Geochemistry on sapropel deposition in the eastern Mediterranean from cores TTR-GL94 and M25/4-KL11

The geochemistry of the youngest Mediterranean sapropel layer suggests changes in productivity and water column oxygen conditions during sapropel deposition. The Ba-enriched interval is broader than the organic-carbon-rich interval of this sapropel. We suggest that the Ba-enriched horizon records the original thickness of the sapropel prior to subsequent partial oxidation. The main carrier of Ba is barite, as microcrystals (0.5-5 µm ) having a morphology characteristic of marine barite, particularly abundant beneath high productivity regions. Ba concentrations do not change at the sapropel layer oxidation front and diagenetic barite crystals are absent, thus the Ba-enriched layer reflects original oceanic conditions of increased biological productivity during sapropel deposition and not diagenetic Ba remobilization. Paleoredox indicators point to restricted oxygenated bottom water but not to fully anoxic conditions. Detrital elements within this layer indicate a lower eolian terrigenous input, enhanced humidity, and increased precipitation/runoff, thus likely higher nutrient supply.

Heavy metal concentrations in fauna from hydrothermal fields of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Distributions of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, Cr, Pb, As, Ag, Cd, Se, Sb, and Hg in 128 samples of tissues of organisms that inhabit hydrothermal vent fields of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (Menez Gwen, Snake Pit, and Rainbow) depending on the abiotic environmental parameters were studied. The majority of the elements studied showed direct correlations between their concentrations in fluids released and in tissues of hydrothermal organisms. A higher degree of bioaccumulation of metals was revealed in Bathymodiolus mussels and Rimicaris shrimps from the Rainbow hydrothermal vent field as compared to their analogues from the Menez Gwen and Snake Pit fields. This corresponds to maximal concentrations of the majority of the metals studied in the Rainbow high-temperature hydrothermal fluids. The highest degree of bioaccumulation of heavy metals was found in gills of symbiotrophic mussels Bathymodiolus and in maxillipeds of ectosymbiotic shrimps Rimicaris, i.e., in organs that function in dependence on chemosynthetic bacteria. Within the Rainbow vent field, the shrimps, which inhabit in biotopes with more high-temperature conditions and therefore are more strongly subjected to influence of fluids, were found to contain higher metal contents than mollusks. Fe-Mn hydroxide films that cover mussel shells might serve as important reservoirs of other metals related to Fe and Mn.

Chemical and isotopic compositions of Archean magmatic and metasedimentary rocks and minerals from the Podolia domain, Ukrainian Shield

Zircons from the oldest magmatic and metasedimentary rocks in the Podolia domain of the Ukrainian shield were studied and dated by the U-Pb method on a NORDSIM secondary-ion mass spectrometer. Age of zircon cores in enderbite gneisses sampled in the Kazachii Yar and Odessa quarries on the opposite banks of the Yuzhnyi Bug River reaches 3790 Ma. Cores of terrigenous zircons in quartzites from the Odessa quarry as well as in garnet gneisses from the Zaval'e graphite quarry have age within 3650-3750 Ma. Zircon rims record two metamorphic events around 2750-2850 Ma and 1900-2000 Ma. Extremely low U content in zircons of the second age group indicates conditions of the granulite facies metamorphism in Paleoproterozoic within the Podolia domain. Measured data on orthorocks (enderbite-gneiss) and metasedimentary rocks unambiguously suggest existence of the ancient Paleoarchean crust in the Podolia (Dniester-Bug) domain of the Ukrainian shield. They contribute in our knowledge of scales of formation and geochemical features of the primordial crust.

(Table 2, page 470), Spectrographic values for the chemical composition of a Pacific Ocean manganese nodule

Average quantitative spectrographic data are presented for V, Ti, Zr, Ni, Co, Sc, Cr and La in the following Pacific deep-sea cores: siliceous ooze (3), red clay (6), volcanic mud (3), calcareous ooze (3) and one manganese nodule, and in 23 near-shore cores, mostly from the Gulf of Mexico.

