Congregation Shearith Israel (New York, N.Y.) records, undated, 1755-1996.

Contains published and manuscript material relating to the activities and administration of the congregation and its subsidiary organizations including reports and weekly bulletins, early financial records and lists of those honored at religious services, copies of resolutions and forms of service and prayers for various occasions in manuscript form. Contains also material relating to the cemetery photographs, the Hebra Hased Va-Amet (the congregational burial society) and to later clergy in the congregation, Henry Pereira Mendes, David de Sola Pool and Louis Coleman Gerstein including published copies of their sermons.

Industrial Removal Office records undated, 1899-1922

Contains Board of Directors minutes (1903, 1907), Executive Committee minutes (1907), Removal Committee minutes (1903-1917), Annual Reports (1910, 1913), Monthly Reports (1901-1919), Monthly Bulletins (1914-1915), studies of those removed, Bressler's "The Removal Work, Including Galveston," and several papers relating to the IRO and immigration. Financial papers include a budget (1914), comparative per capita cost figures (1909-1922), audits (1915-1918), receipts and expenditures (1918-1922), investment records, bank balances (1907-1922), removal work cash book (1904-1911), office expenses cash account (1903-1906), and the financial records of other agencies working with the IRO (1906). Includes also removal case records of first the Jewish Agricultural Society (1899-1900), and then of the IRO (1901-1922) when it took over its work, family reunion case records (1901-1904), and the follow-up records of persons removed to various cities (1903-1914). Contains also the correspondence of traveling agents' contacts throughout the U.S. from 1905-1914, among them Stanley Bero, Henry P. Goldstein, Philip Seman, and Morris D. Waldman.

Aaron Lopez papers, undated, 1752-1794, 1846, 1852, 1953.

Contains approximately 6800 manuscripts arranged chronologically by year for years 1752-1794. Approximately 100 are letters received or written by Lopez, his partner and father-in-law, Jacob Rodriguez Rivera, members of his family and company, and commercial agents pertaining to business activities and sailing orders for the captains of various ships. Several also refer to personal matters and acquaintances, including a series of six letters from Silas Cooke of White Hall (Middletown), R.I., to Aaron Lopez, asking his aid in returning a run-away slave (1776). The great majority of the collection consists of account records, bills of sale, orders, shipping agreements, lists of sailors on the various ships, repair records and cargo invoices. Of particular interest are a receipt for payment of a half-year's subscription to the "tzedakah" of Congregation Nefutzei Israel, Newport (1755) and several documents that reveal Lopez as a supplier of kosher meat and other religious articles to people in various parts of the colonies, Surinam, and Jamaica. Also included in this group are copies of sailing lists, documents pertaining to Lopez's naturalization which shed light upon the status of a Jew applying for citizenship in Massachusetts and a check to Lopez from the United States government for a loan made during the Revolutionary War (1779).

Myer S. Isaacs collection undated, 1844, 1851-1925

Contains correspondence and newspaper clippings relating to the centennial birthday celebration of and memorial services for Sir Moses Montefiore; correspondence consists primarily of replies to a circular advocating the holding of memorial services issued by the Board of Delegates on Civil and Religious Rights from congregations in Buffalo, Charleston, Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, and Detroit. Contains also correspondence relating to the activities of the Alliance Israelite Universelle on behalf of Palestine and the Jews in the Balkan States and Morocco and to the establishment of United States committees for the Alliance and the raising of funds, including correspondence with H. Pereira Mendes, Henry S. Jacobs, John Hay, and Adolphe Cremieux as well as letters from Baltimore, Cleveland, Detroit, Galveston, Minneapolis, Mobile, Rochester, St. Louis, and San Francisco. Also contains extensive correspondence concerning anti-semitism in Russia, aid to Jewish immigrants, and Jewish agricultural colonies in the United States, with letters from James G. Blaine, Manuel Augustus Kursheedt, Sabato Morais, Charles Nathan, Hirsch Leib Sabsovich, (Isaac N.?) Seligman and Judah Wechsler, among others. Also contains newspaper clippings and other items relating to Jewish life during the late 19th century and articles and memorabilia about various members of the Isaacs family.

