Phosphate distribution in the sediments along a cascade of reservoirs - (Paranapanema River, SE, Brazil)

Total phosphorus concentrations in the sediment of a cascade of 8 reservoirs located in the Paranapanema River (SE, Brazil) were analysed during two consecutive seasonal periods (2000 and 200 1). The reservoirs of Jurumirim, Chavantes, Salto Grande, Canoas 11, Canoas 1, Capivara, Taquarucu and Rosana were built during the last five decades with the purpose of hydroelectric generation. The sampling points were distributed along a 700 km of river stretch in 19 stations distributed in the river-reservoirs zones and main tributaries as well as in 5 stations representing the adjacent wetlands. The nutrient concentration was determined in samples from surface layers of sediment. Temporal and spatial changes were observed for both years. Three different areas could be identified along the river, considering not only Tot-P variations but also others physical and chemical characteristics such as organic matter concentration, nitrogen concentration of sediment and 02, pH, conductivity and Eh measured in the bottom layer of the water column. Higher values of Tot-P were found in the middle and lower region of the Paranapanema basin (maximum value of 1.96 mg g(-1) in Tibagi River in October/2001). Agricultural practices and cattle raising are the main external sources of nutrient in these regions. Superficial or sub-superficial watershed drainage and tributaries entrances are important nutrient contributors, leading to an increasing accumulation of nutrient in the sediment. This process seems to be especially important in the middle region of the Paranapanema Valley, were the values of Tot-P were higher comparing to the other areas.

Controlling factors of benthic macroinvertebrates distribution in a small tropical pond, lateral to the Paranapanema River (São Paulo, Brazil).

The aim of the present study was to examine the benthic fauna in a marginal pond lateral to the Paranapanema River and to identify the main controlling factors of its distribution. Considering the small size of the lacustrine ecosystem, we expected that seasonal variations of the benthic community attributes are more important than spatial variations; Methods: Two samplings, one in March and another in August, were carried out at nine sites in the pond. Sediment samples were obtained through a Van Veen grab for invertebrate sorting, granulometric analysis, and for quantification of organic matter in sediment. Other abiotic factors were measured, such as water transparency, dissolved oxygen, pH, electric conductivity, temperature, and depth of sediment sampling sites. Regarding the comparative analysis at spatial scale, no significant variations in density of the benthic invertebrate community were found. Results: In relation to the studied abiotic factors, only depth presented significant differences among sampling sites; All the measured environmental parameters presented significant differences among sampling months, except depth and the physical and chemical characteristics of the sediment. The abundance of Chaoboridae and Chironomidae was the unique attribute with a significant difference in comparing the two months. A higher abundance of taxa occurred in August, especially for Oligochaeta, Nematoda, Chaoboridae, and Chironomidae; Conclusions: Because of the low structural complexity of the studied pond, we concluded that the changes in benthic macroinvertebrate community attributes were mainly due to seasonal effects.

Variabilidade espacial de atributos de um solo sob videira em Vitória Brasil (SP)

Foi pesquisada a variabilidade espacial de alguns atributos físicos e químicos de uma associação de solos cultivada sob videira (Vitis vinifera-L), do município de Vitória Brasil, estado de São Paulo, Brasil. O objetivo foi estudar a dependência espacial de tais atributos, assim como caracterizar as respectivas variabilidades, distribuições de freqüência e números mínimos de subamostras do solo para a cultura da videira. Para isso, coletaram-se dados do solo, dispostos segundo uma malha com 156 pontos amostrais, sendo analisados por meio da geoestatística. As maiores variabilidades foram verificadas para a macroporosidade (MA), P, K, Ca, Mg, SB e CTC, ao passo que as menores foram para a densidade do solo (DS), pH e V. O número mínimo de subamostras, necessário para formar uma amostra composta e representativa, variou de 1 (pH e V) a 241 (Mg), tendo seu valor médio de 64 subamostras. Quanto à dependência espacial, o P e o V apresentaram, respectivamente, forte e fraca dependência, enquanto o restante dos atributos apresentou moderada dependência. Desta forma, o alcance dos atributos físicos variou de 2,56 a 4,32 m, enquanto o dos químicos variou de 1,82 a 5,64 m.

