie ayant émigré en France en 1975, reprend à son compte cet idéal formulé en 1827 par Goethe et le réactive : selon lui, en effet, le seul contexte où peuvent véritablement se révéler le sens et la valeur d’une œuvre est le grand contexte de l’histoire supranationale. Dans cet espace de diversité où l’œuvre n’est pas soutenue par son prestige national, mais par son originalité, un roman tchèque (littérature d’une petite nation) aussi bien qu’un roman français (littérature d’une grande nation) peut trouver sa place. Comment faire une histoire de la littérature mondiale sans la présenter comme une juxtaposition d’histoires littéraires nationales ? C’est la question à laquelle cette conférence s’efforcera de répondre en s’appuyant sur les réflexions culturelles aussi bien que politiques de Milan Kundera.

Job satisfaction of Swiss general practitioners with and without proficiency certificate in homeopathy

Introduction: Job satisfaction and therefore wellbeing of physicians is an important issue in high quality and safety of health care provision. The role of additional qualification in complementary medicine (CM) for job satisfaction of general practitioners (GPs), however, has not been explored. This study compared job satisfaction of conventional and homeopathic Swiss GPs. Methods: Participants of the Swiss Family Doctors Conference 2013 and members of the Swiss Association of Homeopathic Physicians participated in the survey. They indicated the extent of job satisfaction on 17 questions covering patient care, work-related burden, income-prestige, personal rewards, and professional relations. Results: Data of n = 125 GPs with homeopathic proficiency certificate and data of n = 143 GPs without any proficiency certificate in CM were analyzed. Overall job satisfaction was high and did not differ between the groups. However, due to lower number of patients per day, homeopathic GPs reported higher satisfaction in relations with patients and with workload, and lower satisfaction with income and in relations with peers compared to conventional GPs. Controlling for further confounding variables (e.g. working hours per week, practice setting), homeopathic GPs reported less satisfaction with their income than their conventional colleagues. Conclusions: Longer consultation time and lower number of patients homeopathic GPs see per day, may allowthem to unfold a deeper and more satisfying relationship with their patients and to lessen the workload. However, this comes along with financial discontent compared to conventional GPs. Certification in homeopathy and increased consultation time, respectively, may represent a way to enhance GPs’ job satisfaction.

Katholische Reform als soziale Praxis. Handlungslogiken eines Churer Bischofs im 17. Jahrhundert

Glaubt man dem päpstlichen Nuntius in der Schweiz, so war der Churer Bischof Johann VI. Flugi von Aspermont (1636–1661) alles andere als ein vorbildlicher Bischof: Er erbaue riesige Paläste, häufe für sich und seine Familie ein beträchtliches Vermögen an und betreibe Handel mit den für zukünftige Priester vorgesehenen Studienplätzen. Damit missachte er die Beschlüsse des Konzils von Trient (1545–1563), gemäss denen ein Bischof als geistlicher Oberhirte sein Handeln ausschliesslich in den Dienst der kirchlich-religiösen Erneuerung zu stellen habe. Der Beitrag argumentiert, dass die vom Nuntius kritisierten Praktiken mit einer tridentinischen Gesinnung nicht nur vereinbar waren, sondern paradoxerweise eine unabdingbare Voraussetzung für die katholische Reform im Bistum Chur darstellten. Um dies besser zu verstehen, werden diese Praktiken vor dem Hintergrund der sozialen Handlungslogiken frühneuzeitlicher Individuen beschrieben und beurteilt. Akteure wie der Churer Bischof verdankten ihre soziale Stellung einem einflussreichen Familienverband, dessen Sozial- und Ehrkapital es zu mehren galt. Soziales Prestige wiederum ermöglichte die Etablierung von Loyalitätsbeziehungen (Patron-Klient-Verhältnisse), über die sich letztlich Einfluss auf politische und kulturelle Entwicklungen nehmen liess. Fehlte, wie im Bistum Chur, die institutionelle und materielle Machtgrundlage für eine kompromisslose Durchsetzung von Reformen, so waren solche Mechanismen der gesellschaftlichen Verflechtung auch für kirchliche Akteure umso wertvoller.

Telurismo, Vanguardia y Tiempo Literario en Doña Bárbara

Para legitimar su propia modernidad, los escritores y críticos asociados al Boom solían describir a Rómulo Gallegos como un autor arcaico, neonaturalista o neorromántico, todavía activo en el siglo XX. Este artículo se propone reconstruir el horizonte de expectativas que cimentó el prestigio inicial de Doña Bárbara. Se argumenta que su éxito se debió al menos parcialmente a la proximidad —que después dejaría de percibirse con claridad— entre el regionalismo o mundonovismo y la estética de vanguardia. La comprensión del interés de Gallegos en la cinematografía resulta esencial para entender dichas afinidades.