Risk assessment for airborne infectious diseases between natural ventilation and split-system air conditioner in a university classroom

Indoor air quality is a critical factor in the classroom due to high people concentration in a unique space. Indoor air pollutant might increase the chance of both long and short-term health problems among students and staff, reduce the productivity of teachers and degrade the student’s learning environment and comfort. Adequate air distribution strategies may reduce risk of infection in classroom. So, the purpose of air distribution systems in a classroom is not only to maximize conditions for thermal comfort, but also to remove indoor contaminants. Natural ventilation has the potential to play a significant role in achieving improvements in IAQ. The present study compares the risk of airborne infection between Natural Ventilation (opening windows and doors) and a Split-System Air Conditioner in a university classroom. The Wells-Riley model was used to predict the risk of indoor airborne transmission of infectious diseases such as influenza, measles and tuberculosis. For each case, the air exchange rate was measured using a CO2 tracer gas technique. It was found that opening windows and doors provided an air exchange rate of 2.3 air changes/hour (ACH), while with the Split System it was 0.6 ACH. The risk of airborne infection ranged between 4.24 to 30.86 % when using the Natural Ventilation and between 8.99 to 43.19% when using the Split System. The difference of airborne infection risk between the Split System and the Natural Ventilation ranged from 47 to 56%. Opening windows and doors maximize Natural Ventilation so that the risk of airborne contagion is much lower than with Split System.

Expected Performance of the ATLAS Experiment - Detector, Trigger and Physics

A detailed study is presented of the expected performance of the ATLAS detector. The reconstruction of tracks, leptons, photons, missing energy and jets is investigated, together with the performance of b-tagging and the trigger. The physics potential for a variety of interesting physics processes, within the Standard Model and beyond, is examined. The study comprises a series of notes based on simulations of the detector and physics processes, with particular emphasis given to the data expected from the first years of operation of the LHC at CERN.

Learning Challenges in Biogas Production for Sustainability : An activity theoretical study of a network from a swine industry chain

This study is about the challenges of learning in the creation and implementation of new sustainable technologies. The system of biogas production in the Programme of Sustainable Swine Production (3S Programme) conducted by the Sadia food processing company in Santa Catarina State, Brazil, is used as a case example for exploring the challenges, possibilities and obstacles of learning in the use of biogas production as a way to increase the environmental sustainability of swine production. The aim is to contribute to the discussion about the possibilities of developing systems of biogas production for sustainability (BPfS). In the study I develop hypotheses concerning the central challenges and possibilities for developing systems of BPfS in three phases. First, I construct a model of the network of activities involved in the BP for sustainability in the case study. Next, I construct a) an idealised model of the historically evolved concepts of BPfS through an analysis of the development of forms of BP and b) a hypothesis of the current central contradictions within and between the activity systems involved in BP for sustainability in the case study. This hypothesis is further developed through two actual empirical analyses: an analysis of the actors senses in taking part in the system, and an analysis of the disturbance processes in the implementation and operation of the BP system in the 3S Programme. The historical analysis shows that BP for sustainability in the 3S Programme emerged as a feasible solution for the contradiction between environmental protection and concentration, intensification and specialisation in swine production. This contradiction created a threat to the supply of swine to the food processing company. In the food production activity, the contradiction was expressed as a contradiction between the desire of the company to become a sustainable company and the situation in the outsourced farms. For the swine producers the contradiction was expressed between the contradictory rules in which the market exerted pressure which pushed for continual increases in scale, specialisation and concentration to keep the production economically viable, while the environmental rules imposed a limit to this expansion. Although the observed disturbances in the biogas system seemed to be merely technical and localised within the farms, the analysis proposed that these disturbances were formed in and between the activity systems involved in the network of BPfS during the implementation. The disturbances observed could be explained by four contradictions: a) contradictions between the new, more expanded activity of sustainable swine production and the old activity, b) a contradiction between the concept of BP for carbon credits and BP for local use in the BPfS that was implemented, c) contradictions between the new UNFCCC1 methodology for applying for carbon credits and the small size of the farms, and d) between the technologies of biogas use and burning available in the market and the small size of the farms. The main finding of this study relates to the zone of proximal development (ZPD) of the BPfS in Sadia food production chain. The model is first developed as a general model of concepts of BPfS and further developed here to the specific case of the BPfS in the 3S Programme. The model is composed of two developmental dimensions: societal and functional integration. The dimension of societal integration refers to the level of integration with other activities outside the farm. At one extreme, biogas production is self-sufficient and highly independent and the products of BP are consumed within the farm, while at the other extreme BP is highly integrated in markets and networks of collaboration, and BP products are exchanged within the markets. The dimension of functional integration refers to the level of integration between products and production processes so that economies of scope can be achieved by combining several functions using the same utility. At one extreme, BP is specialised in only one product, which allows achieving economies of scale, while at the other extreme there is an integrated production in which several biogas products are produced in order to maximise the outcomes from the BP system. The analysis suggests that BP is moving towards a societal integration, towards the market and towards a functional integration in which several biogas products are combined. The model is a hypothesis to be further tested through interventions by collectively constructing the new proposed concept of BPfS. Another important contribution of this study refers to the concept of the learning challenge. Three central learning challenges for developing a sustainable system of BP in the 3S Programme were identified: 1) the development of cheaper and more practical technologies of burning and measuring the gas, as well as the reduction of costs of the process of certification, 2) the development of new ways of using biogas within farms, and 3) the creation of new local markets and networks for selling BP products. One general learning challenge is to find more varied and synergic ways of using BP products than solely for the production of carbon credits. Both the model of the ZPD of BPfS and the identified learning challenges could be used as learning tools to facilitate the development of biogas production systems. The proposed model of the ZPD could be used to analyse different types of agricultural activities that face a similar contradiction. The findings could be used in interventions to help actors to find their own expansive actions and developmental projects for change. Rather than proposing a standardised best concept of BPfS, the idea of these learning tools is to facilitate the analysis of local situations and to help actors to make their activities more sustainable.

