Combustão do hidrogênio em escoamento supersônico

This work investigated the operating conditions of a 'scramjet' through numerical simulation considering two-dimensional steady flow. Using a commercial software, FLUENT, cases of inviscid flow with and without fuel injection, turbulent flow without fuel injection, turbulent flow with fuel injection and without burning, and finally turbulent flow with fuel injection and burning are simulated

Remoção de N-amoniacal em baixas concentrações de oxigênio dissolvido a partir do efluente de frigorífico bovino

This work aimed to develop a biological system for removal of ammonia nitrogen operating at low concentrations of dissolved oxygen. Thus, a biological upflow vertical reactor was built, in which the affluent pass through the support media until the top. Sludge from an anaerobic stabilization pond of a slaughterhouse unit in the city of Presidente Prudente - SP was used as inoculum. Initially the system operated in batch and afterwards in a continuous flow with different HRT. For feeding the reactor, an initial phases was adopted a synthetic culture media, described by Martins (2007), in order to establish the ideal conditions for the development of Anammox bacteria and subsequently, submitted to the system a slugde effluent of slaughterhouse. The results showed significant removal efficiency of N-NH4+, especially in the phase without recirculation of culture media, with an average of 71% removal, with the proportion of removal of N-NH4 +:N-NO2- average 1: 1,69. For the period of operation with effluent from the slaughterhouse, were not obtained satisfactory results, without confirmation of the proliferation of Anammox bacteria in the system, due to the high presences of organic matter in the same confirmed by high concentrations of COD

Estimativa da diversidade genética de Queixadas (Tayassu pecari) da região do Taboco (Corguinho, MS)

The Brazilian fauna has been constantly threatened by deforestation and forest fragmentation. As a result, many populations become isolated and small which negatively impacts their genetic diversity, putting them at a higher risk of extinction than large and stable populations. The aim of this work was to estimate the genetic diversity of white-lipped peccaries (Tayassu pecari) in the region of Taboco (Corguinho, MS), a fragmented area; and to compare these estimates with that obtained previously for two populations from Brazilian Pantanal, which is considered a relatively well-preserved biome and where the species is not threatened. A total of 18 blood and 72 hair samples of white-lipped peccaries had their DNA extracted and amplified for five polymorphic microsatellite loci. With the individuals identified, genetic diversity indicators (such as number of alleles, allelic richness, expected end and observed) and the inbreeding coefficient FIS were calculated. In addition, to verify if the population suffered a recent population bottleneck, we used the tests implemented in the program Bottleneck. The population of Taboco showed no evidence of recent population bottleneck (p > 0.05) or inbreeding (FIS = 0.008; p > 0.022). In addition, the levels of genetic diversity in this population (mean number of alleles = 2.60; mean allelic richness = 2.56 mean observed and expected heterozygosities = 0.45 and 0.47, respectively) were statistically similar to those found previously for the two populations from Pantanal (p > 0,05); although the region of Taboco is more impacted than the Pantanal. Even though we showed no evidence of loss of genetic diversity, it does not mean that the population is not suffering with fragmentation; but that there was not sufficient time to evidence the genetic changes. In addition, may be occurring gene flow with populations of nearby fragments, which is maintaining... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Avaliação da redução de matéria orgânica do tratamento do efluente líquido deextração de fécula de mandioca por processo de biodigestão anaeróbia.

The aim of this paper was to evaluate the efficiency of the treatment of cassava wastewater, separately from the root washing water, by means of ascending flux anaerobic digesters, with separation of the phases, without temperature control or addition of chemical products and to evaluate its suitability by means of its physical and chemical characteristics for throwing in receiving body, public sewage system or application in fertilization and irrigation. After reactors had been stabilized, essays were conducted varying feeding flow with 8.0, 12.0 and 16.0 Ld-1 corresponding to a hydraulic retention time of 8.17, 5.44 and 4.08 days, respectively. The best reduction for organic load reduction were obtained with hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 8.17 and 5.44 days with mean efficiencies of 89.8 and 90.9%, respectively.