Redox transitions between oxygen intermediates in cytochrome-c oxidase.

Some intermediates in the reduction of O2 to water by cytochrome-c oxidase have been characterized by optical, Raman, and magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy. The so-called "peroxy" (P) and "ferryl" (F) forms of the enzyme, which have been considered to be intermediates of the oxygen reaction, can be generated when the oxidized enzyme reacts with H2O2, or when the two-electron reduced ("CO mixed-valence") enzyme reacts with O2. The structures as well as the overall redox states of P and F have recently been controversial. We show here, using tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) as a photoinducible reductant, that one-electron reduction of P yields F, and that one-electron reduction of F yields the oxidized enzyme. This confirms that the overall redox states of P and F differ from the oxidized enzyme by two and one electron equivalents, respectively. The structures of the P and F states are discussed.

Analysis of the Kondo effect in ferromagnetic atomic-sized contacts

Atomic contacts made of ferromagnetic metals present zero-bias anomalies in the differential conductance due to the Kondo effect. These systems provide a unique opportunity to perform a statistical analysis of the Kondo parameters in nanostructures since a large number of contacts can be easily fabricated using break-junction techniques. The details of the atomic structure differ from one contact to another so a large number of different configurations can be statistically analyzed. Here we present such a statistical analysis of the Kondo effect in atomic contacts made from the ferromagnetic transition metals Ni, Co, and Fe. Our analysis shows clear differences between materials that can be understood by fundamental theoretical considerations. This combination of experiments and theory allows us to extract information about the origin and nature of the Kondo effect in these systems and to explore the influence of geometry and valence in the Kondo screening of atomic-sized nanostructures.

Estudios experimentales y teóricos de materiales y su optimización para uso como electrodos de baterías de ión-litio.

El presente proyecto se enmarca en el contexto del desarrollo de vectores de energía, particularmente aquellos destinados a almacenar la energía captada desde fuentes alternativas y sustentables, como son las energías eólica y solar, entre otras. Uno de los vectores de energía actualmente más importante lo constituyen las baterías de ión-Litio, las que por sus características de pequeño tamaño, alta densidad de energía y potencia, y larga ciclabilidad, son ampliamente utilizadas para alimentar todos los dispositivos electrónicos de pequeño tamaño (teléfonos móviles, notebooks, etc.). Este tipo de batería es, hasta el momento, la única que puede satisfacer la demanda de voltaje e intensidad de corriente, junto con bajo peso y volumen, del motor de un vehículo eléctrico, por lo que se espera un gran crecimiento de su demanda cuando comience la consolidación del mercado de este tipo de vehículos. Sin embargo, esto sólo será posible con importantes mejoras en los materiales activos que componen ambos electrodos, ánodo y cátodo, y/o con el desarrollo de nuevos materiales activos, que incrementen aun más la densidad de energía almacenada en dichas batería. En la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba hemos constituido un grupo de trabajo abocado a la investigación y desarrollo de materiales activos para ser utilizados como electrodos en este tipo de baterías, un área de investigación que concentra cada vez más la atención de científicos y tecnólogos en todo el mundo, particularmente, de países líderes del sector de electrónica y automotriz. Entre los objetivos del proyecto se pueden mencionar la intención de desarrollar capacidades científicas y técnicas en aspectos de investigación básica y tecnológica de sistemas electroquímicos de almacenamiento de energía, mediante la instalación de un laboratorio de síntesis, caracterización, investigación y ensayo de materiales activos para electrodos de baterías de ión-Litio. Específicamente, se llevará adelante la preparación y estudio electroquímico de materiales de ánodo en base a diferentes tipos de carbonos, de diferentes compuestos de titanatos de metales alcalinos, y de materiales de cátodo en base a diferentes tipos de compuestos de espinelas de fosfato de M-Litio, donde M puede ser Fe, Mn, Ni, Co o mezclas, y el ensayo posterior de celdas prototipo. La metodología de trabajo a aplicar es la del estado-del-arte a nivel mundial, que consiste en las etapas de síntesis, caracterización y estudio de funcionamiento de diferentes tipos de materiales activos para electrodos (ánodo o cátodo) de baterías de ión-Litio. Los procesos de síntesis comprenderán métodos por vía seca desde precursores adecuados (tratamientos térmicos) o por vía húmeda (hidrotermal, sol-gel). La caracterización física, química, estructural y morfológica abarcará la aplicación de técnicas de análisis de área específica y porosidad por método BET, microscopías SEM y TEM, análisis químico EDX, difracción de rayos X, espectroscopías XPS y Raman, y RMN, entre otras. Los estudios electroquímicos se llevarán a cabo utilizando técnicas potenciodinámicas, de multipulsos de potencial, galvanostáticas a diferentes densidades de corriente, espectroscopía de impedancia electroquímica y de ciclados de carga/descarga. Con la ejecución del proyecto se espera obtener materiales activos para electrodos de baterías de ión-Litio que cumplan con características tales como: alta capacidad de carga, adecuada densidad de potencia, alto grado de ciclabilidad, alto grado de seguridad, alta resistencia al envejecimiento, tanto estático como dinámico, y bajo costo del material. Teniendo en cuenta la inminente crisis en la producción mundial de combustibles fósiles líquidos, la necesidad de mudar la tecnología de vehículos actuales a la de vehículos eléctricos, y la disponibilidad nacional de recursos minerales de litio, la importancia del proyecto es directa para avanzar hacia un desarrollo tecnológico regional propio e independiente.