Coalition Formation With Communication Ranges and Moving Targets

A team of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with limited communication ranges and limited resources are deployed in a region to search and destroy stationary and moving targets. When a UAV detects a target, depending on the target resource requirement, it is tasked to form a coalition over the dynamic network formed by the UAVs. In this paper, we develop a mechanism to find potential coalition members over the network using principles from internet protocol and introduce an algorithm using Particle Swarm Optimization to generate a coalition that destroys the target is minimum time. Monte-Carlo simulations are carried out to study how coalition are formed and the effects of coalition process delays.

Evaluación de arreglos de siembra sobre el crecimiento y rendimiento del cultivo del sorgo (Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench), variedad pinolero

El presente trabajo se realizó con la finalidad de determinar el efecto de arreglos de siembra (0.3 metro entre surco por 5 plantas por metro lineal 0.4 metro entre surco por 7 plantas por metro lineal; 0.5 metro entre surco por 10 plantas por metro lineal 0.7 metro entre surco por 15 plantas por metro lineal ; 0.8 metro entre surco por 18 plantas por metro lineal 0.9 metro entre surco por 23 plantas por metro lineal) sobre el crecimiento y rendimiento del cultivo del sorgo (Sorghum bicolor L.) en la variedad Pinolero, bajo las condiciones ecológicas de la finca La Concepción, Nagarote León. El ensayo se estableció en la siembra de postrera de 1999, utilizándose un diseño de bloques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones. Los componentes de crecimiento (altura, diámetro y hojas por planta) presentaron diferencias significativas a los 45, 60 y 75 días después de la siembra De las variables evaluadas para el rendimiento y sus principales componentes, se encontraron diferencias significativas para las variables ramillas/panoja, granos/ramillas, granos/panoja, plantas acamadas/ha, plantas cosechadas/ha y rendimiento de grano. Los resultados de los análisis de varianza y económico indican que el arreglo de siembra 0.5 metro entre surco por 10 plantas por metro lineal, se obtuvo el mayor rendimiento (4,975.0 kg/ha) y la más alta rentabilidad económica, con una tasa de retomo marginal del 297 por ciento.