Caracterização tecnológica de jabuticabas 'Sabará' provenientes de diferentes regiões de cultivo

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Caracterização física e química de acerolas provenientes de diferentes regiões de cultivo

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Acúmulo de antocianinas e características físicas e químicas de frutos de laranjas sanguíneas durante o armazenamento a frio

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o conteúdo de antocianinas no suco e as características físicas e químicas dos frutos de oito variedades de laranjas sanguíneas e de laranja Valência, e, também, verificar os efeitos do armazenamento dos frutos a 10ºC, durante um período de até 60 dias, nos parâmetros avaliados. Os teores de antocianina foram determinados utilizando-se de um método espectrofotométrico, assim como dez características físicas e químicas dos frutos e dos sucos foram avaliadas antes e durante o armazenamento. Todas as variedades de laranja avaliadas apresentaram naturalmente baixos teores ou nenhum teor de antocianina no suco. O armazenamento durante um período de até 60 dias, em baixa temperatura, possibilitou acúmulo significativo de antocianina no suco, porém de maneira desigual nas variedades de laranjas sanguíneas testadas. As variedades Moro foram as que apresentaram suco contendo os maiores teores de antocianina no final do armazenamento. À exceção de duas variedades, Sanguinelli (Marrocos e Polidari), as demais variedades sanguíneas avaliadas podem ser consideradas como semelhantes entre si e adequadas ao consumo. O armazenamento dos frutos a 10ºC, durante o período máximo de 60 dias, alterou significativamente somente as variáveis: largura de frutos, teor de SS, acidez e o rendimento de suco.

Caracterização física e química de frutos de mamey

O mamey (Pouteria sapota) é originário do México e América Central, sendo comum em Cuba, Norte da América do Sul e nas Índias Ocidentais. Porém somente após sua introdução na Flórida passou a ser mais conhecido e procurado, principalmente pelos latino-americanos. Para diversas fruteiras, a distinção entre variedades pode ser realizada com base em características dos frutos, permitindo a diferenciação dessas plantas. Diante disso, realizou-se o presente trabalho, verificando a possibilidade da distinção de plantas de mamey pertencentes à coleção do Banco Ativo de Germoplama, da FCAV, Câmpus de Jaboticabal-SP, através de características físicas e químicas dos frutos. Foram avaliadas: massa (g), comprimento (cm), diâmetro (cm), rendimento de polpa (%), acidez titulável (AT), sólidos solúveis (SS), ácido ascórbico (AA), pH e relação sólidos solúveis/acidez titulável de frutos de treze plantas de mamey. Com base nos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que existem diferenças significativas para todas as variáveis avaliadas entre as diferentes plantas de mamey, possibilitando a seleção de matrizes promissoras, para implantação de pomares comerciais.

Estabilidade de agregados de um latossolo vermelho tratado com cama de peru

Recentemente, tem ocorrido um grande aumento na produção de aves, com destaque para a carne de peru, motivado pelo aumento das exportações e a conquista de novos mercados. Como conseqüência, tem sido gerada uma grande quantidade de resíduos orgânicos com potencial impacto sobre o ambiente. A cama de peru constitui-se no principal resíduo dessa atividade avícola, e uma das formas de sua utilização é a sua disposição em solos como condicionador de suas características físicas e químicas. Assim, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito da aplicação da cama de peru na estabilidade de agregados de um Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico típico, sob pastagem de Brachiaria decumbens, localizado em Uberlândia, no Triângulo Mineiro, Minas Gerais. A cama de peru foi aplicada nas dosagens de: 0 (controle), 1.200, 2.400 e 4.800 kg ha-1 e 2.400 kg ha-1 + adubação mineral (36 kg ha-1 N, 60 kg ha-1 K2O e 60 kg ha-1de P2O5). As aplicações foram realizadas em janeiro de 2004 e o solo amostrado em duas épocas distintas (60 e 210 dias após aplicação) nas camadas de 0-20 e 20-40 cm para análise da estabilidade de agregados, avaliada pela percentagem total de agregados, percentagem de agregados maiores que 2mm, menores que 0,25mm e diâmetro médio geométrico (DMG). Não houve efeito das dosagens de cama de peru aplicadas na agregação do solo, entretanto, independentemente da dose aplicada houve um aumento na estabilidade de agregados, ao longo do tempo, notadamente na camada de 0-20 cm.

