An Eight-week, Multicentric, Randomized, Interventional, Open-label, Phase 4, Parallel Comparison of the Efficacy and Tolerability of the Fixed Combination of Timolol Maleate 0.5%/Brimonidine Tartrate 0.2% Versus Fixed Combination of Timolol Maleate 0.5%/Dorzolamide 2% in Patients With Elevated Intraocular Pressure

Purpose: To compare the efficacy and tolerability of the fixed combination of timolol maleate 0.5%/brimonidine tartrate 0.2% versus fixed combination of timolol maleate 0.5%/dorzolamide 2% in patients with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) over 8 weeks. Patients and Methods: This 8-week, multicentric. interventional, randomized, open-label, parallel group study was conducted Lit 4 centers in Brazil and 1 center in Argentina. Patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension were randomized to receive bilaterally fixed combination of brimonidine/timolol maleate 0.5% or fixed combination of dorzolamide 2%/timolol 0.5% twice daily at 8:00 AM and 8:00 PM. A modified diurnal tension curve (8:00 AM 10:30 AM, 02:00 PM, and 4:00 PM) followed by the water drinking test (WDT), which estimates IOP peak of diurnal tension curve, were performed in the baseline and week-8 visits. Adverse events data were recorded at each visit. Results: A total of 210 patients were randomized (brimonidine/timolol, n = 111; dorzolamide/timolol, n = 99). Mean baseline IOP was 23.43 +/- 3.22 mm Hg and 23.43 +/- 4.06 mm Hg in the patients treated with brimonidine/timolol and dorzolamide/timolol, respectively (P = 0.993). Mean diurnal IOP reduction after 8 weeks were 7.02 +/- 3.06 mm Hg and 6.91 +/- 3.67 mm Hg. respectively (P = 0.811). The adjusted difference between groups (analysis of covariance) Lit week 8 was not statistically significant (P = 0.847). Mean baseline WDT peak was 27.79 +/- 4.29 mm Hg in the brimonidine/timolol group and 27.68 +/- 5.46 mm Hg in the dorzolamide/timolol group. After 8 weeks of treatment, mean WDT peaks were 20.94 +/- 3.76 mm Hg (P < 0.001) and 20.98 +/- 4.19 (P < 0.001), respectively. The adjusted difference between groups (analysis of covariance) was not statistically significant (P = 0.469). No statistical difference in terms of adverse events was Found between groups. Conclusions: Both fixed combinations were capable of significantly reducing the mean diurnal IOP, mean diurnal peak, and mean WDT peak after 8 weeks of treatment. Also, both fixed combinations are well tolerated with few side effects.

Lithium increases plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor in acute bipolar mania: A preliminary 4-week study

Several studies have suggested an important role for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the pathophysiology and therapeutics of bipolar disorder (BPD). The mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of lithium in BPD seem to involve a direct regulation of neurotrophic cascades. However, no clinical study evaluated the specific effects of lithium on BDNF levels in subjects with BPD. This study aims to investigate the effects of lithium monotherapy on BDNF levels in acute mania. Ten subjects with bipolar I disorder in a manic episode were evaluated at baseline and after 28 days of lithium therapy. Changes in plasma BDNF levels and Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) scores were analyzed. A significant increase in plasma BDNF levels was observed after 28 days of therapy with lithium monotherapy (510.9 +/- 127.1 pg/mL) compared to pre-treatment (406.3 +/- 69.5 pg/mL) (p = 0.03). Although it was not found a significant association between BDNF levels and clinical improvement (YMRS), 87% of responders presented an increase in BDNF levels after treatment with lithium. These preliminary data showed lithium`s direct effects on BDNF levels in bipolar mania, suggesting that short-term lithium treatment may activate neurotrophic cascades. Further studies with larger samples and longer period may confirm whether this biological effect is involved in the therapeutic efficacy of lithium in BPD. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Energy expenditure during 2nd week of an ultra-endurance run around Australia