Simulações de onda de cheia na sub-bacia do Ribeirão Claro - SP

Watersheds are considered important study units when it comes to environmental planning, with regard to the optimal use of water resources. Water scarcity is predicted and feared by many societies, and proves to be an increasingly tangible problem nowadays. Still from the perspective of extreme events, this dissertation considers the study of flood waves in the sub-basin of the stream Claro, which belongs to the Corumbataí watershed. - SP, since thay can also have devastating effects for the population, A Decision Support System for Flood Routing Analysis in Complex Basins, ABC 6 software was applied in order to obtain hydrographs and peak flows in the sub-basin of the stream Claro, for return periods of 10 and 100 years, aiming to comprise events of different magnitudes. The model Soil Conservation Service (SCS) and the triangular SCS hydrograph were adopted for the simulations. Simultaneously, the Kokei Uehara method was applied for the obtainment of peak flow values under the same conditions, seeking to compare results. Data collection was performed using geoprocessing tools. For data entry in ABC 6, the fragmentation of sub-basin of the stream Claro was necessary, which generated 7 small watersheds, in order to fulfill a software demand, as the maximum drainage area it accepts is 50km² for each watershed analyzed. For RT = 10 and 100 years, respectively, the results of peak flow with use of ABC 6 were 46.10 and 95.45 m³/s, while for Kokei Uehara method, the results were 47.17 and 65.26 m³/s. The adoption of a single value of discretization time for all watersheds was indicated as limitation of ABC 6, which interfered in the final results. Kokei method Uehara considered the sub-basin of the stream Claro as a whole, which reduced the error accumulation probability

Análise numérica de uma geometria de coletor solar para sistemas de aquecimento de água

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Influência do treinamento aeróbico intradialítico no fluxo sanguíneo cerebral e o reflexo sobre a função cognitiva e qualidade de vida em pacientes renais crônicos

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Influência de poliacrilamida na redução da perda de carga em tubulação de polietileno

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Genetic isolation and morphological divergence of Black Sea bottlenose dolphins

The Black Sea is a semi-enclosed body of water that differs from the adjacent Mediterranean Sea in terms of its biodiversity, oceanographical and ecological characteristics. There is growing international concern about pollution in the Black Sea and other anthropogenic threats to its fauna. The bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) is one of three species of cetaceans living in the Azov-Black Sea basin. Despite considerable research on bottlenose dolphins elsewhere, the extent of human impacts on the Black Sea populations is unknown. Previous attempts to award special conservation status to Black Sea cetaceans have failed specifically because policy makers have viewed their ecological and evolutionary uniqueness as equivocal. This study assessed divergence between Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean bottlenose dolphins for 26 cranial measurements (n = 75 adult bottlenose dolphin skulls) and mitochondrial DNA (n = 99 individuals). Black Sea bottlenose dolphins are smaller than those in the Mediterranean, and possess a uniquely shaped skull. As in a previous study, we found the Black Sea population to be genetically distinct, with relatively low levels of mtDNA diversity. Population genetic models suggest that Black Sea bottlenose dolphins have so little gene flow with the Mediterranean due to historical isolation that they should be managed separately.

Review of the Evidence Used In The Description Of Currently Recognized Cetacean Subspecies

We reviewed the subspecies listed by Rice (1998) and those described since (a total of 49, in 19 species), assessing them against the criteria recommended by the recent Workshop on Shortcomings of Cetacean Taxonomy in Relation to Needs of Conservation and Management (Reeves et al., 2004). The workshop suggested that the subspecies concept can be construed to cover two types of entities: a) lineages diverging but not quite far along the continuum of divergence (still having significant gene flow with another lineage or lineages) to be judged as species, and b) lineages that may well be species but for which not enough evidence is yet available to justify their designation as such. As a criterion for support of a subspecies, the workshop suggested as a guideline that there be at least one good line of either morphological or appropriate genetic evidence. "Appropriate" was not defined; the recommendation was that that be left up to the taxonomist authors of subspecies and to their professional peers. A further recommendation was that evidence on distribution, behavior and ecology should be considered not as primary but as supporting evidence, as there was not agreement at the workshop that such characters are necessarily stable (in the case of distribution) or inherent (behavior and ecology).

M-ficolin and leukosialin (CD43): new partners in neutrophil adhesion

M-ficolin specificity for sialylated ligands prompted us to investigate its interactions with the main membrane sialoprotein of human neutrophils, CD43. rM-ficolin bound CD43 and prevented the access of anti-CD43 mAb. Moreover, rM-ficolin reacted exclusively with CD43 on Western blots of neutrophil lysate. We confirmed that M-ficolin is secreted by fMLP-activated neutrophils, and this endogenous M-ficolin also binds to CD43 and competes with anti-CD43 mAb. Anti-CD43 antibody cross-linking or fMLP resulted in M-ficolin and CD43 colocalization on polarized neutrophils. The binding of rM-ficolin to resting neutrophils induced cell polarization, adhesion, and homotypic aggregation as anti-CD43 mAb. The M-ficolin Y271F mutant, unable to bind sialic acid, neither reacted with neutrophils nor modulated their functions. Finally, rM-ficolin activated the lectin complement pathway on neutrophils. These results emphasize a new function of M-ficolin, different from ficolin pathogen recognition, i.e., a participation to neutrophil adhesion potentially important in early inflammation, as nanomolar agonist concentrations are sufficient to mobilize M-ficolin to the neutrophil surface. This multivalent lectin could then endow the antiadhesive CD43, essentially designed to prevent leukocyte aggregation in the blood flow, with new adhesive properties and explain, at least in part, dual-adhesive/antiadhesive roles of CD43 in neutrophil recruitment. J. Leukoc. Biol. 91: 469-474; 2012.

