From the {Cu(μ2-S)N}4 butterfly architecture to the {Cu(μ3-S)N}12 double wheel

Copper(I) complexes with {Cu(μ2-S)N}4 and {Cu(μ3-S)N}12 core portions of butterfly-shaped or double wheel architectures have been isolated in the reaction of Cu(I) with the Schiff base ligand C6H4(CHNC6H4S)2, aiso-abtâ, under different conditions. View the MathML source containing the tetranuclear electroneutral complex View the MathML source is formed by the reaction of CuI in acetonitrilic solution and recrystallization from DMF, whereas View the MathML source containing dodecanuclear View the MathML source wheels is accessible starting from CuBF4. Complexes 2 and 4 represent the first examples of cyclic complexes with the same overall stoichiometry but different ring sizes. The ligand induces two different coordination environments around copper(I) by switching between μ2- and μ3-sulfur bridging modes.

Craving mediates stress in predicting lapse during alcohol dependence treatment

Background Stress, craving, and depressed mood have all been implicated in alcohol use treatment lapses. Few studies have examined all 3 factors. Progress has been limited because of difficulties with craving assessment. The Alcohol Craving Experience Questionnaire (ACE) is a new measure of alcohol craving. It is both psychometrically sound and conceptually rigorous. This prospective study examines a stress–treatment response model that incorporates mediation by craving and moderation by depressed mood and pharmacotherapy. Methods Five hundred and thirty-nine consecutively treated alcohol-dependent patients voluntarily participated in an abstinence-based 12-week cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) program at a hospital alcohol and drug outpatient clinic. Measures of stress, craving, depressed mood, and alcohol dependence severity were administered prior to treatment. Treatment lapse and treatment dropout were assessed over the 12-week program duration. Results Patients reporting greater stress experienced stronger and more frequent cravings. Stronger alcohol craving predicted lapse, after controlling for dependence severity, stress, depression, and pharmacotherapy. Alcohol craving mediated stress to predict lapse. Depressed mood and anticraving medication were not significant moderators. Conclusions Among treatment seeking, alcohol-dependent patients, craving mediated the relationship between stress and lapse. The effect was not moderated by depressed mood or anticraving medication.

Understanding Connectivity between Groundwater Chemistry Data and Geological Stratigraphy via 3D Sub-surface Visualization and Analysis

This paper describes the 3D Water Chemistry Atlas - an open source, Web-based system that enables the three-dimensional (3D) sub-surface visualization of ground water monitoring data, overlaid on the local geological model. Following a review of existing technologies, the system adopts Cesium (an open source Web-based 3D mapping and visualization interface) together with a PostGreSQL/PostGIS database, for the technical architecture. In addition a range of the search, filtering, browse and analysis tools were developed that enable users to interactively explore the groundwater monitoring data and interpret it spatially and temporally relative to the local geological formations and aquifers via the Cesium interface. The result is an integrated 3D visualization system that enables environmental managers and regulators to assess groundwater conditions, identify inconsistencies in the data, manage impacts and risks and make more informed decisions about activities such as coal seam gas extraction, waste water extraction and re-use.

Experimental studies and phase field modeling of microstructure evolution during solidification with electromagnetic stirring

Thixocasting requires manufacturing of billets with non-dendritic microstructure. Aluminum alloy A356 billets were produced by rheocasting in a mould placed inside a linear electromagnetic stirrer. Subsequent heat treatment was used to produce a transition from rosette to globular microstructure. The current and the duration of stirring were explored as control parameters. Simultaneous induction heating of the billet during stirring was quantified using experimentally determined thermal profiles. The effect of processing parameters on the dendrite fragmentation was discussed. Corresponding computational modeling of the process was performed using phase-field modeling of alloy solidification in order to gain insight into the process of morphological changes of a solid during this process. A non-isothermal alloy solidification model was used for simulations. The morphological evolution under such imposed thermal cycles was simulated and compared with experimentally determined one. Suitable scaling using the thermosolutal diffusion distances was used to overcome computational difficulties in quantitative comparison at system scale. The results were interpreted in the light of existing theories of microstructure refinement and globularisation.

