Increased Antioxidant Content in Juice Enriched with Dried Extract of Pomegranate (Punica granatum) Peel

Antioxidants are compounds responsible for free radical scavenging in the body. They protect the organism from oxidative modification of cells and tissues. These modifications have been associated with degenerative diseases, atherosclerosis and carcinogenesis. Punica granatum displays high antioxidant potential due to the presence of phenolic compounds, which are capable of disease prevention. The present study showed the highest antioxidant activity in pomegranate peel than in seeds and pulp. Based on these results, pomegranate peel was used to produce dried extract that was added to commercial tomato juice and orange juice with strawberries. Analysis to determine the content of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity was performed on pomegranate pulp, seeds and peel and in juices enriched with dried extract of pomegranate peel. The dried extract was responsible for a significant increase in antioxidant activity of the juices, proportional to the concentrations added. However, although both flavors of enriched juices displayed high antioxidant levels, the samples with higher dried extract concentrations received the lowest scores from sensory analysis participants due to the characteristic astringent flavor of pomegranate peels. Therefore, to obtain greater acceptance in the consumer market, we concluded that the maximum addition of dried pomegranate peel extract is 0.5% in tomato juice and orange juice with strawberries.

CHARACTERIZATION STUDY OF CAMBUCI FRUIT [Campomanesia phaea (O. Berg.) Landrum] AND ITS APPLICATION IN JELLY PROCESSING

CHARACTERIZATION STUDY OF CAMBUCI FRUIT [Campomanesia phaea (O. Berg.) Landrum] AND ITS APPLICATION IN JELLY PROCESSING The objective of this paper was to study possible differences of varieties of cambuci fruit reported by producers by means of fruit characterization and elaboration of jelly. The fruits were divided in four possible varieties groups, named as A, B, C and D, and submitted to analysis regarding weight, ash, moisture, pH, soluble solids, acidity, ratio, ascorbic acid and water activity. To the preparation of the jelly was chosen the variety A with two formulations, 50%50% and 40%60%, fruit and sugar respectively. Concerning the possible varieties of cambuci only water activity was not significantly different. The acidity and ratio of B variety are noteworthy, because it did differ from the others presenting a more satisfactory result for in natura consumption. All other tests presented statistic alteration of at least one variety, but since these data can be influenced by edaphoclimatic conditions they must be carefully observed. Lower results for pH, acidity, luminosity and degrees hue, were observed for the 60% sugar jelly sample, which contributed for its better results in the preference test for the attributes appearance, color, flavor and texture. The evaluation of attribute aroma of both samples (50% and 60%) did not differ.

Influence of Osmotic Dehydration on Ascorbic Acid Loss in Pickled Dry Peppers (Capsicum chinense)

The objective of this work was (1) to develop a dehydrated pepper with 45% humidity, determining the drying curves for pepper, with and without osmotic pre-treatment and (2) to evaluate the influence of both drying and osmotic treatment on the content ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in fresh pepper and pepper with 45% humidity. The experiments were carried out using the peppers cut in half, with and without osmotic pre-treatment, followed by drying in an oven at 70 degrees C. The results showed that the osmotic pretreatment did not influence the retention of ascorbic acid during the drying of pepper. The sensory analysis regarding the color, flavor, and texture attributes revealed that there was no difference in the acceptability.

Análise sensorial, teores de nitrato e de nutrientes de alface cultivada em hidroponia sob águas salinas

