Opposition to Anti-Racism Laws across Swiss Municipalities: A Multilevel Analysis

Public opposition to antiracism laws-an expression of prejudice toward immigrants-is widespread in Switzerland as well as in other European countries. Using data from the European Social Survey 2002 (N = 1,711), the present study examined across Swiss municipalities individual and contextual predictors of opposition to such laws and of two well-established antecedents of prejudice: perceived threat and intergroup contact. The study extends multilevel research on immigration attitudes by investigating the role of the ideological climate prevailing in municipalities (conservative vs. progressive), in addition to structural features of municipalities. Controlling for individual-level determinants, stronger opposition to antiracism laws was found in more conservative municipalities, while the proportion of immigrants was positively related to intergroup contact. Furthermore, in conservative municipalities with a low proportion of immigrants, fewer intergroup contacts were reported. In line with prior research, intergroup contact decreased prejudiced policy stances through a reduction of perceived threat. Overall, this study highlights the need to include normative and ideological features of local contexts in the analysis of public reactions toward immigrants.

The short arm of the law: judicial institutions and local governance in Brazil

This paper estimates the effect of judicial institutions on governance at the local level in Brazil. Our estimation strategy exploits a unique institutional feature of state judiciary branches which assigns prosecutors and judges to the most populous among contiguous counties forming a judiciary district. As a result of this assignment mechanism there are counties with nearly identical populations, some with and some without local judicial presence, which we exploit to impute counterfactual outcomes. Conditional on observable county characteristics, offenses per civil servant are about 35% lower in counties that have a local seat of the state judiciary. The lower incidence of infractions stems mostly from fewer violations of financial management regulations by local administrators, fewer instances of problems in project execution and project managment, fewer cases of non-existent or ineffective civil society oversight and fewer cases of improper handling of remittances to local residents.

Towards Integrated Governance of Landscape Development : The Swiss Model of Regional Nature Parks

Coherent regulation of landscape as a resource is a major challenge. How can the development interests of some actors (eg cable car operators and property developers) be reconciled with those of others (agriculture, forestry) and with conservation of biodiversity and scenic value? To help understand how the newly introduced Regional Nature Parks (RNPs) can improve the coherence of the regulation regime in Switzerland, we highlight current direct mechanisms for regulation of landscape as a resource (bans, inventories, subsidies) as well as indirect mechanisms (taking place through the regulation of the physical basis of landscapes, eg forest, land, and water planning policies). We show that RNPs are fundamentally innovative because they make it possible to manage and coordinate indirect strategies for appropriate regulation of resources at a landscape scale. In other words, RNPs enable organization of governance of landscape as a resource in a perimeter that is not necessarily restricted to administrative boundaries.

O Papel das Demonstrações Financeiras na Corporate Governance: O caso da Cabo Verde Telecom

O fenómeno da Corporate Governance tem vindo a ocupar um lugar importante na literatura moderna dada a sua importância no mercado global e competitivo em que vivemos. A partir do final dos anos 80, esta matéria ganhou um grande relevo devido ao aumento da participação activa dos investidores institucionais e pequenos investidores individuais nos mercados de capitais e sua crescente exigência por uma gestão mais rigorosa, transparente e que defende os interesses dos accionistas ou shareholders. Os grandes escândalos financeiros, envolvendo diversas empresas nos EUA e na Europa, que causaram prejuízos incomensuráveis ao mercado, despertaram a atenção do mundo para a relevância das boas práticas de Corporate Governance. O maior destaque para este tema aconteceu em 2002, após a ocorrência os escândalos com as multinacionais Enron, WorldCom, Parmalat, entre outros. Naturalmente, para os países em desenvolvimento, a qualidade da Corporate Governance local é de fundamental importância para o crescimento económico duradouro. Essa visão global e transversal da Corporate Governance veio acentuar a procura de soluções para o alinhamento dos interesses entre gestores e accionistas. A solução para os conflitos de agência e a melhoria dos mecanismos de gestão estão no cerne do debate sobre o tema. Este estudo faz uma análise das teorias da Corporate Governance, a sua evolução e importância e o papel das demonstrações financeiras como um dos elementos que suportam a boa Corporate Governance, aplicada na gestão de uma empresa cabo-verdiana – A CVTelecom. Pretende-se, assim, identificar os benefícios advindos da aplicação das boas práticas de Corporate Governace para a gestão da empresa e para a sociedade como um todo. A escolha da CVTelecom, operadora de telecomunicações, prende-se com dois aspectos fundamentais: i) ser a empresa privada que exerce maior impacto sobre a economia cabo-verdiana, empregando cerca de 1,3% do total dos trabalhadores do sector privado no País; ii) o crescimento da economia cabo-verdiana estar suportado, mais do que nunca, nas TIC, constituindo, por essa razão, num dos principais desafios do País. Concluiu-se que a CVTelecom, embora esteja localizada num país onde ainda não existe uma entidade com a responsabilidade de fazer a avaliação da gestão das empresas no quadro das normas que enformam a Corporate Governance, encontra-se bem encaminhada ao nível da implementação de normas e procedimentos que favoreçam uma boa Corporate Governance.

