Traffic gap judgment in people with significant peripheral field loss.

PURPOSE: Subjects with significant peripheral field loss (PFL) self report difficulty in street crossing. In this study, we compared the traffic gap judgment ability of fully sighted and PFL subjects to determine whether accuracy in identifying crossable gaps was adversely affected because of field loss. Moreover, we explored the contribution of visual and nonvisual factors to traffic gap judgment ability. METHODS: Eight subjects with significant PFL as a result of advanced retinitis pigmentosa or glaucoma with binocular visual field <20 degrees and five age-matched normals (NV) were recruited. All subjects were required to judge when they perceived it was safe to cross at a 2-way 4-lane street while they stood on the curb. Eye movements were recorded by an eye tracker as the subjects performed the decision task. Movies of the eye-on-scene were made offline and fixation patterns were classified into either relevant or irrelevant. Subjects' street-crossing behavior, habitual approach to street crossing, and perceived difficulties were assessed. RESULTS: Compared with normal vision (NV) subjects, the PFL subjects identified 12% fewer crossable gaps while making 23% more errors by identifying a gap as crossable when it was too short (p < 0.05). The differences in traffic gap judgment ability of the PFL subjects might be explained by the significantly smaller fixation area (p = 0.006) and fewer fixations distributed to the relevant tasks (p = 0.001). The subjects' habitual approach to street crossing and perceived difficulties in street crossing (r > 0.60) were significantly correlated with traffic gap judgment performance. CONCLUSIONS: As a consequence of significant field loss, limited visual information about the traffic environment can be acquired, resulting in significantly reduced performance in judging safe crossable gaps. This poor traffic gap judgment ability in the PFL subjects raises important concerns for their safety when attempting to cross the street.

Heritability of peripheral refraction in Chinese children and adolescents: the Guangzhou Twin Eye study.

PURPOSE:

To estimate the heritability of peripheral refraction in Chinese children and adolescents.

METHODS:

The authors examined 72 monozygotic (MZ) twins and 48 dizygotic (DZ) twins aged 8 to 20 years from a population-based twin registry. Temporal and nasal peripheral refraction, each 40° from the visual axis, and axial refraction were measured using an autorefractor. Relative peripheral refractive error (RPRE) was defined as the peripheral refraction minus the axial refraction. Heritability was assessed by structural equation modeling after adjustment for age and sex.

RESULTS:

The mean and SD of temporal refraction (T(40)), nasal refraction (N(40)), RPRE-T(40), RPRE-N(40), and T(40)-N(40) asymmetry were -0.27 ± 2.0 D, 0.36 ± 2.19 D, 1.18 ± 1.39 D, 1.80 ± 1.69 D, and -0.62 ± 1.58 D, respectively. The intraclass correlations for T(40) refraction, N(40) refraction, RPRE-T(40), RPRE-N(40), and T(40)-N(40) asymmetry were 0.87, 0.83, 0.65, 0.74, and 0.58 for MZ pairs and 0.49, 0.42, 0.30, 0.41, and 0.32 for DZ pairs, respectively. A model with additive genetic and unique environmental effects was the most parsimonious, with heritability values estimated as 0.84, 0.76, 0.63, 0.70, and 0.55, respectively, for the peripheral refractive parameters.

CONCLUSIONS:

Additive genetic effects appear to explain most of the variance in peripheral refraction and relative peripheral refraction when adjusting for the effects of axial refraction.