Both Surface Proteins (VP4 and VP7) of an Asymptomatic Neonatal Rotavirus Strain (1321) Have High Levels of Sequence Identity with the Homologous Proteins of a Serotype 10 Bovine Rotavirus

The nucleotide sequence of genes 4 and 9, encoding the outer capsid proteins VP4 and VP7 of a serotype 10 tissue culture-adapted strain, 1321, representative of asymptomatic neonatal rotaviruses isolated from neonates in Bangalore, India, were determined. Comparison of nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of 1321 VP4 and VP7 with previously published sequences of various serotypes revealed that both genes were highly homologous to the respective genes of serotype 10 bovine rotavirus, B223. The VP4 of 1321 represents a new human P serotype and the 1321 and related strains represent the first description of neonatal rotaviruses that appear to derive both surface proteins from an animal rotavirus.

Reduced Rate Ultra Low Delay Audio Coder using Multistage Vector Quantization

Communication applications are usually delay restricted, especially for the instance of musicians playing over the Internet. This requires a one-way delay of maximum 25 msec and also a high audio quality is desired at feasible bit rates. The ultra low delay (ULD) audio coding structure is well suited to this application and we investigate further the application of multistage vector quantization (MSVQ) to reach a bit rate range below 64 Kb/s, in a scalable manner. Results at 32 Kb/s and 64 Kb/s show that the trained codebook MSVQ performs best, better than KLT normalization followed by a simulated Gaussian MSVQ or simulated Gaussian MSVQ alone. The results also show that there is only a weak dependence on the training data, and that we indeed converge to the perceptual quality of our previous ULD coder at 64 Kb/s.

Monsoon Regimes and Processes in CCSM4. Part I: The Asian-Australian Monsoon

The simulation characteristics of the Asian-Australian monsoon are documented for the Community Climate System Model, version 4 (CCSM4). This is the first part of a two part series examining monsoon regimes in the global tropics in the CCSM4. Comparisons are made to an Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) simulation of the atmospheric component in CCSM4 Community Atmosphere Model, version 4, (CAM4)] to deduce differences in the monsoon simulations run with observed sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and with ocean-atmosphere coupling. These simulations are also compared to a previous version of the model (CCSM3) to evaluate progress. In general, monsoon rainfall is too heavy in the uncoupled AMIP run with CAM4, and monsoon rainfall amounts are generally better simulated with ocean coupling in CCSM4. Most aspects of the Asian-Australian monsoon simulations are improved in CCSM4 compared to CCSM3. There is a reduction of the systematic error of rainfall over the tropical Indian Ocean for the South Asian monsoon, and well-simulated connections between SSTs in the Bay of Bengal and regional South Asian monsoon precipitation. The pattern of rainfall in the Australian monsoon is closer to observations in part because of contributions from the improvements of the Indonesian Throughflow and diapycnal diffusion in CCSM4. Intraseasonal variability of the Asian-Australian monsoon is much improved in CCSM4 compared to CCSM3 both in terms of eastward and northward propagation characteristics, though it is still somewhat weaker than observed. An improved simulation of El Nino in CCSM4 contributes to more realistic connections between the Asian-Australian monsoon and El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), though there is considerable decadal and century time scale variability of the strength of the monsoon-ENSO connection.

Energy-dependent orbital modulation of X-rays and constraints on emission of the jet in Cyg X-3

We study the orbital modulation of X-rays from Cyg X-3, using data from Swift, INTEGRAL and RXTE. Using the wealth of data presently available and an improved averaging method, we obtain energy-dependent folded and averaged light curves with unprecedented accuracy. We find that above similar to 5?keV the modulation depth decreases with increasing energy, which is consistent with the modulation being caused by both boundfree absorption and Compton scattering in the stellar wind of the donor, with minima corresponding to the highest optical depth, which occurs around the superior conjunction. We find a decrease of the depth below similar to 3?keV, which appears to be due to re-emission of the absorbed continuum by the wind in soft X-ray lines. Based on the shape of the folded light curves, any X-ray contribution from the jet in Cyg X-3, which emits ?-rays detected at energies >0.1?GeV in the soft spectral states, is found to be minor up to similar to 100?keV. This implies the presence of a rather sharp low-energy break in the jet MeV-range spectrum. We also calculate phase-resolved RXTE X-ray spectra and show that the difference between the spectra corresponding to phases around superior and inferior conjunctions can indeed be accounted for by the combined effect of boundfree absorption in an ionized medium and Compton scattering.