A Unified Framework for e-Commerce Systems Development : Business Process Pattern Perspective

In electronic commerce, systems development is based on two fundamental types of models, business models and process models. A business model is concerned with value exchanges among business partners, while a process model focuses on operational and procedural aspects of business communication. Thus, a business model defines the what in an e-commerce system, while a process model defines the how. Business process design can be facilitated and improved by a method for systematically moving from a business model to a process model. Such a method would provide support for traceability, evaluation of design alternatives, and seamless transition from analysis to realization. This work proposes a unified framework that can be used as a basis to analyze, to interpret and to understand different concepts associated at different stages in e-Commerce system development. In this thesis, we illustrate how UN/CEFACT’s recommended metamodels for business and process design can be analyzed, extended and then integrated for the final solutions based on the proposed unified framework. Also, as an application of the framework, we demonstrate how process-modeling tasks can be facilitated in e-Commerce system design. The proposed methodology, called BP3 stands for Business Process Patterns Perspective. The BP3 methodology uses a question-answer interface to capture different business requirements from the designers. It is based on pre-defined process patterns, and the final solution is generated by applying the captured business requirements by means of a set of production rules to complete the inter-process communication among these patterns.

Maximal exercise and muscle oxygen extraction in acclimatizing lowlanders and high altitude natives

[EN] The tight relation between arterial oxygen content and maximum oxygen uptake (Vv(o2max)within a given person at sea level is diminished with altitude acclimatization. An explanation often suggested for this mismatch is impairment of the muscle O(2) extraction capacity with chronic hypoxia, and is the focus of the present study. We have studied six lowlanders during maximal exercise at sea level (SL) and with acute (AH) exposure to 4,100 m altitude, and again after 2 (W2) and 8 weeks (W8) of altitude sojourn, where also eight high altitude native (Nat) Aymaras were studied. Fractional arterial muscle O(2) extraction at maximal exercise was 90.0+/-1.0% in the Danish lowlanders at sea level, and remained close to this value in all situations. In contrast to this, fractional arterial O(2) extraction was 83.2+/-2.8% in the high altitude natives, and did not change with the induction of normoxia. The capillary oxygen conductance of the lower extremity, a measure of oxygen diffusing capacity, was decreased in the Danish lowlanders after 8 weeks of acclimatization, but was still higher than the value obtained from the high altitude natives. The values were (in ml min(-1) mmHg(-1)) 55.2+/-3.7 (SL), 48.0+/-1.7 (W2), 37.8+/-0.4 (W8) and 27.7+/-1.5 (Nat). However, when correcting oxygen conductance for the observed reduction in maximal leg blood flow with acclimatization the effect diminished. When calculating a hypothetical leg V(o2max)at altitude using either the leg blood flow or the O(2) conductance values obtained at sea level, the former values were almost completely restored to sea level values. This would suggest that the major determinant V(o2max)for not to increase with acclimatization is the observed reduction in maximal leg blood flow and O(2) conductance.

Water masses and circulation in the surface layers of the Caribbean at 66ºW

[EN] A meridional hydrographic section was made in August–September 1997 at 66°W from the coast of Venezuela to Woods Hole aboard the R/V Knorr. In this report, we concentrate on near surface measurements in the Caribbean. The data show two distinct water masses with different origins. From approximately 14°N to Puerto Rico, Caribbean Surface Water and Subtropical Under Water with their source in the North Atlantic are found, as previously observed. From Venezuela to approximately 13°N, a less saline water mass with its source in the Tropics and South Atlantic is found. Within the southern portion of the section, two different velocity patterns are observed, namely, an eastward flow with a subsurface maximum near the coast of Venezuela, and a surface intensified westward jet with Velocities of 130 cm s−1 in midbasin.