Desempenho e características de carcaça de novilhos suplementados no período das águas

Avaliaram-se os efeitos da suplementação concentrada de novilhos, durante o período das águas, sobre o desempenho e características da carcaça. Foram utilizados 49 novilhos mestiços, mantidos em pastagem de Brachiaria decumbens. O experimento foi conduzido em três períodos experimentais, segundo um delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Foram fornecidos sal mineral (SAL), suplementos à base de milho e farelo de soja, com 20% PB, em níveis de 1,0 e 2,0 kg/dia (MFS1 e MFS2), e suplementos à base de farelo de trigo e farelo de soja, com 20% PB, em níveis de 1,0 e 2,0 kg/dia (FTFS1 e FTFS2), fornecidos diariamente. Não foram encontradas diferenças entre os tratamentos sobre ganho de peso médio diário (GMD) e ganho total (GDP Total). Os GMD foram: 0,887; 0,936; 1,047; 0,943; e 1,012 kg/animal/dia, respectivamente, para os tratamentos SAL, MFS1, MFS2, FTFS1 e FTFS2. Os animais submetidos aos diferentes tratamentos não exibiram diferenças nas características físicas e químicas da carcaça. Não houve diferenças quanto ao rendimento de carcaça dos novilhos dos diferentes tratamentos, que foi, em média, de 52,19%.

The planktonic community in tropical interdunal ponds (Lencois Maranhenses National Park, Maranhao State, Brazil).

The aim of this study was to characterize the LenYois Maranhenses ponds (Maranhao State, Brazil) with respect to morphometry and physical and chemical aspects of the water body, in particular, the planktonic community. LenYois Maranhenses is a tropical coastal region with sand dunes and numerous interdunal ponds, most of them temporary. Ten ponds were studied, and a nictemeral variation was carried out. They have similar physical and chemical characteristics (high temperature - 27.5 to 32.0 [degree]C, acid pH - 4.9 to 6.2, low values of dissolved nutrients, chloride - 0.75 to 1.00 mg.L[long dash]1, and electric conductivity - 18.8 to 33.2 [mu]S.cm[long dash]1, and light penetration up to the sediment). With respect to the plankton, it is likely that the different histories of colonization, the formation of the ponds, and the initial organisms, affect the species richness, density and dominance observed. The lakes were classified as polymitic and oligotrophic.

Efeito da salinidade e do esgoto orgânico sobre a comunidade zooplanctônica, com ênfase nos copépodes, do estuário do rio Itanhaém, Estado de São Paulo

The objective of this work is to analyze the effects of salinity and wastewater on the zooplankton community of the Itanhaém river estuary, São Paulo state. Samples of zooplankton as well as physical and chemical variables of water were collected in four sites, located between the coastal line and the superior part of the estuary, including a secondary channel where wastewater is thrown without previous treatment. The samples were collected in low and high tide in winter and summer. Results showed that the estuary presents a temporal and spatial variation of physical and chemical characteristics, especially salinity, in function of the tide and seasonal variation of rain. The high values of salinity occurred in winter and high tide. Zooplankton community was adapted to the dynamic of salinity, and marine and estuarine species occurred in the low part of the estuary in winter. Although the Itanhaém river estuary has the same temporal and spatial dynamic of other estuaries, the values of salinity are low when compared with others located in the southern coast of São Paulo. Consequently, mainly oligohaline and fresh water species constitute the zooplankton community. These characteristics are due to the great drainage area of the Itanhaém river basin. The waste water modified physical and chemical characteristics of water that now presents higher concentrations of nutrients, higher values of suspended matter and lower concentrations of oxygen. It was observed a positive relation between the density of nauplii of copepods and organic pollution in this estuary.

Organização das assembléias de peixes em riachos da bacia do rio Iguatemi, Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul

Aiming to describe the patterns of the fish assemblages organization in streams of the Iguatemi River basin we sampled streams with seine nets and sieves from November/1999 to August/2000. We collected 567 individuals distributed in 24 species. We detected statistically significant influence of the streams characteristics upon species diversity. The species composition was hardly explained by the physical and chemical characteristics of the streams. Then we detected significant influence of the fish ecomorphology in the species occurrence (Mantel r = -0.34; P = 0.04), but not in the distribution of its abundance (Mantel r = -0.21; P = 0.07). We verified through the species co-occurrence index (C-score) that its composition in the studied streams is stochastic.