Thermoelectric properties of a Mn substituted synthetic tetrahedrite

Tetrahedrite compounds Cu12-xMnxSb4S13 (0 <= x <= 1.8) were prepared by solid state synthesis. A detailed crystal structure analysis of Cu10.6Mn1.4Sb4S13 was performed by single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) at 100, 200 and 300 K confirming the noncentrosymmetric structure (space group I (4) over bar 3m) of a tetrahedrite. The large atomic displacement parameter of the Cu2 atoms was described by splitting the 12e site into a partially and randomly occupied 24g site (Cu22) in addition to the regular 12e site (Cu21), suggesting a mix of dynamic and static off-plane Cu2 atom disorder. Rietveld powder XRD pattern and electron probe microanalysis revealed that all the Mn substituted samples showed a single tetrahedrite phase. The electrical resistivity increased with increasing Mn due to substitution of Mn2+ at the Cu1+ site. The positive Seebeck coefficient for all samples indicates that the dominant carriers are holes. Even though the thermal conductivity decreased as a function of increasing Mn, the thermoelectric figure of merit ZT decreased, because the decrease of the power factor is stronger than the decrease of the thermal conductivity. The maximum ZT = 0.76 at 623 K is obtained for Cu12Sb4S13. The coefficient of thermal expansion 13.5 +/- 0.1 x 10(-6) K-1 is obtained in the temperature range from 460 K to 670 K for Cu10.2Mn1.8Sb4S13. The Debye temperature, Theta(D) = 244 K for Cu10.2Mn1.8Sb4S13, was estimated from an evaluation of the elastic properties. The effective paramagnetic moment 7.45 mu(B)/f.u. for Cu10.2Mn1.8Sb4S13 is fairly consistent with a high spin 3d(5) ground state of Mn.

Evaluación de cinco tratamientos para el manejo del ácaro (Polyphagotarsonemus latus, banks) en el cultivo de chiltoma (Capsicum annum, L.)

Este ensayo se estableció en la localidad de Surco Muerto, Municipio de Sebaco, Departamento de Matagalpa, en la época de postrera (Junio-Octubre) del 2003. El presente trabajo se realizó con el objetivo de identificar el efecto de cinco tratamientos para manejo del acaro (Polyphagotarsonemus latus, Banks) en el cultivo de chiltoma (Capsicum annum,L.). Los tratamientos evaluados fueron: Diazinon, Caldo Sulfocálcico A, Caldo sulfocálcico B, Cobre Penta hidratado y un testigo sin aplicación. El genotipo evaluado corresponde a la variedad criolla tres cantos liberada por el INTA Centro Norte. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques completos al azar, el cual estuvo constituido por cinco tratamientos y cuatro bloques. Al realizar el análisis estadístico de los datos ANDEVA, no se registraron diferencias estadísticas entre los tratamientos, el compuesto Caldo Sulfocálcico B mostró el menor número de ácaros por hojas a los 33, 43 y 47 días después del transplante. En la variable de altura a los 65 días después del transplante, las plantas tratadas con Caldo Sulfocálcico B presentaron el mayor promedio. Para rendimiento el mayor promedio lo mostró el tratamiento Caldo Sulfocálcico A, seguido por el tratamiento Diazinon, aunque no se encontró diferencias significativa entre los tratamientos. En cuanto al análisis económico que es preponderante en este trabajo se ha demostrado que el tratamiento con Caldo sulfocálcico A resultó ser él más rentable presentando una tasa de retorno marginal del 18.84%.

Efecto del revestimiento de la semilla con fertilizante fosfórico sobre el crecimiento y rendimiento de tres variedades de sorgo granífero (Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench)