Salivary proteomics and peptidomics of type 1 diabetes Mellitus

A Diabetes Mellitus (DM) compreende um conjunto de desordens metabólicas comuns caracterizadas por hiperglicemia, que afeta diferentes órgãos do organismo. Ao longo do tempo, ocorrem danos microvasculares no glomérulo renal, retina e nervos periféricos, bem como doença macrovascular nas artérias. A composição da saliva também é afetada pela DM, com consequências na homeostasia oral. No entanto, o proteoma e o peptidoma salivar têm sido pouco explorados na DM tipo 1 e nas suas complicações crónicas. Tendo em conta o crescente interesse na saliva como fluido diagnóstico, o objetivo principal deste trabalho foi avaliar os eventos proteolíticos subjacentes à DM tipo 1 e às suas complicações microvasculares, bem como, caracterizar as alterações induzidas pela DM tipo 1 no proteoma e peptidoma salivar. A DM tipo 1 e particularmente as complicações microvasculares associadas modulam o perfil proteolítico dos fluidos biológicos, com diferenças significativas de atividade observadas na urina e saliva, atribuídas principalmente ao complexo Metaloproteinase da Matriz (MMP)-9/lipocalina associada à gelatinase de neutrófilos, aminopeptidase N, azurocidina e calicreína 1. O aumento da atividade proteolítica observado na saliva total dos diabéticos resultou no aumento da percentagem de péptidos, principalmente de um número acrescido de fragmentos de colagénio do tipo I, refletindo possivelmente um estado inflamatório crónico dos tecidos orais e periodontais. O peptidoma também corrobora uma maior suscetibilidade das proteínas salivares, especificamente, das proteínas ricas em prolina básicas (bPRP) 1, bPRP2 e proteínas ricas em prolina ácidas (aPRP) à proteólise, evidenciando a geração de fragmentos de proteínas associadas à ligação a bactérias. A análise do proteoma salivar baseada em iTRAQ mostrou uma sobre-expressão de L-plastina, fator do adenocarcinoma do pâncreas e das proteínas S100-A8 e S100-A9, enfatizando a importância do sistema imune inato na patogénese da DM tipo 1 e das complicações microvasculares associadas. A análise integrada de todas as proteínas expressas diferencialmente entre os pacientes diabéticos com ou sem complicações microvasculares e indivíduos saudáveis foi realizada com o STRING, onde se observam três conjuntos funcionalmente ligados, um compreende a interação entre o colagénio tipo I, colagénio tipo II e MMP-9, um segundo conjunto envolve a MMP-2 e o colagénio de tipo I e um terceiro conjunto composto por proteínas salivares e inflamatórias. Estes conjuntos estão associados com as vias Kegg de interação recetor-matriz extracelular, de adesão focal e migração transendotelial dos leucócitos. Por outro lado, a análise do proteoma e peptidoma salivar destacou potenciais biomarcadores para o diagnóstico e prognóstico da DM tipo 1 e das suas complicações.

Estudo exploratório da excitabilidade axonal com a "técnica threshold tracking" : controlos saudáveis e doentes com polineuropatia amilóide familiar

Tese de mestrado, Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 2015

Estudo da vascularização dos nervos periféricos e da sua influência na regeneração nervosa : estudo experimental e no cadáver humano

