The European Union’s Democratic Deficit and Options for EU Democracy in the 21st Century. EU Centre Singapore Working Paper No. 22, August 2014

The European Union (EU) is widely acknowledged as a successful example of economic and political integration of nation states today – a slate of democratic institutions such as the European Parliament have also been developed and European citizens now possess extensive political and civil rights by virtue of the introduction of European citizenship. Nevertheless, the EU is said to suffer from a so called “democratic deficit” even as it seeks deeper and closer integration. Decades of institutional design and elite closed-door decisions has taken its toll on the inclusion and integration of European citizens in social and political life, with widening socio-economic inequalities and the resurgence of extreme-right parties during in the wake of the debt crisis in the Eurozone. This paper attempts to evaluate the democratic development of the EU through the use of a process-oriented approach, and concludes at the end with discussions on the various options that the EU and its citizens can take to reform democratic processes and institutions in Europe.

Mantendrá Francia su lugar clave en la Europa del siglo XXI? = France maintained its key position in Europe in the XXI century? Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series Vol. 14 No. 7, May 2014

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On the Southern Ocean CO2 uptake and the role of the biological carbon pump in the 21st century, links to supplementary material

We use a suite of eight ocean biogeochemical/ecological general circulation models from the MAREMIP and CMIP5 archives to explore the relative roles of changes in winds (positive trend of Southern Annular Mode, SAM) and in warming- and freshening-driven trends of upper ocean stratification in altering export production and CO2 uptake in the Southern Ocean at the end of the 21st century. The investigated models simulate a broad range of responses to climate change, with no agreement ona dominance of either the SAM or the warming signal south of 44° S. In the southernmost zone, i.e., south of 58° S, they concur on an increase of biological export production, while between 44 and 58° S the models lack consensus on the sign of change in export. Yet, in both regions, the models show an enhanced CO2 uptake during spring and summer. This is due to a larger CO 2 (aq) drawdown by the same amount of summer export production at a higher Revelle factor at the end of the 21st century. This strongly increases the importance of the biological carbon pump in the entire Southern Ocean. In the temperate zone, between 30 and 44° S all models show a predominance of the warming signal and a nutrient-driven reduction of export production. As a consequence, the share of the regions south of 44° S to the total uptake of the Southern Ocean south of 30° S is projected to increase at the end of the 21st century from 47 to 66% with a commensurable decrease to the north. Despite this major reorganization of the meridional distribution of the major regions of uptake, the total uptake increases largely in line with the rising atmospheric CO2. Simulations with the MITgcm-REcoM2 model show that this is mostly driven by the strong increase of atmospheric CO2, with the climate-driven changes of natural CO2 exchange offsetting that trend only to a limited degree (~10%) and with negligible impact of climate effects on anthropogenic CO2 uptake when integrated over a full annual cycle south of 30° S.

The emancipation of India. A reply to the article by the Right Hon. Viscount Morley, O.M., on "British democracy and Indian government" in the "Nineteenth century and after" for February, 1911.

Portrait on cover.

Cambridge in the seventeenth century .

I. Nicholas Ferrar : Two lives by his brother John and by Dr. Jebb / now first edited with illustrations by J. E. B. Mayor -- II. Autobiography of Matthew Robinson / now first edited with illustrations by J. E. B. Mayor -- III. Life of Bishop Bedell by his son / now first edited by John E. B. Mayor.

Emigrants from the Palatinate to the American Colonies in the 18th century.

Bibliographical references included in "Note" [p.32]

Governments and politics of the Middle East in the twentieth century.

Mode of access: Internet.

The Basutos; the mountaineers & their country; being a narrative of events relating to the tribe from its formation early in the nineteenth century to the present day.

Mode of access: Internet.

Health care in the 21st century [microform] : who will be there to care? : hearing before the Select Committee on Aging, House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, second session, September 20, 1988.

"Comm. pub. no. 100-689."

Student enrollment at Boston College in the nineteenth century /

"January, 1984."

Federal librarians in the 21st century : changing roles in the electronic age : summary report on conference proceedings : Wednesday, September 15, 1993, Mumford Room, James Madison Memorial Building, Library of Congress.

Shipping list no.: 94-0074-P.

Book trade bibliography in the United States in the nineteenth century,

A reproduction of "subscriber's copy," no.7 of an edition of 50 copies printed for non-members of the Dibdin Club (including original t.p. with imprint: New York : Printed for the Dibdin Club and for sale by Sampson Low, Marston & Company, London, Eng., 1898)

Memorials of St. Ann's Church, Manchester, in the last century : an attempt to rectify several popular errors; to which is added a short history of church building and Sunday school work in the same town.

Mode of access: Internet.

Rise of landscape gardening in England and its effect on English literature in the 18th. century.

Type-writtem ms.

Europe in the sixteenth century, 1494-1598,

Mode of access: Internet.