El presente experimento fue llevado a cabo del 15 de junio al 4 de octubre del 2002 en la Finca Experimental La Compañía, ubicada en el municipio de San Marcos, departamento de Carazo. El propósito de esta investigación fue probar las ventajas de revestir la semilla con fósforo sobre las primeras etapas de crecimiento y rendimiento, de tres variedades de sorgo granífero. Se realizó un diseño bifactorial propiamente dicho con distribución de bloques completos al azar, donde el factor A: consistió en tres variedades de sorgo (tortillero precoz, INTA trinidad y pinolero 1) y el factor B: dos dosis de fósforo (16-00-13 y 16-40-13) revistiendo o no la semilla de sorg o. Los tratamientos se replicaron cuatro veces (3*4*4) para un total de 48 parcelas experimentales. La semilla de sorgo fue revestida por la empresa KEMIRA (Finlandia) con un 2 % de fósforo (KH 2 PO 4 ). El revestimiento consistió en la aplicación de fósforo en polvo y un agente adherente (KT- 60018) como emulsión, el cual contiene un aceite biodegradable elaborado por las empresas KEMIRA y FORTUM. Las variables estudiadas se analizaron como un diseño BCA (bloques completos al azar) y las medias fueron comparadas utilizando la prueba de rangos múltiples de Tukey al 5 % de margen de error y para ello se utilizó el sistema de análisis estadístico (SAS). Los resultados obt enidos indican que la semilla revestida con fósforo tuvo mayor efecto en la variedad pinolero 1 en las variables (altura de planta y número de hojas). El efecto del revestimiento de la semilla de sorgo en el mayor contenido de biomasa seca se refleja en la variedad tortillero precoz tanto a los 21 dds como la floración y la variedad pinolero 1 solo en la etapa de floración. En cuanto al rendimiento los mayores resultados se obtuvieron con semilla revestida para la variedad pinolero 1 con 4522.26 kg/ha y sin revestir para las variedades Tortillero Precoz e INTA Trinidad con 3685 y 2453 kg/ha respectivamente de acuerdo con a los resultados obtenidos al concluir este estudio se recomienda seguir el experimento con el uso de semilla revestida con fósforo en la variedad pinolero 1 ya que fue la que respondió mejor al uso de esta tecnología.

Efecto al aplicar tres dosis de vermicompost con fertilización foliar complementaria en el crecimiento y rendimiento del plátano (Musa paradisiaca L.) variedad CEMSA 3/4, UNA, 2011 - 2013

El trabajo de investigación consistió en el establecimiento del cultivo de plátano variedad CEMSA ¾ en la parcela agroecológica de cultivos perennes del Departamento de Producción Vegetal (DPV) de la Universidad Nacional Agraria, ubicada en el km 12 ½ carretera norte , Managua. Se aplicaron tres dosis de vermicompost (15, 30 y 45 t ha - 1 ) equivalente a 6, 12 y 18 kg planta - 1 con fertilización foliar complementaria : enraizador ( 50 g ) , completo 20 - 20 - 20 ( 40 g ) y sulfato de magnesio ( 20 g) por cada 20 l de agua. Se evaluaron variables de crecimiento: Altur a de la planta (m), Diámetro del pseudotallo (cm), Número de hojas funcionales a cosecha, Área f oliar (m 2 ) y variables de rendimiento: Peso del racimo (kg), Número total de manos, Número de dedos del racimo a cosecha, Diámetro de los dedos (cm ) , Diámetro d el raquis (cm) , Largo de los dedos (cm) y Largo del racimo (cm) . Se estableció en un diseño de parcelas apareadas formadas por tres franjas, con una población inicial de 180 plantas a una distancia de 2 m entre planta y 2 m entre surco. El tratamiento a 2 b 1 (30 t ha - 1 + enraizador) , obtuvo los mejores resultados en las variables altura de planta (2.1 m), diámetro del pseudotallo (105 . 94 cm) y número de hijos (3.8), no así en la variable área foliar donde el tratamiento a 1 b 2 (15 t ha - 1 + enraizador + completo 20 - 20 - 20) fue el que mostró mayor área foliar (8 .54 m²). Los rendimientos obtenidos en el tratamiento a 2 b 1 (30 t ha - 1 + enraizador) presentaron mejor resultado en las variables peso de racimo (10.46 kg), n ú mero de manos (9.06) y número de dedos (46.59). E n el diámetro del dedo se destacó el tratamiento a 3 b 3 (30 t ha - 1 + enraizador + completo 20 - 20 - 20 y sulfato de magnesio) con 4.58 cm y 4.37 cm respectivamente. En el largo del dedo se destacaron los tratamientos a 1 b 1 (15 t ha - 1 + enraizador) y a 1 b 3 (15 t ha - 1 + enraizador + completo 20 - 20 - 20 y sulfato de magnesio) con 30.13 cm y 24.36 cm respectivamente. El análisis económico demostró que el tratamiento que present ó mayor rentabilidad es el a 2 b 1 en base a la relación beneficio - costo se genera una ganancia de C$ 1 .17 por cada córdoba invertido