RESUMO: Na clínica, a recuperação funcional que se segue a uma lesão nervosa raramente é atingida na sua totalidade. A reinervação, quer motora, quer sensitiva, ocorre geralmente com maior ou menor deficit. Interessa, então, identificar os factores que podem interferir na regeneração nervosa. O neurónio é a unidade anatómica fundamental do sistema nervoso periférico e é muito vulnerável à isquemia pela grande distância que existe entre o corpo neuronal e a extensão do axónio, que pode ser de apenas alguns milímetros ou até atingir um metro. É, por isso, fundamental o estudo da vascularização do nervo periférico e da sua influência na regeneração nervosa. O resultado deste estudo pode levar ao desenvolvimento de técnicas cirúrgicas que criem as condições que garantam, por sua vez, a revascularização precoce do nervo periférico em caso de lesão, ou mesmo em caso de doenças, nas quais a vascularização do nervo está alterada como, por exemplo, na neuropatia diabética. O estudo da vascularização do nervo periférico realizou-se através da investigação da vascularização do nervo mediano do cadáver humano, pela investigação da vascularização do nervo isquiático do rato Wistar e do Plexo Braquial (PB) do mesmo. A vascularização do PB do rato não é muito diferente daquela que é reportada na espécie humana, existindo uma homologia entre o rato e o Homem no que diz respeito à morfologia e à vascularização do PB. Através da comparação angiomorfológica entre o nervo isquiático do rato e o nervo mediano humano, concluíu-se que a microvascularização do nervo isquiático do rato e do mediano humano são muito semelhantes, o que suporta a utilização do rato como modelo experimental de lesões do nervo mediano humano. Para a avaliação da influência da vascularização na regeneração nervosa foi feita a análise da eficácia de enxerto de tubo de membrana amniótica humana imunologicamente inerte, de enxerto de veia jugular externa autóloga e de auto-enxerto de nervo, na reparação de um defeito de 10 milímetros no nervo isquiático do rato, na presença de um fornecimento vascular axial, comparando-se com os mesmos procedimentos em estudos realizados anteriormente, sem suprimento vascular. Os ratos foram avaliados funcionalmente através do estudo das pegadas, da electroneurografia e da força de flexão ao nível do tornozelo, e estruturalmente, através das avaliações histológicas e morfométricas, da taxa de recuperação do peso dos músculos gastrocnémio e solhear e da marcação axonal retrógrada com True Blue às 4, 8 e 12 semanas. Os nervos reconstruídos apresentaram uma arquitectura normal, incluindo a arquitectura vascular. A membrana amniótica foi bem tolerada, persistindo imunologicamente em torno do nervo até à 12.ª semana. Concluiu-se também que, na presença de um suprimento vascular axial local, a membrana amniótica humana e as veias autólogas são, pelo menos, tão eficazes como os auto-enxertos nervosos na reconstrução de defeitos nervosos de 10 milímetros.--------------------------------------ABSTRACT: At the clinic, the functional recovery that follows a nerve lesion is rarely achieved in full. The neuron is very vulnerable to ischemia that’s why it is essential to study the vascularization of the peripheral nerve and its influence on the nerve’s regeneration. The outcome of this study may lead to the development of surgical techniques that create the conditions which are necessary to ensure an early revascularization in case of a peripheral nerve injury. This study investigated the vascularization of the median nerve of the human cadaver and the vascularization of the sciatic nerve of the Wistar rat and his Brachial Plexus (BP) through animal experimentation. The mouse's BP vascularization is not so different from the one that is reported in the human species. An angiomorphological comparison between the mouse sciatic nerve and the human median nerve concluded that the microvascularizations are very similar, which supports the use of the mouse as an experimental model for the study of median nerve’s lesions. To evaluate the influence of vascularization in the nerve’s regeneration, it was made an assessment of the effectiveness of the human amniotic immuno-inert membrane grafts, of the autologous external jugular vein grafts and of the nerve auto-graft in the repair of a defect of 10 mm on the sciatic nerve of the rat, in the presence of an axial vascular supply, comparing these with the same procedures that were adopted in the previous studies, without vascular supply. The rats were functionally assessed and structurally evaluated (through histological and morphometric evaluations) at the 4.th, 8.th and 12.th weeks. The nerves reconstructed presented a normal architecture, including vascular architecture. The amniotic membrane was well-tolerated immunologically, persisting around the nerve until the 12.th week. As a result, it was also concluded that in the presence of a local axial vascular supply, the human amniotic membrane and the autologous veins are, at least, as effective as the nerve auto-grafts in the reconstruction of the nerve’s defects of 10 mm.

A novel gene expression signature in peripheral blood mononuclear cells for early detection of colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Early detection and treatment of colorectal adenomatous polyps (AP) and colorectal cancer (CRC) is associated with decreased mortality for CRC. However, accurate, non-invasive and compliant tests to screen for AP and early stages of CRC are not yet available. A blood-based screening test is highly attractive due to limited invasiveness and high acceptance rate among patients. AIM: To demonstrate whether gene expression signatures in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were able to detect the presence of AP and early stages CRC. METHODS: A total of 85 PBMC samples derived from colonoscopy-verified subjects without lesion (controls) (n = 41), with AP (n = 21) or with CRC (n = 23) were used as training sets. A 42-gene panel for CRC and AP discrimination, including genes identified by Digital Gene Expression-tag profiling of PBMC, and genes previously characterised and reported in the literature, was validated on the training set by qPCR. Logistic regression analysis followed by bootstrap validation determined CRC- and AP-specific classifiers, which discriminate patients with CRC and AP from controls. RESULTS: The CRC and AP classifiers were able to detect CRC with a sensitivity of 78% and AP with a sensitivity of 46% respectively. Both classifiers had a specificity of 92% with very low false-positive detection when applied on subjects with inflammatory bowel disease (n = 23) or tumours other than CRC (n = 14). CONCLUSION: This pilot study demonstrates the potential of developing a minimally invasive, accurate test to screen patients at average risk for colorectal cancer, based on gene expression analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from a simple blood sample.

Extracellular matrix components in peripheral nerve repair: how to affect neural cellular response and nerve regeneration?