Purpose: For ultra-endurance athletes, whose energy expenditure is likely to be at the extremes of human tolerance for sustained periods of time, there is increased concern regarding meeting energy needs. Due to the lack of data outlining the energy requirements of such athletes, it is possible that those participating in ultra-endurance exercise are compromising performance, as well as health, as a result of inadequate nutrition and energy intake. To provide insight into this dilemma, we have presented a case study of a 37-yr-old ultra-marathon runner as he runs around the coast of Australia. Methods: Total energy expenditure was measured over a 2-wk period using the doubly labeled water technique. Results: The average total energy expenditure of the case subject was 6321 kcal.d(-1). Based on the expected accuracy and precision of the doubly labeled water technique the subject's total energy expenditure might range between 6095 and 6550 kcal.d(-1). The subject's average daily water turnover was 6.083 L over the 14-d period and might range between 5.9 L and 6.3 L.d(-1). Conclusions: This information will provide a guide to the energy requirements of ultra-endurance running and enable athletes, nutritionists, and coaches to optimize performance without compromising the health of the participant.

Perceived constraints and social support for active leisure among mothers with young children

Evidence suggests that women who are mothers of young children have lower levels of physical activity than women of similar age who do not have children (Brown, Lee, Mishra, & Bauman, 2000). The purposes of this study were to explore the factors that constrain mothers of young children from being more physically active, and the relationship between physical activity and levels of social support available to the women. The empirical basis for this examination was provided through a study of activity levels and barriers to physical activity experienced by a sample of 543 mothers of young children from differing socioeconomic backgrounds. The data indicate that: (a) more than two-thirds of the mothers were inadequately active in their leisure time for health benefit; (b) while the vast majority of mothers expressed a desire to be more active, they were inhibited in their ability to act out their leisure preferences by a combination of structural (e.g., lack of time, money, energy) and ideological influences (e.g., sense of commitment to others); (c) access to social support (from partners, family, and friends) was seen to place some women in a better position than others to negotiate constraints that inhibit leisure participation; and (d) within groups of varying socioeconomic status (SES) there was wide variation in the amount of time spent each week in active leisure.

Innovation in Queensland firms: implications for the smart State

The challenges in the business environment are forcing Australian firms to be innovative in all their efforts to serve customers. Reflecting this need there have been several innovation policy statements both at Federal and State government level aimed at encouraging innovation in Australian industry. In particular, the innovation policy statement launched by the Queensland government in the year 2000 primarily intends building a Sman State through innovation. During the last few decades the Australian government policy on innovation has emphasized support for industry R&D. However industry stakeholders demand a more firm-focused policy of innovation. Government efforts in this direction have been hindered by a lack of a consistent body of knowledge on innovation at the firm level. In particular the Australian literature focusing on firm level antecedents of innovation is limited and fragmented. This study examines the role of learning capabilities in innovation and competitive advantage. Based on a survey of manufacturing firms in Queensland the study finds that both technological and non·technological innovations lead to competitive advantage. The findings contribute to the theory competitive advantage and firm level antecedents of innovation. Implications for firm level innovation strategies and behaviour are discussed. In addition, the findings have important implications for Queensland government's current initiatives to build a Smart State through innovation.

Uma aplicação de matemática financeira à análise de títulos de renda fixa

No dia a dia, as pessoas sabem que existem várias aplicações financeiras, mas a grande maioria não possui o conhecimento necessário para escolher qual o melhor investimento para o seu dinheiro. E assim, muitas vezes acabam investindo somente na poupança, talvez pela sua simplicidade ou por sua popularidade. Neste trabalho, buscamos mostrar a importância da Matemática Financeira para o entendimento de investimentos. Através de uma abordagem de Progressões Geométrica e Aritmética e, consequentemente, da Matemática Financeira, são apresentadas algumas aplicações financeiras, com seus conceitos, cálculos e atividades que mostram como compará-las. Assim, no trabalho são descritos conceitos e propriedades das Progressões Geométrica e Aritmética, e da Matemática Financeira e, como aplicação desse conteúdo, são apresentados o conceito e o cálculo de diversas taxas (equivalência de taxas, taxas efetiva e nominal, taxa pré e pós-fixada, taxas variáveis, taxa referencial), além de alguns investimentos financeiros (poupança, CDB, LCI). Buscando consolidar esse estudo desenvolvido, apresentamos no final do trabalho uma proposta de atividades a serem realizadas em sala de aula, que contemplam cálculos da rentabilidade dos investimentos, mostrando ao aluno como calcular e comparar esses rendimentos.