Efecto de reguladores de crecimiento, L-Cisteína y ácido ascórbico en el cultivo in vitro de mora de castilla (Rubus glaucus benth)

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo central contribuir al desarrollo de tecnología para la propagación in vitro de mora de castilla (Rubus glaucus Benth). Para ello se adaptó las técnicas de propagación in vitro desarrolladas por el Laboratorio de Cultivo de Tejidos de la Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Colombia y se introdujo la variedad Rizaralda, cultivar de alto rendimiento y calidad, utilizada por productores de mora de castilla en la zona andina colombiana. Los ensayos se llevaron a cabo en el Laboratorio de Cultivo de Tejidos Vegetales del Programa Recursos Genéticos Nicaragüenses (REGEN), Facultad de Agronomía de la Universidad Nacional Agraria. El material experimental provino de vitro plantas de mora de castilla, facilitadas por la Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Colombia. El estudio se desarrolló en dos fases. En la primera se ejecutaron evaluaciones sobre tres componentes del medio de cultivo de multiplicación acelerada. Para ello se realizaron tres ensayos experimentales: efecto del regulador de crecimiento 6-bencilaminopurina (BAP) en combinación de ácido giberélico (GA3), efecto del ácido ascórbico y efecto de la L-cisteína sobre vitroplantas de mora de castilla. En la segunda fase se indujo el enraizamiento de vitroplantas obtenidas en la fase I. En las evaluaciones realizadas en esta fase se establecieron de igual forma tres ensayos: inducción de raíces con el regulador de crecimiento ácido indolacético (AIA), efecto del AIA y consistencia del medio de cultivo sobre la formación de raíces y efecto del AIA, ácido indolbutírico (IBA) y ácido naftalenacético (ANA) en la formación de raíces.Utilizando para ambas fases las sales minerales de Murashige y Skoog (1962), suplementadas con tiamina 0.4 mg/l, mio-inositol 100 mg/l, sacarosa 30 g/l, Gelrite 3 g/l y ajustando el pH a 6. Los explantes se incubaron bajo condiciones de 18 °C, 16 horas luz y 4000 lux. Según los resultados se estableció que el mejor tratamiento para la multiplicación acelerada de vitroplanta de mora de castilla fue 6-bencilaminopurina con 2.5 mg/l + 0.03 mg/l GA3, obteniéndose una mayor producción de hijos, con un promedio de 3.13. En cuanto a la L-cisteína y ácido ascórbico no se establecieron influencia significativa entre tratamientos. En la segunda fase se estableció que el mejor tratamiento con 100 % de plantas enraizadas y 6.98 raíces por planta fue 1 mg/l de IBA, contrario al AIA que produjo menos del 50 % de plantas enraizadas. Por otra parte la consistencia del medio de cultivo no tuvo ninguna influencia en la producción de raíces.

Evaluación de tres sistemas de manejo agronómico sobre el crecimiento, estructura productiva, acumulación de biomasa, rendimiento y calidad del cafe (Coffea arabica L.) vr. Costa Rica 95

Con el objetivo de determinar el efecto de la sombra y la aplicación de fertilizantes químicos sobre el desarrollo de algunas variables de crecimiento, la estructura productiva y la calidad, tanto física como organoléptica, del café (Coffea arabicaL.) variedad Costa Rica 95, se realizó el presente estudio en la Finca San Francisco, en el municipio de San Marcos, departamento de Carazo, Nicaragua. Consistió de tres parcelas: una a pleno sol con aplicación de fertilizantes y dos bajo sombra de Madero Negro (Gliricidia sepium (Jacquin) Kunth ex Walpers). Solamente una de estas dos parcelas sombreadas recibió fertilización. Se tomaron ocho plantas de café como parcela útil para la toma de variables de crecimiento, estructura productiva y acumulación de biomasa en cada uno de los muestreos. Las variables medidas fueron: altura del tallo, diámetro del tallo, número de nudos en el tallo principal, número de ramas primarias totales y productivas, número de ramas secundarias totales y productivas, número de ramas terciarias totales y productivas, número de ramas agotadas o muertas, rendimiento y la calidad del café. Además, empleando el método destructivo, se determinó la cantidad de biomasa acumulada en los diferentes componentes de la planta de café y su contenido de nitrógeno. Los datos recopilados fueron sometidos a un análisis T de Student para comparar las medias de los diferentes tratamientos estudiados. Se encontró que la fertilización tiene un efecto muy importante en el crecimiento y en el desarrollo de las estructuras productivas del cafeto; sin embargo la sombra juega un papel mucho más importante en la obtención de un café de calidad. También se encontró que la acumulación de biomasa y nitrógeno es afectada por la fertilización y la luz solar ya que se encontraron diferencias entre las plantas fertilizadas y las no fertilizadas y entre las plantas bajo sombra y las cultivadas a plena exposición solar.