O presente trabalho teve como objetivos determinar os teores de nutrientes e de nitrato e realizar análise sensorial de alface cultivada em sistema hidropônico sob água salina. O experimento foi conduzido em ambiente protegido no período de dezembro de 2007 a janeiro de 2008, em Piracicaba (SP). O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, sendo estudados cinco níveis de salinidade da água de irrigação, utilizando-se NaCl (Condutividade elétrica da água (CEa): 0,42, 1,53, 3,52, 5,55 e 7,43 dS m-1) em duas cultivares de alface (Verônica e Pira Roxa), em esquema fatorial. Foram avaliados a análise sensorial aplicando escala hedônica e através dessa, o que os provadores mais apreciaram e o que menos gostaram de cada amostra, intenção de compra e consumo, teor de nitrato, absorção de nutrientes pela folhas e determinação dos nutrientes presentes na solução nutritiva. Para o atributo sabor a cultivar Verônica recebeu as melhores notas no nível de salinidade 1,53 e 5,55 dS m-1. Para a cultivar Pira Roxa a melhor nota foi atribuída para a alface produzida na água não salina. Para os demais atributos não houve diferença significativa nos diferentes níveis de salinidade. Com relação à intenção de compra, constatou-se que as alfaces cv. Verônica e Pira Roxa apresentaram boa aceitação de mercado. Os menores níveis de nitrato (1960 mg kg-1 e 2620 mg kg-1 de massa de matéria fresca), da Verônica e Pira Roxa, respectivamente, foram relacionados à condutividade elétrica de 0,42 dS m-1, aumentando a salinidade da água para 7,43 dS m-1, o teor foliar de nitrato aumentou para 2500 mg kg-1 e 3420 mg kg-1 para as cultivares Verônica e Pira Roxa. Como o tempo de exposição da alface à salinidade em sistema hidropônico foi curto, em torno de 25 dias, não se verificou sintomas de deficiência nutricional e toda alface foi classificada como apropriada para consumo humano.

Influence of osmotic dehydration on ascorbic acid loss in pickled dry peppers (Capsicum chinense)

The objective of this work was (1) to develop a dehydrated pepper with 45% humidity, determining the drying curves for pepper, with and without osmotic pre-treatment and (2) to evaluate the influence of both drying and osmotic treatment on the content ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in fresh pepper and pepper with 45% humidity. The experiments were carried out using the peppers cut in half, with and without osmotic pre-treatment, followed by drying in an oven at 70 ºC. The results showed that the osmotic pretreatment did not influence the retention of ascorbic acid during the drying of pepper. The sensory analysis regarding the color, flavor, and texture attributes revealed that there was no difference in the acceptability.

Nota científica: teste de aceitação de bebida mista de soja e amora

O objetivo deste trabalho consistiu em elaborar e avaliar a aceitação de bebida mista de extrato hidrossolúvel de soja (EHS) e suco de amora (SA). As bebidas, produzidas com diferentes proporções de EHS e SA (1:1; 1:1,5; 1:2 m/m), e diferentes concentrações de sólidos solúveis (10, 12 e 14 °Brix), foram analisadas sensorialmente e seus resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e regressão. As diferentes proporções de EHS e SA nas bebidas produzidas interferiram no aroma e na aparência das bebidas; porém, não existiu uma relação direta entre essas proporções e a aceitabilidade desses atributos. O teor de sólidos solúveis, entretanto, influenciou o sabor e a impressão global. A preferência dos provadores, tanto no sabor como na impressão global, recaiu nas bebidas mais doces, havendo uma relação direta entre o teor de açúcar e a aceitação. Todas as bebidas formuladas foram aprovadas pela equipe de provadores.

Quality control of virgin olive oils with regard to different storage and shipment conditions

Virgin olive oil(VOO) is a product characterized by high economic and nutritional values, because of its superior sensory characteristics and minor compounds (phenols and tocopherols) contents. Since the original quality of VOO may change during its storage, this study aimed to investigate the influence of different storage and shipment conditions on the quality of VOO, by studying different solutions such as filtration, dark storage and shipment inside insulated containers to protect it. Different analytical techniques were used to follow-up the quality changes during virgin olive oil storage and simulated shipments, in terms of basic quality parameters, sensory analysis and evaluation of minor components (phenolic compounds, diglycerides, volatile compounds). Four main research streams were presented in this PhD thesis: The results obtained from the first experimental section revealed that the application of filtration and/or clarification can decrease the unavoidable quality loss of the oil samples during storage, in comparison with unfiltered oil samples. The second section indicated that the virgin olive oil freshness, evaluated by diglycerides content, was mainly affected by the storage time and temperature. The third section revealed that fluctuation in temperature during storage may adversely affect the virgin olive oil quality, in terms of hydrolytic rancidity and oxidation quality. The fourth section showed that virgin olive oil shipped inside insulated containers showed lower hydrolytic and oxidation degradation than those without insulation cover. Overall, this PhD thesis highlighted that application of adequate treatment, such as filtration or clarification, in addition to a good protection against other external variables, such as temperature and light, will improve the stability of virgin olive oil during storage.