El mundo de las empleadas administrativas : Perfiles laborales y carreras individuales (Buenos Aires, 1920-1940)

Las empleadas administrativas, representadas en la figura de la dactilógrafa, integraron el mundo del trabajo femenino en la ciudad de Buenos Aires, a lo largo de las décadas de 1920 y 1930. Por entonces, el sector administrativo de la economía se había expandido como consecuencia de un conjunto de procesos de modernización iniciados a fines del siglo XIX. Otro tanto había ocurrido con el trabajo asalariado femenino en las tareas administrativas. Si bien el imaginario social hegemónico, moldeado por los principios de la ideología de la domesticidad, concibió el trabajo asalariado como una actividad adversa para las mujeres, los empleos administrativos portaron un cierto prestigio como tareas asalariadas femeninas. Este escrito se propone dos objetivos. Por un lado, realizar una aproximación a la reconstrucción de los perfiles laborales de las empleadas administrativas a través de la indagación de las tareas realizadas, las habilidades requeridas y las remuneraciones percibidas. Por otro lado, confrontar ciertas representaciones que la cultura de masas elaboró en torno a la figura de las mencionadas empleadas. Para lo primero se analizarán avisos clasificados; para lo segundo se acudirá a crónicas periodísticas y poemas que problematizan la figura de las dactilógrafas.

La "tercera línea" de liderazgo peronista en localidades "extracéntricas" de la provincia de Buenos Aires, 1945-1955

En este trabajo examinaremos la función mediadora de los líderes políticos locales en la construcción de los cimientos de la identificación con el peronismo bonaerense. Éstos, sin ser colaboradores directos de Perón, desempeñaron un rol fundamental a la hora de generarle fuerza política y prestigio al peronismo en localidades "extracéntricas", alejadas de los centros de poder e insertas en contextos rurales. ¿Es posible denominarlos como la "tercera línea" de liderazgo peronista? Para responder esta incógnita, exploraremos desde una perspectiva microanalítica las trayectorias y creciente participación en la esfera política de algunas figuras que les permitieron, en mayor o menor grado, convertirse en referentes políticos locales y constituir bases sociales. Nos preguntamos cuál era el fundamento de legitimidad de su poder y cuál era el margen de autonomía con el que contaban respecto a las instancias de poder provincial y nacional.

Ascenso social, consolidación y prestigio. El caso de los portugueses y sus redes sociofamiliares en el Buenos Aires tardocolonial

Este trabajo tiene como propósito analizar el comportamiento y las estrategias sociales de los portugueses más destacados dentro de la comunidad porteña de Buenos Aires colonial tardío. Para este análisis, debemos tener en cuenta el crecimiento que tuvo la ciudad desde mediados del siglo XVIII lo que se denota claramente en la expansión del comercio atlántico. Es durante ese período que Buenos Aires pierde rápidamente las características de los pueblos predominantemente rurales para adquirir, en forma definitiva, los rasgos de una ciudad.

Ejército y Nación : Un estudio sobre las estrategias de inscripción de lo/as oficiales del Ejército Argentino en la comunidad nacional

Figuras tales como "reserva moral de la nación" o "salvadores de la patria" dan cuenta no sólo del lugar privilegiado que el ejército mantuvo en su vínculo con la nación sino también de un tipo legítimo de agencia que debía ejercer. Luego del terrorismo de Estado y de la derrota de guerra de Malvinas, en un contexto de pérdida de prestigio y declinación de la elite militar, lo/as oficiales se ven obligados a gestionar las relaciones de reconocimiento mutuo que establecen con la sociedad y la nación de las que son parte. A partir del análisis e interpretación de las representaciones, creencias y valores que lo/as oficiales actualizan en el ejercicio cotidiano de su profesión, el propósito de este trabajo es dar cuenta de los sentidos que, provenientes del pasado pero también sujetos a los cambios y necesidades del presente, enmarcan, alimentan y sostienen un tipo de inscripción de la agencia histórica de la fuerza en la comunidad nacional.

Sobre las identidades : ¿Qué es una "hinchada"?

Este texto pertenece al capitulo I de la tesis de maestría 'El aguante en el cuerpo: construcción de identidad de los hinchas de un club de fútbol argentino.' Dicho trabajo de investigación se desarrollo sobre un enfoque predominantemente cualitativo, triangulando distintos métodos como la entrevista en profundidad, la observación participante y no participante y grupos focales. En dicho capitulo, presentaremos a la hinchada, sus practicas y representaciones. Mostrando a los sujetos y sus acciones, exhibiendo el principal de los mecanismos de asociación al grupo 'El aguante'.También, reconstruiremos como éste se conforma, por un lado, como un símbolo de prestigio y honor, y por otro, como uno de los factores mas relevantes en la constitución de la identidad, entendiendo a esta desde un posicionamiento constructivita que viaja en sentido estrictamente inverso de las miradas escencialistas