Síndrome de Klinefelter no Adulto: um Caso e Revisão Breve

Introdução: O diagnóstico de Síndrome de Klinefelter é habitualmente tardio (na idade adulta), devido à paucidade de sintomas e amplo espectro clínico e fenotípico, e é frequentemente feito na sequência do estudo de causas de infertilidade. Volume testicular reduzido e azoospermia são as características clínicas mais prevalentes. Caso Clínico: Este artigo descreve o caso clínico de um homem de 40 anos de idade, saudável, que recorreu à consulta de Urologia por testículo esquerdo retráctil e doloroso. Na sequência da avaliação destas queixas foi feita uma ecografia escrotal que mostrou heterogeneidade e atrofia testicular, bem como imagem nodular do testículo direito. Analiticamente, tinha marcadores tumorais normais e o estudo hormonal mostrou diminuição do valor de testosterona e aumento de FSH e LH. Para além disso, o espermograma revelou azoospermia. Foi feita orquidopexia à esquerda e biopsia testicular que mostrou hipertrofia das células de Leydig, sem atipias. O cariótipo feito posteriormente mostrou presença de um cromossoma X supra-numerário em todas as células, compatível com diagnóstico de Síndrome de Klinefelter. Discussão e Conclusão: O estudo da infertilidade é frequentemente aquilo que conduz ao diagnóstico desta síndrome, caracterizada por diminuição das dimensões dos testículos, azoospermia, diminuição do valor sérico de testosterona e alteração do desenvolvimento sexual secundário. É importante o acompanhamento dos doentes para despiste de outras patologias que lhe estão associadas (neoplasia do testículo e da mama, osteoporose), tratamento com suplementação androgénica, quando indicado, e tratamento da infertilidade. Apesar da obtenção de resultados animadores em doentes com espermatozóides identificados na biópsia testicular, por extracção(TESE, testicular sperm extraction) e injecção intracitoplasmática de espermatozóides (ICSI, intracytoplasmic sperm injection), estes restringem-se apenas a alguns centros com experiência.

Localized Abdominal Idiopathic Lipodystrophy

Localized loss of subcutaneous tissue can occur after panniculitis, injections of corticosteroids and other drugs, or associated with infectious, autoimmune or neurologic diseases. The "idiopathic lipoatrophies" are a group of poorly characterized diseases, with focal disappearance of subcutaneous fat, and usually the thighs, abdomen or the ankles are affected. Three subtypes have been described based on clinical presentation: lipoatrophia semicircularis, annular lipoatrophy of the ankles and centrifugal lipodystrophy. We describe a 52-year-old female patient who developed a localized atrophy of the abdominal areas over a period of 3 months without any inflammatory signs over the evolution of the disease. The patient denied any previous local trauma or medication of any type. The atrophy stabilized, showing no progression over the last 6 years. The histopathological examination was normal except for the absence of subcutaneous fat, although the biopsy was taken down to the fascia. There was no clinical or serologic evidence of autoimmune diseases and laboratory testing for Borrelia burgdorferi infection was negative. Other causes of localized lipoatrophies were excluded and the final diagnosis was localized idiopathic lipodystrophy. Our patient is the second report on an abdominal lipodystrophy, with no previous inflammatory signs, absence of subcutaneous fat and no associated pathogenic factor. There is no established treatment for idiopathic lipodystrophy, and the lesions do not tend to resolve spontaneously.

Actinomicose Mandibular Crónica. Implicações Anestésicas e Infecciosas: a Propósito de um Caso Clínico

Doente do sexo feminino, 18 anos, raça negra, natural da Guiné-Bissau, com quadro clínico com 8 anos de evolução, de sinais inflamatórios ao nível de ambos os ângulos da mandíbula, com nódulos palpáveis e drenagem espontânea de material aquoso não purulento, após exodontia de molar mandibular. Para diagnóstico definitivo foi colocada indicação para biópsia mandibular sob anestesia geral. Na avaliação pré-operatória destacava-se uma via aérea previsivelmente muito difícil: mallampati IV, micrognátia com abertura da boca muito limitada (1 cm), distância tiromentoniana < 6 cm e mobilidade cervical limitada, pelo que se programou intubação endotraqueal guiada por fibroscopia. Procedeu-se à intubação nasotraqueal guiada por fibroscopia com tubo 7,0 com cuff, sob sedação endovenosa com midazolam e fentanil, sem intercorrências. A apresentação deste caso tem como objectivo realçar as dificuldades inerentes ao diagnóstico de actinomicose com frequente necessidade de procedimentos invasivos, sob anestesia geral, o que condiciona um risco anestésico importante associado à dificuldade na abordagem da via aérea.