Pasteurization of Apple Cider with UV Irradiation

In a period of increasing concern about food safety, food poisoning outbreaks where unpasterurized apple cider or apple juice was found contaminated with Escherichia coli 0157:H7 reinforces the need for using the best technologies in apple cider production. Most apple cider is sold as an unpasteurized raw product. Because of their acidity, it was believed that juice products do not usually contain microorganisms such as E. coli 0157:H7, Salmonella, and Crytosporidium. Yet all of these foodborne pathogens are capable of being transmitted in unpasteurized juices. It is known that these pathogens can survive for several weeks in a variety of acidic juices. Although heat pasteurization is probably the best method to eliminate these pathogens, it is not the most desirable method as it changes sensory properties and also is very costly for small to mid-sized apple cider processors. Pasteurization of apple cider with Ultraviolet Irradiation (UV) is a potential alternative to heat pasteurization. Germicidal W irradiation is effective in inactivating microorganisms without producing undesirable by-products and changing sensory properties. Unpasteurized raw apple cider from a small local processor was purchased for this study. The effects of physical parameters, exposure time and dosage on the W treatment efficacy were examined as well as the effects of the UV light on apple cider quality. W light with principal energy at a wavelength of 254.7 nm, was effective in reducing bacteria (E .coli, ATCC 25922) inoculated apple cider. The W dosage absorbed by the apple cider was mathematically calculated. A radiation dose of 8,777 μW-s/cm2 reduced bacteria an average of 2.20 logs and in multiple passes, the FDA mandated 5-log reduction was achieved. Sensory analysis showed there was no significant difference between the W treated and non-treated cider. Experiments with W treated apple cider indicated a significant (p < 0.01) extension of product shelf life through inhibition of yeast and mold growth. The extension of the researched performed is applicable to other fruit juice processing operations.

Aceite esencial de tomillo como antioxidante y conservador de hamburguesas funcionales

Para determinar el poder antioxidante y conservante del aceite esencial de tomillo mendocino (Acantholippia seriphioides) en hamburguesas funcionales, conservadas a 4 ± 0.5 °C, se elaboraron medallones utilizando: 83 % carne vacuna 5 % grasa vacuna 5 % salvado de avena 5 % texturizado de soja 2 % sustituto graso 0.08 g NaCl/kg aceite esencial de tomillo (AET) 106 ufc/g Se estudió: • tipo de envasado: bolsas de poliamidapolietileno; atmósfera modificada: 70 % N 2 y 30 % CO2, y vacío; • tiempo de almacenamiento: 0, 1, 2, 3 y 4 semanas; • dosis de tomillo: 0 y 150 mg AET/kg Los datos se analizaron de acuerdo con un arreglo factorial 2 (tipo de envasado) x 5 (tiempos de almacenamiento) x 2 (dosis de AET) en un diseño de parcelas subdivididas, con 4 repeticiones. Se evaluaron TBA, pH, NBV, color, olor y carga microbiana. Las tres primeras variables se estudiaron mediante el ANOVA. Para color y olor se recurrió a un análisis sensorial descriptivo. La carga microbiana se representó gráficamente. El AET disminuyó el TBA, independientemente del tipo de envasado utilizado. El pH disminuyó en el tiempo siguiendo un modelo polinomial de 2° grado. El NBV resultó significativo para: envasamiento al vacío y 0 mg/kg AET. El AET mantiene los atributos sensoriales durante las dos primeras semanas pero no disminuye la carga microbiana. Conclusión: el AET tiene efecto antioxidante pero no conservante en hamburguesas funcionales de carne vacuna bajo las condiciones del ensayo.