Chemical compositions of Fe-Mn nodules and host sediments from the Northwest Pacific

A number of regularities of ore element accumulation in iron-manganese nodules along the profile from the Tsugaru Strait to the Wake Atoll is identified in the paper. It is shown that the ore process is enhanced to the pelagic zone: in nodules content of ore material increases and content of mineral insoluble residue decreases from near-shore areas to central parts of the ocean. Diagenetic redistribution of the elements between host sediments and nodules resulting to enrichment of the latter increases from bottom sediments of the ocean periphery to fine grained pelagic muds. At absolute enrichment by Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni, Co, Mo, W, Ti, Zr, and V (as compared to host sediments) nodules are relatively enriched in Mn group elements (Cu, Ni, Co, Mo, W) and consequently depleted in Fe group elements (Ti, V, Zr) in the direction from the periphery to the center of the ocean. The ratio of reactive forms of Fe and Mn in host sediments is a factor determining the ratio of Fe group and Mn group elements in nodules.

(Table I, page 1348) Composition of ferromanganese oxide concretions from lake Ontario (Extract)

A large deposit of ferromanganese oxide concretions has been found in the northern portion of Lake Ontario. The concretions occur mainly in the form of coatings on sand grains but manganese nodules are present at several localities. Mineralogically, the ferromanganese oxide phases are amorphous, and their Fe and Mn contents are similar to those in concretions from other environments. However, their Ni, Co, and Cu contents are significantly higher than those reported in previously described North American lacustrine ferromanganese concretions, and this may, in part, be a reflection of their probable low rates of accumulation.

Geochemical parameters of bottom sediments from the Tajura Rift, Gulf of Aden

Results of a geochemical study of bottom sediments from the Tadjura rift zone are reported. The sediments were analyzed for CaCO3, Si, Al, Ti, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Ni, Co, Cr, V, Zr, Ga, Yb and Y. It was found that formation of chemical composition of the sediments was controlled by factors being appropriate for a near-continental area of the arid climatic zone (aeolian supply of terrigenous material and high biological productivity), as well as by hydrothermal activity in the rift valley. It was shown that high Mn contents were typical for the sediments in study while maximal contents of Fe were found near supposed hydrothermal sources. Total flux of Mn into sediments was been calculated. Diagenetic redistribution gives the main contribution of Mn in surface layer sediments. Speciations of Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Ni, Co, and Al were studied. In the surface layer sediments iron and manganese were in hydroxides. Model calculations of contents of chemical elements in sediments of the area in study are given.