Pneumonia por Pneumocystis e Citomegalovírus no Doente VIH. A Propósito de Dois Casos Clínicos

Nos doentes com infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (VIH) o citomegalovírus torna-se um agente de doença importante quando existe imunossupressão avançada. O seu papel como agente de doença pulmonar neste contexto tem sido amplamente debatido. Nos doentes com pneumocistose, a presença do citomegalovírus no pulmão não parece conferir pior prognóstico, excepto nos que recebem terapêutica adjuvante com corticóides. Os autores apresentam dois casos de doentes com infecção VIH e imunossupressão avançada, admitidos na unidade de cuidados intensivos por insuficiência respiratória. Em ambos houve isolamento de Pneumocystis jirovecii no lavado broncoalveolar. Apesar da terapêutica instituída ambos vieram a falecer. A biópsia pulmonar post mortem mostrou, nos dois casos, a presença de Pneumocystis e inclusões por citomegalovírus. Perante este achado tecem-se algumas considerações sobre o papel do citomegalovírus como agente de pneumonia na SIDA e sobre o seu significado como co-infectante na pneumocistose, sobretudo nos casos de falência terapêutica.

Broncoscopia no Recém-Nascido: Análise Retrospectiva de 67 Casos e Revisão das Indicações

A disponibilidade de broncoscópios cada vez mais sofisticados e versáteis tem alargado o espectro das indicações da endoscopia das vias aéreas no recém-nascido, quer no âmbito diagnóstico, quer terapêutico. Com este trabalho procede-se à análise retrospectiva das broncoscopias realizadas em recém-nascidos e revê-se as indicações desta técnica neste grupo etário. Durante o período de 13 anos foram realizadas 67 broncoscopias em 63 pacientes, o que permitiu o diagnóstico de 45 anomalias e malformações da árvore traqueo-brônquica e a realização de 24 lavados bronco-alveolares. Foi possível resolver atelectasia persistente por remoção endoscópica de secreções em seis casos e, num recém-nascido com atrésia do esófago, definir o trajecto fistuloso por canulação da fístula durante a cirurgia. O broncoscópio flexível foi preferencialmente utilizado para o diagnóstico por visualização directa e o rígido para a realização de alguns procedimentos diagnósticos e terapêuticos. Entre as principais indicações da broncoscopia destacam-se: estridor, acesso não explicado de cianose, hemoptise, imagens pulmonares persistentes ou recidivantes, dificuldades na entubação e na extubação e perturbação persistente da ventilação. A broncoscopia permite ainda a realização de técnicas subsidiárias, como o lavado broncoalveolar,a biópsia e a terapia com laser.

Chronic Allograft Dysfunction - Is There a Treatment?

BACKGROUND: The major causes of renal transplant loss are death and chronic allograft dysfunction (CAD). The aims of this study were to determine the incidence of CAD in our population and the relation between allograft survival and immunosuppressive regimens. METHODS: We studied retrospectively 473 patients who received deceased donor kidney transplants with at least 1 allograft biopsy between January 1990 and May 2007. Clinical data included age, gender, biopsy data, and immunosuppression before and after kidney biopsy. Mean age was 45.4 +/- 12.7 years including 65% males with a mean follow-up of 6.7 +/- 4.5 years. CAD was observed in 177 of 473 biopsies: 48 patients showed interstitial fibrosis (IF); 101 chronic rejection (CR); 16 transplant glomerulopathy (TG); and 12, CR and TG. Mean follow-up since the discovery of the histologic feature was 60.5 +/- 50.5 months for IF; 38.3 +/- 40.8 for CR, and 18.2 +/- 19.2 for TG. RESULTS: CAD, which was more common in younger patients (P = .03), correlated upon univariate and multivariate analysis with CKD stage 5d development (P < .001). Deposition of C4d in peritubular capillaries was more frequent among CAD patients (P = .004), an association with particular relevance to recipients with CR (P = .02) and TG (P < .001). When we analyzed CAD subpopulation, we observed a positive correlation between allograft survival and immunosuppression modification after biopsy. Substitution of sirolimus (40/177) was shown in univariate, multivariate and Cox regression analyses to be a renal protector (P < .002). Allograft survival was also correlated with initial mycophenolate mofetil versus azathioprine, (62/177) immunosuppression (P < .001). CONCLUSION: CAD, a frequent histologic feature, may benefit from sirolimus conversion.