Uso de métodos químicos para obtener polvos cerámicos del sistema (Sn, Ti)O2

The (Sn,Ti)O2, system has a great interest due to its technological applications such as gas sensor and varistor. Although the thermodynamic properties and the kinetics of spinoidal decomposition in this system have been extensively studied, the general properties and applications of SnO2 - TiO2 binary compositions have been not investigated yet in depth. On the other hand, little work has been done to optimize the synthesis methods to obtain (Sn,Ti)O2 cerallmic powders, with pre - determinate physical and chemical characteristics. In this work the ceramic powders has been obtained by coprecipitation and polymeric precursor (Pechini) methods. The different physical chemistry phenomena that occurred during the synthesis were discussed. The (Sn,Ti)O2, ceramic powders were characterized with X- ray diffraction (XRD), thermal analysis (DTA/TG) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The knowledge about of steps and variables of synthesis process acquired with development of this work, we permited to obtain (Sn, Ti)O2, nanometers particles to low temperatures: to 450°C for coprecipitation method and to 600°C for Pechini method. The spinodal decomposition that ocurr to 900°C was discussed also.

Preliminary selection of acerola genotypes in Brazil

Introduction. Breeding studies for acerola (Malpighia glabra) improvement aim at obtaining plants that produce fruits with uniform chemical and physical attributes, including high levels of vitamin C, which can provision the market with fresh fruit and frozen pulp. High variability in fruit quality is observed in Brazilian acerola crops, especially those propagated by seeds. In this context, the objective of our research was to evaluate the physical and chemical characteristics of Brazilian acerola genotype fruits. Materials and methods. Sixteen acerola genotypes were studied in Jaboticabal, São Paulo State, Brazil. A completely randomized design with sixteen treatments and six replications was adopted. Each treatment was represented by one genotype. Several parameters related to fruit quality, such as width, length, weight, pulp percentage, soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (TA), [SS / TA] ratio and vitamin C content, were evaluated in fruits of the acerola genotypes. The results were submitted to variance analyses, the Tukey test and cluster analysis. Results and discussion. There was a statistical difference between the acerola genotypes studied. Three of them stood out as natural sources of vitamin C. In spite of fruit size, two acerola genotypes were found to have potential for fresh fruit production. In a general form, genotypes that presented a high [SS / TA] ratio had low vitamin C content. Conclusion. The acerola genotypes studied in Jaboticabal presented high variability, forming eleven groups in relation to fruit quality parameters. © 2007 Cirad/EDP Sciences All rights reserved.

Phytoplankton primary productivity in an urban eutrophic reservoir (São Paulo, Brazil)

The aim of this study was to analyze temporal ..d vertical variation of the biomass and of phytoplankton primary productivity in an urban eutrophic reservoir, in relation to the physical and chemical characteristics of the water. The physical and chemical variables of the water were defined in the limnetic region of the reservoir, at depths of 0.0; 0.5; 1.0; 2.0; 3.0 and 4.0 meters. Three samples were taken to define both the physical and chemical variables, concomitantly with the biomass (chlorophyll-a and phaeophytin) and phytoplankton primary productivity (C-14 method). Based on data obtained on differences in depth of the mixture zone and the euphotic zone, it is hypothesised that, depending on the time of the year, phytoplankton is conditioned by differences in the light and nutrient regimes, which change according to the constant loads of nutrients thrown into the system. The highest concentration of chlorophyll-a in the photic zone of the limnetic region was observed in November 2000 (1,197.3 mg Chl L -1) and the lowest in November 1999 (94.0 mg ChI L -1), whereas the profiles of primary activity of phytoplankton presented the highest rates on the surface of the water column, with values varying from 84.7 (May 2000) to 1,376.7mg C m -3 h -1 (December 2000). Annual primary productivity was calculated at 1,567.0gC m -2y -1, considered euproductive. The primary productivity profiles reported in this study are typical of aquatic eutrophic systems, rich in plankton and with low light penetration. It can be stated that Garças Lake is a system that suffers from anthropogenic impact, through receiving large loads of organic pollution, reflecting on the physical and chemical characteristics of the water and on the high values of biomass and primary phytoplankton activity. © National Institute of Ecology, New Delhi.