Desarrollo preliminar de descriptores para el análisis sensorial de ajos desecados y liofilizados

El polvo de ajo (Allium sativum L.) es una alternativa para conservar en el tiempo sus propiedades sensoriales y prolongar su vida útil como alimento procesado. En la actualidad, no existe una definición clara de las propiedades sensoriales que caracterizan el ajo ni de las técnicas más adecuadas para su análisis. Los objetivos del presente trabajo fueron estudiar diferentes vehículos y determinar el más apropiado para el análisis sensorial del polvo de ajo, y generar y definir los descriptores para las propiedades sensoriales de olor y flavor de diferentes cultivares deshidratados a través de dos métodos: en estufa a 50°C y por liofilización a -50°C, bajo vacío. Se pretende contribuir a la caracterización de este producto aportando un vocabulario específico y sus definiciones, como así también una metodología sensorial propia. Ocho evaluadores, seleccionados y entrenados de acuerdo con las normas internacionales y con experiencia en análisis sensorial, probaron diferentes vehículos y una vez determinado el más adecuado, desarrollaron el lenguaje descriptivo para los ajos desecados y liofilizados seleccionando por consenso los descriptores que mejor caracterizaban las cultivares, y se definió cada término. Se generaron 31 descriptores simples. Si bien, algunos de los descriptores coincidieron con los publicados en la guía ASTM DS 66 (1996) para ajos frescos, con esta investigación se aportó un amplio número de términos nuevos para la descripción del olor y el flavor de los ajos desecados y liofilizados, los cuales contribuyen a una mejor caracterización sensorial de este producto.

Vinos de Mendoza : relación precio en góndola versus calidad en degustación a ciegas

Cuando un posible consumidor de vinos decide su compra, lo hace influenciado por factores relacionados no sólo con la calidad del producto sino también con el conocimiento que tiene de la marca. Esta investigación se inició con un mapeo de vinos ofrecidos en puntos de venta minorista del Gran Mendoza, para luego realizar una degustación a ciegas con panelistas de la provincia de Mendoza, de sectores de ingresos medios, cuya única condición era la de ser consumidor de vinos. Los vinos elegidos para degustar fueron los que tenían presencia importante en los lugares de venta. Además se realizó una selección en góndola simulada, con vinos presentados con sus precios y packaging. La apreciación sensorial se complementó con el precio que el consumidor pagaría por lo que estaba degustando. En la selección en góndola el panelista no eligió el envase tetrabrik aunque después, al degustar a ciegas el producto, había predisposición a pagar mayor precio que el de mercado. La explicación de tal comportamiento podría encontrarse en que el envase tetrabrik podría asociarse a una clase social baja, mientras que la botella a las clases sociales de mayor ingreso. El análisis sensorial (sentidos: visual, olfativo, gustativo y equilibrio) permitió observar que los panelistas otorgan puntuaciones superiores a la media del rango especificado, en los precios más bajos. El consumidor tiene disposición a pagar precios menores a medida que los precios en góndola son más altos.

Impact on agronomic parameters in Vines and wine quality of foliar treatments with specific fractions of yeast derivatives

In hot Spanish climate, Toledo, Syrah and Sauvignon blanc Vineyard were treated in pre veraison with yeast derivatives RD-LM and RD- LA to stimulate phenolic and aromatic maturity respectively (application of yeast derivatives specifically designed to be used with the patent foliar application technology WO/2014/024039, Lallemand Inc. Canada). For studied effects in berry and wine composition three harvest time had been done. Experimented yeast derivatives had no significant effects on yield components and vegetative growth in both varieties. The Syrah RD-LM variety presented higher total and extractable anthocyanins and also more amount of tannins, although this last ones are not evident in the sensory analysis. The sensory analysis of wine has given very similar results in both varieties but with significant results in favored by phenols and tannins derived RD- LM and RD-LA respectively.