Specificity and Sensitivity of Screening for Anti-HLA Antibodies in Kidney Allograft Dysfunction

BACKGROUND: Prospective testing for posttransplant circulating anti-HLA antibodies seems to be a critical noninvasive tool, but confirmatory data are lacking. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Over the last 3 years, peritubular capillary (PTC) C4d deposition was prospectively sought by an immunofluorescence technique applied to frozen tissue in biopsies obtained for allograft dysfunction. Screening for circulating anti-HLA class I/II alloantibodies (AlloAb) by the flow cytometric test was performed simultaneously. RESULTS: We evaluated 132 sets of biopsies and simultaneous serum samples. PTC C4d deposition was demonstrated in 15.9% (21/132) of biopsies. Circulating anti-HLA I/II AlloAb were detected in 25% (33/132) of serum samples. Employing receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) curves for all C4d-positive biopsies, screening for AlloAb showed a global specificity of 82% and sensitivity of 61.9%. When this analysis was restricted to biopsies obtained in the first month posttransplantation, the sensitivity increased to 81.8%, but the specificity decreased to 76.9%. After the first month posttransplantation, we observed sensitivity of 40.0% and a specificity of 86.4%. In the first month posttransplantation, all patients with a diagnosis of acute antibody-mediated rejection displayed circulating anti-HLA class I/II, but not always at the same time as the C4d-positive biopsy. CONCLUSIONS: In the first month posttransplantation, prospective monitoring of anti-HLA antibodies may be useful. The high sensitivity allows the identification of patients at risk, affording an earlier diagnosis of antibody-mediated rejection. After the first month, the test can be used to evaluate allograft dysfunction episodes, since positivity is highly suggestive of an antibody-mediated process.

Zero-Time Kidney Histology Predicts Early Graft Function

Our purposes are to determine the impact of histological factors observed in zero-time biopsies on early post transplant kidney allograft function. We specifically want to compare the semi-quantitative Banff Classification of zero time biopsies with quantification of % cortical area fibrosis. Sixty three zero-time deceased donor allograft biopsies were retrospectively semiquantitatively scored using Banff classification. By adding the individual chronic parameters a Banff Chronic Sum (BCS) Score was generated. Percentage of cortical area Picro Sirius Red (%PSR) staining was assessed and calculated with a computer program. A negative linear regression between %PSR/ GFR at 3 year post-transplantation was established (Y=62.08 +-4.6412X; p=0.022). A significant negative correlation between arteriolar hyalinosis (rho=-0.375; p=0.005), chronic interstitial (rho=0.296; p=0.02) , chronic tubular ( rho=0.276; p=0.04) , chronic vascular (rho= -0.360;P=0.007), BCS (rho=-0.413; p=0.002) and GFR at 3 years were found. However, no correlation was found between % PSR, Ci, Ct or BCS. In multivariate linear regression the negative predictive factors of 3 years GFR were: BCS in histological model; donor kidney age, recipient age and black race in clinical model. The BCS seems a good and easy to perform tool, available to every pathologist, with significant predictive short-term value. The %PSR predicts short term kidney function in univariate study and involves extra-routine and expensive-time work. We think that %PSR must be regarded as a research instrument.