Currículo e educação especial : as ações da escola a partir dos diálogos cotidianos

O estudo teve como objetivo investigar as ações constituídas por uma escola pública de Ensino Fundamental para o envolvimento de alunos com deficiência e com transtornos globais do desenvolvimento no currículo escolar. Contou com as contribuições teóricas de Boaventura de Sousa Santos, Michel de Certeau e Philippe Meirieu para uma discussão sociológica, filosófica e pedagógica das situações desencadeadas pela pesquisa. No campo do currículo, aproximou-se das teorizações de Silva, Moreira, Apple e Sacristán, dentre outros, por serem teóricos que analisam o trabalho com o conhecimento no contexto escolar. Já no campo da Educação Especial, dialogou com as produções de pesquisadores que postulam pela ideia de que o processo de inclusão escolar pressupõe acesso à escola, bem como permanência e a garantia do direito de apropriação dos conhecimentos socialmente produzidos. Como aporte teórico-metodológico, apoiou-se nos pressupostos da pesquisa-ação colaborativo-crítica que advoga pela possibilidade de, por meio da pesquisa científica, produzir conhecimento sobre a realidade social, promover mudanças nas situações desafiadoras e envolver os sujeitos pesquisados em processos de formação continuada em contexto. O trabalho de pesquisa foi realizado em uma escola de Ensino Fundamental, pertencente à Rede Pública Municipal de Ensino de Vila Velha/ES, envolvendo professores, pedagogos, dirigente escolar, responsáveis pelos discentes e alunos matriculados do 1º ao 6º ano do Ensino Fundamental. O processo de produção de dados se efetivou no período de julho de 2010 a julho de 2011. O pesquisador esteve três vezes por semana no campo de pesquisa, participando das intervenções em sala de aula, dos espaços para planejamento e formação continuada e também de momentos informais na entrada, recreio e saída dos alunos. Para o desenvolvimento do estudo, trabalhou-se com três frentes correlacionadas: a observação participante e a escuta dos discursos produzidos por alunos, professores, equipe técnico-pedagógica e responsáveis pelos discentes sobre o envolvimento dos estudantes com indicativos à Educação Especial no currículo escolar; a constituição de espaços de formação continuada, tomando os dados produzidos na primeira etapa do estudo como elementos de sustentação da dinâmica formativa; o acompanhamento das ações praticadas pela escola para envolvimento das necessidades educacionais dos alunos com indicativos à Educação Especial no currículo escolar, a partir das reflexões desencadeadas nos espaços de formação continuada. Como resultados, a pesquisa aponta a necessidade de advogar pela constituição de currículos escolares mais abertos para contemplar as necessidades de aprendizagem de alunos com comprometimentos físicos, psíquicos, intelectuais ou sensoriais. Esta pesquisa se distancia de lógicas que defendem a flexibilização curricular como um esvaziamento do currículo em nome das condições existenciais dos alunos. Entende que, entre o currículo escolar e a produção de conhecimentos pelos alunos com indicativos à Educação Especial, há uma pluralidade de situações que precisam ser problematizadas pela escola: a leitura produzida sobre a aprendizagem dos alunos; a falta de conhecimento sobre a sexualidade humana; os desafios presentes na relação família e escola; e os pressupostos da normalidade/anormalidade. Esses fatores podem se configurar como elementos que impedem que os alunos obtenham sucesso em sua jornada educativa, porém, em contrapartida, podem ser utilizados como questões a subsidiar espaços de formação continuada. O estudo aponta que, por meio de atitudes colaborativas e críticas entre os profissionais da escola, é possível articular ações que garantam o direito de aprender do estudante com deficiência e com transtornos globais do desenvolvimento na escola de ensino comum.

Money laundering and virtual money: the bitcoin example

Money laundering operations faced multiple changes and become more complex, in line with financial innovation. Often, regulation does not follow that innovation, giving opportunity to take advantage of thes e gaps in less lawful activities. The bitcoin is a virtual currency that has grown significantly, both in value and in volume of transactions, in recent years. The dimension of the phenomenon led to an increasing surveillance from the financial supervisors . We search for evidence of the relationship between money laundering and transactions carried out in bitcoins, the most popular virtual currency at the moment. We analyse the official publications relating the two themes, academic research and the notori ety within the international media. The attitudes toward the bitcoin are diverse, but all share concerns about its future impact. Some sparse evidence indicates that bitcoin may be an opportunity for money laundering, however more data is required.