Evaluación de arreglos de siembra sobre el rendimiento del cultivo del sorgo (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench.) variedad pinolero

Este trabajo se realizó con la finalidad de determinar el efecto de arreglos de siembra (0.3 metro entre surco por 5 plantas por metro lineal; 0.4 metro entre surco por 7 plantas por metro lineal; 0.5 metro entre surco por 10 plan­ tas por metro lineal; 0.7 metro entre surco por 15 plantas por metro lineal; 0.8 metro entre surco por 18 plantas por metro lineal; 0.9 metro entre surco por 23 plantas por metro lineal) sobre el rendimiento del cultivo del sorgo (Sorghum bicolor L.) variedad Pinolero, bajo las condiciones ecológicas de La finca La Concepción, Nagarote, León. El ensayo se estableció en postrera de 1999, utilizándose un diseño de bloques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones. Para las variables evaluadas (plantas acamadas I ha, plantas cosechadas I ha y rendimiento de grano) se encontraron diferencias significativas entre tratamientos. Los resultados de los análisis de varianza y económico indican que el arreglo de siembra 0.5 metro entre surco por 10 plantas por metro lineal, obtuvo el mayor rendimiento (4 975.0 kg I ha) y la más alta rentabilidad económica, con una tasa de retomo marginal del 297 por ciento.

Reguladores de crecimiento, L-cisteina y ácido ascórbico en el cultivo in vitro de Mora (Rubus glaucus Benth)

El presente trabajo se llevó a cabo en el laboratorio de cultivo de tejidos vegetales del Programa de Recursos Genéticos Nicaragüen ses (REGEN) de la Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional Agraria, Managua, Nicaragua, con el objetivo de adoptar la técnica de propagación in vitro del cultivo de mora e introducir la variedad Rizaralda. El material vegetal fue traído de la Universidad Nacional de Pereira, Colombia. Los explantes fueron desinfectados y estableci dos en un medio MS semisólido suplementado con 1 mg/l de BAP y 0.3 mg/l de GA 3 . El ensayo se desarrolló en dos fases. En la primera fase (fase de multiplicación) se evaluaron diferentes concentraciones de las fitohormonas BAP y GA 3 ; la vitamina acido ascórbico y el aminoácido (L–cisteina). La combinación hormonal BAP 2.5 mg/l y GA 3 0.03 mg/l fue el mejor tratamiento, lográndose una producción de hijos de 3.13 en promedio. En la segunda fase (enraizamiento) se evaluaron las fitohormonas AIA, IBA y ANA, asi como la consis tencia del medio; obteniéndose un 100 % de plantas enraizadas con un promedio de 6.98 raíces por planta con 1.4 mg/l de IBA en medio semisolido.

Determinación de período crítico de Plutella xylostella (L) en el cultivo de repollo (Brassica oleracea L.) durante la época de apante

Con el objetivo de determinar el periodo crítico del daño de plutella xylo0stella l. en el cultivo de repollo se estableció un experimento de campo en la época seca (enero-abril, 1989) en el valle de sebaco, Matagalpa. Los tratamiento evaluados fueron diferente periodo de protección, de 0-30,0-50,0-90,30-90,50-90 días después del transplante (DDT) y sin protección utilizando aspersiones de la mezcla de insecticidas DIPEL (bacillus thurigiensis 780 g/ha) y tamaron (metamidofos 1.5 1t/ha). Los resultados indican que las poblaciones de plutella encontradas en las etapas del crecimiento vegetativo y de formación de copa (30-50 DDT) no influyen sobre el rendimiento y la calidad de repollo. Las poblaciones de plutella encontradas en la etapa de formación de la cabeza (50-90 DDT) afectan adversamente el precio de cabeza y el ingreso econom8ico causando pérdidas. Por lo tanto la época de formación de cabeza se puede considerar como el periodo crítico del daño de plutella en repollo. Durante la época de formación de cabeza el nivel de daño económico estimado a través de la relación entre la perdida y las poblaciones de plutella, resulto igual a 0.83 larvas por planta lo que se considera alto en comparación con las cifras reportadas en la literatura.