Modulation Techniques for Multi-Phase Converters and Control Strategies for Multi-Phase Electric Drives

The ever-increasing spread of automation in industry puts the electrical engineer in a central role as a promoter of technological development in a sector such as the use of electricity, which is the basis of all the machinery and productive processes. Moreover the spread of drives for motor control and static converters with structures ever more complex, places the electrical engineer to face new challenges whose solution has as critical elements in the implementation of digital control techniques with the requirements of inexpensiveness and efficiency of the final product. The successfully application of solutions using non-conventional static converters awake an increasing interest in science and industry due to the promising opportunities. However, in the same time, new problems emerge whose solution is still under study and debate in the scientific community During the Ph.D. course several themes have been developed that, while obtaining the recent and growing interest of scientific community, have much space for the development of research activity and for industrial applications. The first area of research is related to the control of three phase induction motors with high dynamic performance and the sensorless control in the high speed range. The management of the operation of induction machine without position or speed sensors awakes interest in the industrial world due to the increased reliability and robustness of this solution combined with a lower cost of production and purchase of this technology compared to the others available in the market. During this dissertation control techniques will be proposed which are able to exploit the total dc link voltage and at the same time capable to exploit the maximum torque capability in whole speed range with good dynamic performance. The proposed solution preserves the simplicity of tuning of the regulators. Furthermore, in order to validate the effectiveness of presented solution, it is assessed in terms of performance and complexity and compared to two other algorithm presented in literature. The feasibility of the proposed algorithm is also tested on induction motor drive fed by a matrix converter. Another important research area is connected to the development of technology for vehicular applications. In this field the dynamic performances and the low power consumption is one of most important goals for an effective algorithm. Towards this direction, a control scheme for induction motor that integrates within a coherent solution some of the features that are commonly required to an electric vehicle drive is presented. The main features of the proposed control scheme are the capability to exploit the maximum torque in the whole speed range, a weak dependence on the motor parameters, a good robustness against the variations of the dc-link voltage and, whenever possible, the maximum efficiency. The second part of this dissertation is dedicated to the multi-phase systems. This technology, in fact, is characterized by a number of issues worthy of investigation that make it competitive with other technologies already on the market. Multiphase systems, allow to redistribute power at a higher number of phases, thus making possible the construction of electronic converters which otherwise would be very difficult to achieve due to the limits of present power electronics. Multiphase drives have an intrinsic reliability given by the possibility that a fault of a phase, caused by the possible failure of a component of the converter, can be solved without inefficiency of the machine or application of a pulsating torque. The control of the magnetic field spatial harmonics in the air-gap with order higher than one allows to reduce torque noise and to obtain high torque density motor and multi-motor applications. In one of the next chapters a control scheme able to increase the motor torque by adding a third harmonic component to the air-gap magnetic field will be presented. Above the base speed the control system reduces the motor flux in such a way to ensure the maximum torque capability. The presented analysis considers the drive constrains and shows how these limits modify the motor performance. The multi-motor applications are described by a well-defined number of multiphase machines, having series connected stator windings, with an opportune permutation of the phases these machines can be independently controlled with a single multi-phase inverter. In this dissertation this solution will be presented and an electric drive consisting of two five-phase PM tubular actuators fed by a single five-phase inverter will be presented. Finally the modulation strategies for a multi-phase inverter will be illustrated. The problem of the space vector modulation of multiphase inverters with an odd number of phases is solved in different way. An algorithmic approach and a look-up table solution will be proposed. The inverter output voltage capability will be investigated, showing that the proposed modulation strategy is able to fully exploit the dc input voltage either in sinusoidal or non-sinusoidal operating conditions. All this aspects are considered in the next chapters. In particular, Chapter 1 summarizes the mathematical model of induction motor. The Chapter 2 is a brief state of art on three-phase inverter. Chapter 3 proposes a stator flux vector control for a three- phase induction machine and compares this solution with two other algorithms presented in literature. Furthermore, in the same chapter, a complete electric drive based on matrix converter is presented. In Chapter 4 a control strategy suitable for electric vehicles is illustrated. Chapter 5 describes the mathematical model of multi-phase induction machines whereas chapter 6 analyzes the multi-phase inverter and its modulation strategies. Chapter 7 discusses the minimization of the power losses in IGBT multi-phase inverters with carrier-based pulse width modulation. In Chapter 8 an extended stator flux vector control for a seven-phase induction motor is presented. Chapter 9 concerns the high torque density applications and in Chapter 10 different fault tolerant control strategies are analyzed. Finally, the last chapter presents a positioning multi-motor drive consisting of two PM tubular five-phase actuators fed by a single five-phase inverter.