Caracterización de los barrios de bodegas subterráneas de la denominación de origen calificada Rioja. Estudio y comparación de sus condiciones interiores con las de las nuevas bodegas comerciales

Esta tesis pretende demostrar que las bodegas subterráneas suponen un modelo de construcción eficiente y medioambientalmente sostenible para la crianza y el almacenamiento de vinos. Durante la elaboración, crianza y almacenamiento del vino, las condiciones de temperatura y humedad relativa son determinantes en la calidad final del producto. La aparición de defectos en el vino como consecuencia de altas temperaturas durante el proceso crianza es algo conocido desde el siglo pasado, por lo que los enólogos tratan de alcanzar los parámetros que consideran idóneos para una correcta elaboración y envejecimiento del vino recurriendo en la mayoría de las bodegas a la climatización artificial. Las bodegas subterráneas son construcciones históricas en La Rioja y en el conjunto de los pueblos de la Denominación de Origen Calificada Rioja y el objetivo de esta tesis es demostrar que reúnen de forma natural las condiciones idóneas para la crianza del vino debido al diseño de su construcción y sin necesidad de emplear otras energías para conseguirlo. Además, la presencia de estas construcciones en la Denominación de Origen Calificada Rioja supone el origen de la fama de sus caldos y es un patrimonio cultural hoy en día sin explotar. Para demostrar la importancia de estos barrios de bodegas subterráneas, germen de la Denominación de Origen Calificada Rioja, se han inventariado los barrios de todos los municipios acogidos a ésta. Para ello se han visitado todos los municipios y se han fotografiado sus bodegas. En las visitas realizadas durante la catalogación se ha observado que constituyen hoy en día un patrimonio olvidado, que ha evolucionado hacia merenderos o viviendas, incluso en ocasiones abandonadas o derruidas. La conservación de las construcciones se ha cuidado más en la subzona de Rioja Alta, donde aún se pueden encontrar bodegas donde se elabora vino de forma particular, algo más excepcional de encontrar en La Rioja Baja. También se ha observado que los materiales de construcción de los calados empleados en La Rioja Alta suelen ser de piedra labrada o de sillería, mientras que en La Rioja Baja se recurre más a piedra de río o mampostería. Este trabajo se refleja en 2159 fichas que catalogan las bodegas subterráneas localizadas. Con objeto de demostrar que reúnen las condiciones adecuadas para la crianza, se han instalado sensores que han registrado la temperatura y la humedad relativa en las bodegas subterráneas y en bodegas comerciales de las que se diferencian tanto en el diseño constructivo como en las soluciones adoptadas por estas para reunir los parámetros buscados. Los resultados obtenidos en las bodegas subterráneas muestran que estas construcciones tradicionales presentan menos oscilaciones anuales de temperatura y humedad relativa que las salas de crianza de bodegas comerciales, lo que implica una solución constructiva más adecuada para la crianza y conservación del vino. Para corroborar los resultados obtenidos sobre las condiciones interiores, se ha realizado un análisis sensorial de vinos almacenados y criados en bodegas subterráneas comparándolos con los almacenados sin estar sometidos a un control de estos parámetros, como se puede dar en condiciones domésticas, una vez comercializados cuando el enólogo pierde el control sobre ellos. Los resultados demuestran que los vinos almacenados en domicilios particulares presentan diferencias con los almacenados en bodegas subterráneas. Estos resultados son acordes con los datos obtenidos de los sensores colocados en estas bodegas subterráneas, donde la temperatura máxima anual no supera los 20ºC, considerada como umbral máximos permitido durante la crianza por varios autores. ABSTRACT This thesis aims to demonstrate that the underground cellars represent a model of efficient construction and environmentally sustainable for aging and storing wines. During the production, aging and storing wine, temperature and relative humidity are crucial to the final product quality. The appearance of defects in wine as a result of high temperatures during the aging process is something known since the last century, so that winemakers seek to achieve the parameters considered suitable for proper production and aging of wine using the most wineries to artificial air conditioning. The underground cellars are historical buildings in La Rioja and all the peoples of the Designation of Origin Rioja and the aim of this thesis is to demonstrate that naturally meet the conditions for aging wine due to its construction design and without the use of other energy to get it. Furthermore, the presence of these buildings in the Rioja Denomination of Origin represents the origin of the fame of its wines and is a cultural heritage today untapped. To demonstrate the importance of these areas of underground cellars, germ of the Designation of Origin Rioja, they have been inventoried all the districts of municipalities benefiting from this. This will have visited all municipalities and have photographed their cellars. In visits made during cataloging it has been observed that constitute today a forgotten heritage that has evolved to picnic or homes, sometimes even abandoned or demolished. The conservation of the buildings has been more careful in the subzone of Rioja Alta, where you can still find wine cellars where a particular way, something exceptional to find in La Rioja Baja is made. It has also been observed that the building materials used in the drafts La Rioja Alta usually carved stone or masonry, while in La Rioja Baja is most uses of river stone or masonry. This work is reflected in 2159 cataloging records located underground cellars. In order to demonstrate that they meet the conditions suitable for breeding they were installed sensors that recorded the temperature and relative humidity in the underground cellars and commercial wineries which differ both in the building design and the solutions adopted by sought to gather these parameters. The results obtained in the underground cellars show that these traditional buildings have fewer annual fluctuations of temperature and relative humidity of the aging rooms commercial wineries, which implies a more constructive solution suitable for the breeding and conservation of wine. To corroborate the results obtained on domestic conditions, has made a sensory analysis of wines stored and raised underground cellars compared with stored without being subjected to control these parameters, as can occur in domestic conditions, once marketed as winemaker loses control over them. The results show that the wines stored in private homes have differences with those stored in underground cellars. These results are consistent with data obtained from sensors placed in these underground cellars, where the maximum annual temperature is below 20 ° C, considered as maximum allowable threshold for raising by various authors.