C4d Presence in Kidney Allograft Biopsy: Sensitivity and Specifity of Immunoperoxidase vs Immunofluorescence

OBJECTIVES: Evaluate the sensitivity/specificity of immunoperoxidase method in comparison with the standard immunofluorescence. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective review of 87 biopsies made for allograft dysfunction. Immunofluorescence (IF) was performed in frozen allograft biopsies using monoclonal antibody anti-C4d from Quidel®. The indirect immunoperoxidase (IP) technique was performed in paraffin-embebbed tissue with polyclonal antiserum from Serotec®. Biopsies were independently evaluated by two nephropathologist according Banff 2007 classification. RESULTS: By IF, peritubular C4d deposition were detected in 60 biopsies and absent in 27 biopsies. The evaluation of biopsy by IP was less precise due to the presence of background and unspecific staining. We find 13.8% (12/87) of false negative and Banff classification concordance in 79.3% (69/87) of cases (table1). The ROC curve study reveal a specificity of 100% and sensitivity of 80.0 % of IP method in relation to the gold standard (area under curve:0.900; 95% Confidence interval :0.817-0.954; p=0.0001). Banff Classification C4d Cases Immunofluorescence Immunoperoxidase n =87 Diffuse Negative 3 (3.4%) Focal Negative 9 (10.3%) Negative Negative 27 (31.0%) Diffuse Diffuse 33 (37.9%) Focal Focal 9 (10.3%) Diffuse Focal 6 (6.9%) CONCLUSION: The IP method presents a good specificity, but lesser sensitivity to C4d detection in allograft dysfunction. The evaluation is more difficult, requiring more experience of the observer than IF method. If frozen tissue is unavailable, the use of IP for C4d detection is acceptable.

Decreased Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Expression in Focal Segmental Glomeruloesclerosis Lesions of Patients Under Sirolimus

Background: Proteinuria (PT) with SRL appears not only after conversion from a calcineurin inhibitor (CI), but also in de novo patients. The PT may be related to a hemodynamic effect of CI withdrawal or to a direct effect of SRL in glomerulus (GL). Recently an association between PT in SRL patients and FSGS lesions has been described. It is also known that SRL decrease VEGF synthesis and experimental data suggest that VEGF is essential to podocyte survival and differentiation. Aim: To determine if glomerular lesions and PT in SRL patients could be related to altered glomerular VEGF expression. Material and methods: We evaluated glomerular VEGF expression in 10 biopsies: A-allograft kidney in backtable (n=3); B-native normal kidney (n=1); C-native kidney with FSGS lesions (n=2); D-allograft kidney with FSGS lesions from proteinuric patients under SRL after conversion from CI (n=3); E-allograft kidney in proteinuric patient under SRL with a membranous glomerulonephritis (n=1). We employed indirect immunohistochemistry in paraffin-embedded sections using a mouse monoclonal antibody against human VEGF-C1 (Santa Cruz). Results: The controls biopsies (A; B) showed normal global VEGF expression, with strong podocyte staining. The VEGF expression in the group C was similar to the controls, although no FSGS lesions were observed in the stained GL. The group D showed normal VEGF expression in the apparently normal GL, hypertrophied podocytes with reduction of VEGF in anomalous GL, and no staining in slcerotic lesions. We observed a gradual reduction of VEGF expression with progressive dedifferentiation of podocytes. In the group E the VEGF was globally reduced, with some hypertrophied podocytes expressing decreased VEGF. Conclusion: We confirmed the diminished VEGF expression in injured podocytes of SRL patients.This decreased expression may result from a direct effect of SRL and precede the appearance of FSGS lesions and PT. Further studies are needed with greater number of cases and controls, including early biopsies of patients under SRL.