Peripheral nerve injury is a serious problem affecting significantly patients' life. Autografts are the "gold standard" used to repair the injury gap, however, only 50% of patients fully recover from the trauma. Artificial conduits are a valid alternative to repairing peripheral nerve. They aim at confining the nerve environment throughout the regeneration process, and providing guidance to axon outgrowth. Biocompatible materials have been carefully designed to reduce inflammation and scar tissue formation, but modifications of the inner lumen are still required in order to optimise the scaffolds. Biomicking the native neural tissue with extracellular matrix fillers or coatings showed great promises in repairing longer gaps and extending cell survival. In addition, extracellular matrix molecules provide a platform to further bind growth factors that can be released in the system over time. Alternatively, conduit fillers can be used for cell transplantation at the injury site, reducing the lag time required for endogenous Schwann cells to proliferate and take part in the regeneration process. This review provides an overview on the importance of extracellular matrix molecules in peripheral nerve repair.

Statin use and peripheral blood progenitor cells mobilization in patients with multiple myeloma.

PURPOSE: Statins have beneficial effects in patients after myocardial infarction and at least part of the benefit results from mobilization of marrow endothelial progenitors to repopulate damaged myocardial tissues. This study examines if statins may have the same effect in mobilizing marrow progenitors to be harvested and subsequently used in high-dose chemotherapy with progenitor cell rescue in multiple myeloma. METHODS: From 2006 to 2012, 86 patients with multiple myeloma were mobilized with the use of G-CSF and were retrospectively analyzed. Patients with other malignancies or mobilized with the use of chemotherapy or with plerixafor were excluded. RESULTS: The median age of the patients was 60 years. 72 patients had received one line of chemotherapy and 14 patients two or more lines of chemotherapy. Twenty patients were taking statins at the time of the harvest while 66 patients were not. In the group of patients taking statins the success rate of first leukapheresis (obtaining the target number of 4 × 10(6) CD34+ cells/kg) was 85 % while in the group not taking statins this rate was 63.6 %. Despite the comparatively small number of patients this difference approached statistical significance (χ (2) = 0.07). CONCLUSION: This retrospective analysis of 86 patients shows for the first time a possible benefit of statins for peripheral blood progenitor cells mobilization in patients with multiple myeloma. Larger studies would be required to clarify the issue. If their effectiveness is confirmed, statins could be a safe and cheaper addition to chemotherapy and plerixafor for peripheral hematopoietic stem cell mobilization.

Blocking VLDL secretion causes hepatic steatosis but does not affect peripheral lipid stores or insulin sensitivity in mice

The liver secretes triglyceride-rich VLDLs, and the triglycerides in these particles are taken up by peripheral tissues, mainly heart, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue. Blocking hepatic VLDL secretion interferes with the delivery of liver-derived triglycerides to peripheral tissues and results in an accumulation of triglycerides in the liver. However, it is unclear how interfering with hepatic triglyceride secretion affects adiposity, muscle triglyceride stores, and insulin sensitivity. To explore these issues, we examined mice that cannot secrete VLDL [due to the absence of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (Mttp) in the liver]. These mice exhibit markedly reduced levels of apolipoprotein B-100 in the plasma, along with reduced levels of triglycerides in the plasma. Despite the low plasma triglyceride levels, triglyceride levels in skeletal muscle were unaffected. Adiposity and adipose tissue triglyceride synthesis rates were also normal, and body weight curves were unaffected. Even though the blockade of VLDL secretion caused hepatic steatosis accompanied by increased ceramides and diacylglycerols in the liver, the mice exhibited normal glucose tolerance and were sensitive to insulin at the whole-body level, as judged by hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp studies. Normal hepatic glucose production and insulin signaling were also maintained in the fatty liver induced by Mttp deletion. Thus, blocking VLDL secretion causes hepatic steatosis without insulin resistance, and there is little effect on muscle triglyceride stores or adiposity

Eosinophilie sanguine: quel bilan, quel cheminement diagnostique [Peripheral blood eosinophilia: diagnostic value and further assessment].

Although not specific, an increased in peripheral blood eosinophils may contribute substantially to the diagnosis of numerous infectious, allergic and inflammatory diseases. The scope of this article is to detail pathologies associated with peripheral eosinophilia by order of frequency and to guide further investigations.

Cellular schwannomas of the intracranial and intraspinal compartment: morphological and immunological characteristics compared with classical benign schwannomas.