Quality attributes of pistachio nuts as affected by rootstocks and deficit irrigation

BACKGROUND: In this work, the influence of two regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) treatments and three different rootstocks on the quality of pistachios was evaluated by analyzing different parameters: morphological analysis, physicochemical analysis and sensory analysis. RESULTS: The results obtained in terms of the choice of rootstock revealed that Pistacia atlantica had increased production yields, nut weight, mineral content, higher intensities of characteristic sensory attributes and a higher degree of consumer satisfaction, than the other rootstocks studied. Moreover, the results established that the application of RDI on pistachio cultivation had no significant influence on production yield, weight, size, colour, water activity or mineral composition. Furthermore, T1 treatment (stem water potential?sensory attributes and a greater level of satisfaction among international consumers. CONCLUSION: These results confirm that the application of deficit irrigation (T1) contributes to an increase in overall product quality. Furthermore, Pistacia atlantica rootstock provided better yield and quality than the other rootstocks studied. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry

Evaluación de la calidad funcional y sensorial en cultivares de Triticum aestivum ssp. vulgare y ssp. spelta en cultivo ecológico

En esta Tesis Doctoral se ha estudiado la influencia del cultivar sobre el comportamiento reológico y panadero de cinco cultivares de trigo sembrados en el mismo año y en el mismo ambiente, en condiciones de cultivo ecológico. Tres de ellos eran de trigo panadero (Triticum aestivum ssp. vulgare), ‘Bonpain’, ‘Craklin’ y ‘Sensas’ y los otros dos de trigo espelta (Triticum aestivum ssp. spelta), ‘Espelta Álava’ y ‘Espelta Navarra’. Actualmente, el alohexaploide trigo panadero (2n=6x=42 genomio AABBDD) supone en torno al 90% del trigo cultivado en el mundo. En cambio, el cultivo del trigo alohexaploide espelta (2n=6x=42 genomio AABBDD) se limita a pequeñas regiones de Europa y de América del Norte. En España, el cultivo de trigo espelta se ha mantenido durante años ligado a la región de Asturias, aunque en la actualidad su cultivo está empezando a diversificarse hacia otras regiones. Esto se debe, fundamentalmente, a su potencial nutricional y a su adaptabilidad a condiciones de agricultura sostenible. El reciente resurgimiento de la espelta en productos de panificación, se debe, en gran parte, a la percepción del consumidor de que se trata de un producto ”más saludable” y “más natural” y con menor requerimiento de insumos que los trigos modernos. A medida que el consumo de alimentos a base de harina de espelta aumenta, se plantea la necesidad de evaluar su calidad harino-panadera, nutricional y sensorial en comparación con los productos elaborados con variedades de trigo común. Se caracterizaron las gluteninas de alto peso molecular (HMW) y las puroindolinas de los cinco cultivares. Se evaluó la calidad del grano, la reología de sus masas y se analizó la calidad instrumental y sensorial de sus panes. Para tal fin se ha puesto a punto un protocolo de panificación adecuado a las características particulares de los trigos espelta y se ha propuesto para el análisis sensorial de los panes un protocolo de selección, entrenamiento y validación de jueces. Teniendo en cuenta la composición en gluteninas HMW de los cultivares, se comprobó su influencia en el volumen de sedimentación y en la fuerza panadera. La composición en puroindolinas se vió reflejada en el parámetro dureza del endospermo. Los resultados indicaron que hay diferencias entre trigo panadero y trigo espelta en parámetros como, la tenacidad y el equilibrio de sus masas, la capacidad de absorción de agua de la harina y el comportamiento de la masa durante el amasado. Los trigos espeltas