Technology Governance Board Information Technology Strategic Plan, 2006

The Technology Governance Board (TGB), established pursuant to Iowa Code Section 8A.204, developed and published this strategic information technology plan in December 2006. This plan contains the TGB's vision, mission, goals, and strategies that will lead the executive branch to an information technology infrastructure and policies that will enhance and unify the technology infrastructure to support business operations for electronic government, consistent with the vision of providing sustained support for “extraordinary customer service”.

Iowa Technology Governance Board Annual Report, January 8, 2007

This Technology Governance Board Annual Report provides information o the total annual executive branch information technology expenditures (hardware, software, and personnel) and estimates for the amount of technology spending to be requested for the succeeding fiscal year. The report contains a projection of technology cost savings, an accounting of the level of technology cost savings for the current fiscal year, and a comparison of the level of technology cost savings for the current fiscal year with that of the previous fiscal year. This report was produced in compliance with Iowa Code §8A.204(3a) and was submitted to the Governor, the Department of Management, and the General Assembly on January 8, 2007.

Associationism and electoral participation: A multilevel study of 2000 Spanish general election

This work presents an application of the multilevel analysis techniques tothe study of the abstention in the 2000 Spanish general election. Theinterest of the study is both, substantive and methodological. From thesubstantive point of view the article intends to explain the causes ofabstention and analyze the impact of associationism on it. From themethodological point of view it is intended to analyze the interaction betweenindividual and context with a modelisation that takes into account thehierarchical structure of data. The multilevel study of this paper validatesthe one level results obtained in previous analysis of the abstention andshows that only a fraction of the differences in abstention are explained bythe individual characteristics of the electors. Another important fraction ofthese differences is due to the political and social characteristics of thecontext. Relating to associationism, the data suggest that individualparticipation in associations decrease the probability of abstention. However,better indicators are needed in order to catch more properly the effect ofassociationism in electoral behaviour.

Iowa Technology Governance Board Annual Report, January 2, 2008

This Technology Governance Board Annual Report provides information on the FY05 – FY09 Information Technology Personnel Spending; FY05 – FY09 Technology Equipment and Services Spending; and FY05 – FY09 Internal IT Expenditures with the Iowa Communications Network and Department of Administrative Services - Information Technology Enterprise. The report also contains a projection of technology cost savings. This report was produced in compliance with Iowa Code §8A.204(3a) and was submitted to the Governor, the Department of Management, and the General Assembly on January 2, 2008.

A multilevel analysis on the determinants of regional health care expenditure. A note

We apply a multilevel hierarchical model to explore whether anaggregation fallacy exists in estimating the income elasticity of healthexpenditure by ignoring the regional composition of national healthexpenditure figures. We use data for 110 regions in eight OECD countriesin 1997: Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden andUnited Kingdom. In doing this we have tried to identify two sources ofrandom variation: within countries and between-countries. Our resultsshow that: 1- Variability between countries amounts to (SD) 0.5433, andjust 13% of that can be attributed to income elasticity and the remaining87% to autonomous health expenditure; 2- Within countries, variabilityamounts to (SD) 1.0249; and 3- The intra-class correlation is 0.5300. Weconclude that we have to take into account the degree of fiscaldecentralisation within countries in estimating income elasticity ofhealth expenditure. Two reasons lie behind this: a) where there isdecentralisation to the regions, policies aimed at emulating diversitytend to increase national health care expenditure; and b) without fiscaldecentralisation, central monitoring of finance tends to reduce regionaldiversity and therefore decrease national health expenditure.

Basic indicators for better governance in international sport (BIBGIS) : an assessment tool for international sport governing bodies

This working paper presents the Basic Indicators for Better Governance in International Sport (BIBGIS) as a tool to assess and measure the state of governance of international sport governing bodies. The working paper is organised as follows. We start by presenting different definitions of governance and some examples of principles of good governance in sport and critique them. We then introduce our approach which is based on a limited number of indicators divided among seven dimensions and apply it to the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and other international sport governing bodies. Although our approach can also be used to benchmark the governance of different sport organisations, we demonstrate that it faces limitations. We conclude with suggested next steps for future BIBGIS developments.

Change of individual BMI in Switzerland and the USA: a multilevel model for growth

Objective The aim is to analyze and compare individual BMI growth patterns of adults from Switzerland and the U.S. Methods The analyses are based on data from two population representative longitudinal household surveys, one from Switzerland, the other from the U.S. Each data set contains up to four data points for each adult individual. We use multilevel models for growth. Results It can be shown that growth patterns are different in different cohorts in the two countries: there are only small growth differences in the youngest and oldest, but large differences in the middle ages. The individual BMI increase of the middle age Swiss amounts to only half of that in the comparable U.S. individuals. Conclusion Given the much higher BMI level especially in the youngest cohort, this points to severe obesity problems in the U.S. middle aged population in the near future. A positive correlation between individual BMI level and growth may aggravate this fact.