The concept of cellular schwannoma as an unusual benign tumor is well established for peripheral nerves but has never been tested in neurosurgical series. In order to test the validity of this concept in cranial nerves and spinal roots we performed an analysis of the clinical and morphological characteristics of 12 cellular and 166 classical benign schwannomas. Immunohistochemical detection of antigen expression in Schwann cells including proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was also performed. This study shows that cellular schwannomas in neurosurgical series manifest at a lower age than the classical benign variant and occur mainly in the spinal roots. Mitotic activity and sinusoidal vessels appear more frequently in cellular schwannomas and constitute with high cellularity, the most valuable criteria separating both entities. The postoperative course in both types of tumors was free of metastases or sarcomatous changes. Immunoexpression of S-100 protein, vimentin, epithelial membrane antigen and glial fibrillary acidic protein is not statistically different between the two variants. In contrast, PCNA is more highly expressed in cellular schwannomas. These These results confirm the concept that cellular schwannomas are a clinico-pathological variant of benign schwannomas and provide significant support for the introduction of this entity in neurosurgical oncology.

Evaluation of organ-specific peripheral doses after 2-dimensional, 3-dimensional and hybrid intensity modulated radiation therapy for breast cancer based on Monte Carlo and convolution/superposition algorithms: implications for secondary cancer risk assessment.

To make a comprehensive evaluation of organ-specific out-of-field doses using Monte Carlo (MC) simulations for different breast cancer irradiation techniques and to compare results with a commercial treatment planning system (TPS). Three breast radiotherapy techniques using 6MV tangential photon beams were compared: (a) 2DRT (open rectangular fields), (b) 3DCRT (conformal wedged fields), and (c) hybrid IMRT (open conformal+modulated fields). Over 35 organs were contoured in a whole-body CT scan and organ-specific dose distributions were determined with MC and the TPS. Large differences in out-of-field doses were observed between MC and TPS calculations, even for organs close to the target volume such as the heart, the lungs and the contralateral breast (up to 70% difference). MC simulations showed that a large fraction of the out-of-field dose comes from the out-of-field head scatter fluence (>40%) which is not adequately modeled by the TPS. Based on MC simulations, the 3DCRT technique using external wedges yielded significantly higher doses (up to a factor 4-5 in the pelvis) than the 2DRT and the hybrid IMRT techniques which yielded similar out-of-field doses. In sharp contrast to popular belief, the IMRT technique investigated here does not increase the out-of-field dose compared to conventional techniques and may offer the most optimal plan. The 3DCRT technique with external wedges yields the largest out-of-field doses. For accurate out-of-field dose assessment, a commercial TPS should not be used, even for organs near the target volume (contralateral breast, lungs, heart).

CD30-positive peripheral T-cell lymphomas share molecular and phenotypic features.

Peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified is a heterogeneous group of aggressive neoplasms with indistinct borders. By gene expression profiling we previously reported unsupervised clusters of peripheral T-cell lymphomas, not otherwise specified correlating with CD30 expression. In this work we extended the analysis of peripheral T-cell lymphoma molecular profiles to prototypical CD30(+) peripheral T-cell lymphomas (anaplastic large cell lymphomas), and validated mRNA expression profiles at the protein level. Existing transcriptomic datasets from peripheral T-cell lymphomas, not otherwise specified and anaplastic large cell lymphomas were reanalyzed. Twenty-one markers were selected for immunohistochemical validation on 80 peripheral T-cell lymphoma samples (not otherwise specified, CD30(+) and CD30(-); anaplastic large cell lymphomas, ALK(+) and ALK(-)), and differences between subgroups were assessed. Clinical follow-up was recorded. Compared to CD30(-) tumors, CD30(+) peripheral T-cell lymphomas, not otherwise specified were significantly enriched in ALK(-) anaplastic large cell lymphoma-related genes. By immunohistochemistry, CD30(+) peripheral T-cell lymphomas, not otherwise specified differed significantly from CD30(-) samples [down-regulated expression of T-cell receptor-associated proximal tyrosine kinases (Lck, Fyn, Itk) and of proteins involved in T-cell differentiation/activation (CD69, ICOS, CD52, NFATc2); upregulation of JunB and MUM1], while overlapping with anaplastic large cell lymphomas. CD30(-) peripheral T-cell lymphomas, not otherwise specified tended to have an inferior clinical outcome compared to the CD30(+) subgroups. In conclusion, we show molecular and phenotypic features common to CD30(+) peripheral T-cell lymphomas, and significant differences between CD30(-) and CD30(+) peripheral T-cell lymphomas, not otherwise specified, suggesting that CD30 expression might delineate two biologically distinct subgroups.