mostraron menor valor en el tiempo en alcanzar la presión máxima y la tolerancia al amasado, mientras que presentaron valores superiores en el decaimiento a los 250 y 450 segundos respectivamente. Respecto a la calidad de los panes elaborados, los trigos espeltas tenían mayor elasticidad en la miga y mayores valores en el área y en el diámetro de sus alveolos. Estas diferencias en la estructura y textura de la miga fueron también detectadas a nivel sensorial por el panel de jueces. Mediante el perfil sensorial descriptivo, se determinó que uno de los dos panes elaborado con trigo espelta (‘Espelta Navarra’) fue el pan más complejo considerando conjuntamente los atributos de aroma y flavor. En este trabajo no se apreciaron diferencias entre ambos tipos de trigo ni en el contenido en proteína, ni en minerales, ni en la viscosidad de su almidón. ABSTRACT In this Doctoral Thesis, the influence of various cultivars on rheological and baking behavior was studied. Five wheat cultivars were used, all planted in the same year and same organic farming environment. Three were bread wheat (Triticum aestivum ssp. vulgare), 'Bonpain', 'Craklin' and 'Sensas' and the other two were spelt wheat (Triticum aestivum ssp. spelta) , 'Espelta Álava' and 'Espelta Navarra' . Currently, the allohexaploid bread wheat (2n=6x=42 genome AABBDD) represents about 90% of global wheat production. On the other hand, allohexaploid spelt wheat (2n=6x=42 genome AABBDD) is merely produced in small areas of Europe and North America. For many years, the cultivation of spelt wheat in Spain was limited to the region of Asturias, although nowadays its production has begun to spread into other regions. This is owing to its nutritional potential and adaptability to conditions of sustainable agriculture. The recent resurgence of spelt in baking products is mainly due to consumers perception of it, as "healthier" and "more natural", and to the fewer agricultural input requirements compared to modern wheat products. As the consumption of foods made from spelt flour increases, there is a need to assess its baking, nutritional and sensory quality, compared to products made with common varieties of wheat. High molecular weight glutenins and puroindolines from the five cultivars were characterized. The quality of the grain and the rheology of the dough were evaluated and the instrumental and sensory quality of its breads were analyzed. To this end it a baking protocol was appropriately developed to the particular characteristics of spelt wheat and a selection protocol was proposed for the sensory analysis of breads, after proper training and validation of judges. Considering the HMW glutenin composition of the cultivars, the influence on the sedimentation volume and the baking strength was proven. The composition of puroindolines was reflected in the endosperm hardness parameter. The results show that there are differences between bread wheat and spelt wheat on parameters such as the tenacity and tenacity/elasticity ratio of their masses, the water absorption capacity of the flour and the behavior of the dough during kneading. The values for total time to reach maximum pressure and tolerance to mixing were lower for spelt wheat, and higher values were found for the drop at 250 s and 450 s. Regarding the quality of manufactured bread, spelt wheat had the greatest elasticity of the crumb and higher values in the area and diameter of the cells. These differences in the structure and texture of the crumb were also noticed at a sensory level by the panel of judges. It was determined by a descriptive sensory profile that one of the two loaves of bread made with spelt ('Espelta Navarra') was the most complex in the sense of its attributes of scents and flavors altogether. In this study, no differences were appreciated between the two types of wheat or the protein composition, or minerals or viscosity of the starch.