Labranza y manejo químico de malezas en sorgo granífero (sorghum bicolor (L) Moench ). Efecto sobre las malezas y el rendimiento del cultivo

Este estudio se realizó en postrera de 1996 (agosto-noviembre), en los predios de la Empresa Almacenadora del Agro (ALMAGRO), Masaya, Nicaragua. Se evaluó el efecto de labranza de suelo (convencional y mínima) y manejo químico de malezas (pendimentalin, pendimentalin + atrazina, atrazina y metolachlor + concept 11) sobre la dinámica de malezas y el rendimiento del cultivo del sorgo (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). Un tratamiento se dejó enmalezado. El diseño utilizado fue parcelas divididas en bloques completos al azar, con cuatro repeticiones. Las variables evaluadas fueron biomasa de malezas, porcentaje de control, fitotoxicidad de los herbicidas y rendimiento del cultivo. Los resultados indican que labranza convencional presentó menor acumulación de biomasa de malezas en comparación con labranza mínima. los tratamientos pendimentalin + atrazina y pendimentalin, resultaron ser los de mejor control de las malezas. El metolachlor ejerció buen control de las malezas, pero presentó problemas de fitotoxicidad al cultivo, lo cual redujo el rendimiento de grano. los tratamientos herbicidas mantuvieron el cultivo con baja presión de malezas durante un perfodo aproximado de 40 días después de la siembra, posterior a este período el efecto de los herbicidas se redujo o se perdió. El tratamiento a base de atrazina presentó mayor biomasa de maleza y presentó niveles de enmalezamiento similares a los del testigo al momento de la cosecha. El rendimiento de este tratamiento fue uno de los más bajos del estudio. Pendimentalin + atrazina y pendimentalin, mejoraron su efectividad cuando se utilizaron bajo labranza convencional, lo cual permitió obtener mejores rendimientos de grano. El herbicida metolachlor redujo las poblaciones de coyolillo ( Cypsrus rotundus l.), sin embargo permitió el establecimiento de malezas más agresivas como la caminadora (Rottboellia cochinchinensis).

Structure and diversity in Mytilus californianus (Mollusca: Bivalvia) communities

Mytilus californianus (Mollusca: Bivalvia), the California marine mussel, occurs in intertidal populations so derise that they are referred to as "Mussel beds." The mussel beds range in physical complexity from structurally simple, essentially mono-layered assemblages, to structurally complex, multi-layered assemblages. The internal environment within the bed varies accordingly. The mussel bed provides either directly or indirectly, habitat, food and shelter for a large community of associated invertebrates. This study examines the relationship between physical complexity of the mussel bed habitat and composition of the associated community.

Studies of the age, growth, sexual maturity and spawning of populations of anchoveta (Cetengraulis mysticetus) of the coast of the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean

ENGLISH: Three hundred and twenty-six collections of anchoveta (Cetengraulis mysticetus), an important tuna bait species, taken between April 1951 and April 1960 from seven major baiting areas in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean (Almejas Bay, Guaymas, Ahome Point, Banderas Bay, Gulf of Fonseca, coast of Colombia and Ecuador-Peru) are the basis of this study of age, growth, sexual maturity and spawning. The study of the temporal progression of modal size groups from plots of monthly length-frequency distributions provided estimates of age and rate of growth. The study of sexual maturity and time of spawning was based on gross examination of ovaries, and application of the gonad index. SPANISH: Trescientas veintiseis recolecciones de anchovetas (Cetengraulis mysticetus), una importante especie de carnada para la pesca del atún, cogidas entre abril de 1951 y abril de 1960 en siete de las mayores áreas de pesca de peces de carnada en el Océano Pacífico Oriental Tropical (Bahía de Almejas, Guaymas, Punta Ahome, Bahía Banderas, Golfo de Fonseca, y las costas de Colombia y de Ecuador- Perú), sirven de base a este estudio de la edad, crecimiento, madurez sexual y desove de dicha especie. El estudio de la progresión temporal de los grupos de tamaños modales según los gráficos de las distribuciones de la frecuencia de las longitudes proporcionó estimaciones de la edad y de la tasa de crecimiento. La investigación de la madurez sexual y la época de desove se basó en el examen macroscópico de los ovarios y en la aplicación del índice de gónadas.