Amiloidose. Caracterização Epidemiológica, Clínica e Morfológica

Introdução: A amiloidose é uma doença sistémica, cujo diagnóstico cabe frequentemente ao nefrologista. O tipo de amiloidose varia de acordo com o grau de desenvolvimento do país, com maior prevalência de amiloidose AL nos países ricos. Material e métodos: Revisão retrospectiva de todas as biopsias de rim nativo avaliadas no serviço entre 1981 e 2008. Caracterização clínica dos doentes à data da biópsia. Avaliação morfológica qualitativa do tipo de substância amiloíde por imunofluorescência e imunoperoxidase. Avaliação semi-quantitativa do grau de depósitos de acordo com a sua localização; grau de glomeruloesclerose e fibrose tubulo -interstical. Resultados: Neste período de 28 anos, observámos 202 biópsias positivas para substância amiloíde (3,5% de 5797) num total de 197 doentes (54,4% homens vs 45,5 mulheres), com idade mediana de 59,5 ± 15,6 anos. A maioria (68%) dos doentes foi biopsada por síndrome nefrótico. A insuficiência renal e as alterações assintomáticas urinárias foram os outros principais motivos de biopsia em 15 % e 7% dos casos, respectivamente. Os doentes na altura da biopsia apresentavam proteinúria mediana de 5 g/dia ± 5,4 (n=144) e creatinina mediana de 1,3 ± 1,7 mg/dl (n=150). As amiloidoses foram classificadas como AA em 51% dos casos, AL em 31,6% (25,5% lambda e 5,9% kappa) e Polineuropatia Amiloidótica Familiar em 3,5%. Não foi possível a caracterização do tipo de amilóide, por dificuldade técnica, em 12,8% das biópsias. A amiloidose revelou-se a terceira causa de síndrome nefrótico nos doentes com mais de 65 anos. Os doentes com amiloidose primária são significativamente mais velhos do que aqueles com amiloidose secundária ou PAF (65,2 vs 53,7 vs 52,7 respectivamente, p <0,05).Verificámos uma diminuição da incidência das amiloidoses AA com aumento das AL, com inversão do predomínio das AA em relação as AL a partir de 1995. Em termos morfológicos, a maioria das biópsias caracteriza-se por deposição marcada de amilóide no glomérulo (30% com +++) e nos vasos (40% com +++), com escassa deposição a nível intersticial cortical (60% sem depósitos) e medular (50% sem depósitos). Estudámos as possíveis relações entre manifestações clínicas e morfologia renal. Verificámos uma correlação positiva entre creatinina e grau de fibrose e/ou grau de deposição intersticial. Não encontrámos relação entre proteinúria e grau/local de deposição de amilóide. Conclusões: Actualmente, em Portugal, predomina a amiloidose AL, que surge em doentes mais idosos e se manifesta mais frequentemente por sindrome nefrótico. A função renal a data da biópsia correlaciona-se com o grau de fibrose tubulo-interstical renal.

Clinical and Pathological Findings in Women with Fabry Disease

Introduction. Fabry disease is a rare metabolic disorder caused by the genetic deficiency of the lysosomal hydrolase alpha-galactosidase A, located on chromosome X. Females with the defective gene are more than carriers and can develop a wide range of symptoms. Nevertheless, disease symptoms generally occur later and are less severe in women than in men. The enzyme deficiency manifests as a glycosphingolipidosis with progressive accumulation of glycosphingolipids and deposit of inclusion bodies in lysosomes giving a myelinlike appearance. Patients and Methods. Records of renal biopsies performed on adults from 1st January 2008 to 31st August 2011, were retrospectively examined at the Renal Pathology Laboratory. We retrieved biopsies diagnosed with Fabry disease and reviewed clinical and laboratory data and pathology findings. Results. Four female patients with a mean age of 49.3±4.5 (44-55) years were identified. The mean proteinuria was 0.75±0.3 g/24h (0.4-1.2) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (CKD EPI equation) was 71±15.7 ml/min/1.73m2 (48-83). Three patients experienced extra-renal organ involvement (cerebrovascular, cardiac, dermatologic, ophthalmologic and thyroid) with distinct severity degrees. Leukocyte α-GAL A activity was below normal range in the four cases but plasma and urinary enzymatic activity was normal. Light microscopy showed predominant vacuolisation of the podocyte cytoplasm and darkly staining granular inclusions on paraffin and plastic-embedded semi-thin sections. Electron microscopy showed in three patients the characteristic myelin-like inclusions in the podocyte cytoplasm and also focal podocyte foot process effacement. In one case the inclusions were also present in parietal glomerular cells, endothelial cells of peritubular capillary and arterioles. Conclusion. Clinical signs and symptoms are varied and can be severe among heterozygous females with Fabry disease. Intracellular accumulation of glycosphingolipids is a characteristic histologic finding of Fabry nephropathy. Since this disease is a potentially treatable condition, its early identification is imperative. We should consider it in the differential diagnosis of any patient presenting with proteinuria and/or chronic kidney disease, especially if there is a family history of kidney disease.