Reactivation of denatured proteins by 23S ribosomal RNA: role of domain V.

Escherichia coli ribosome, its 50S subunit, or simply the 23S rRNA can reactivate denatured proteins in vitro. Here we show that protein synthesis inhibitors chloramphenicol and erythromycin, which bind to domain V of 23S rRNA of E. coli, can inhibit reactivation of denatured pig muscle lactate dehydrogenase and fungal glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase by 23S rRNA completely. Oligodeoxynucleotides complementary to two regions within domain V (which cover sites of chloramphenicol resistant mutations and the putative A site of the incoming aminoacyl tRNA), but not to a region outside of domain V, also can inhibit the activity. Domain V of 23S rRNA, therefore, appears to play a crucial role in reactivation of denatured proteins.

Enzymatic phosphorylation of muscle glycogen synthase: a mechanism for maintenance of metabolic homeostasis.

We recently analyzed experimental studies of mammalian muscle glycogen synthesis using metabolic control analysis and concluded that glycogen synthase (GSase) does not control the glycogenic flux but rather adapts to the flux which is controlled bv the activity of the proximal glucose transport and hexokinase steps. This model did not provide a role for the well established relationship between GSase fractional activity, determined by covalent phosphorylation, and the rate of glycogen synthesis. Here we propose that the phosphorylation of GSase, which alters the sensitivity to allosteric activation by glucose 6-phosphate (G6P), is a mechanism for controlling the concentration of G6P instead of controlling the flux. When the muscle cell is exposed to conditions which favor glycogen synthesis such as high plasma insulin and glucose concentrations the fractional activity of GSase is increased in coordination with increases in the activity of glucose transport and hexokinase. This increase in GSase fractional activity helps to maintain G6P homeostasis by reducing the G6P concentration required to activate GSase allosterically to match the flux determined by the proximal reactions. This role for covalent phosphorylation also provides a novel solution to the Kacser and Acarenza paradigm which requires coordinated activity changes of the enzymes proximal and distal to a shared intermediate, to avoid unwanted flux changes.

Correction of diabetic alterations by glucokinase.

Hyperglycemia is a common feature of diabetes mellitus. It results from a decrease in glucose utilization by the liver and peripheral tissues and an increase in hepatic glucose production. Glucose phosphorylation by glucokinase is an initial event in glucose metabolism by the liver. However, glucokinase gene expression is very low in diabetic animals. Transgenic mice expressing the P-enolpyruvate carboxykinase/glucokinase chimeric gene were generated to study whether the return of the expression of glucokinase in the liver of diabetic mice might prevent metabolic alterations. In contrast to nontransgenic mice treated with streptozotocin, mice with the transgene previously treated with streptozotocin showed high levels of both glucokinase mRNA and its enzyme activity in the liver, which were associated with an increase in intracellular levels of glucose 6-phosphate and glycogen. The liver of these mice also showed an increase in pyruvate kinase activity and lactate production. Furthermore, normalization of both the expression of genes involved in gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis in the liver and the production of glucose and ketone body by hepatocytes in primary culture were observed in streptozotocin-treated transgenic mice. Thus, glycolysis was induced while gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis were blocked in the liver of diabetic mice expressing glucokinase. This was associated with normalization of blood glucose, ketone bodies, triglycerides, and free fatty acids even in the absence of insulin. These results suggest that the expression of glucokinase during diabetes might be a new approach to the normalization of hyperglycemia.

Genetic interactions affecting touch sensitivity in Caenorhabditis elegans.

At least 13 genes (mec-1, mec-2, mec-4-10, mec-12, mec-14, mec-15, and mec-18) are needed for the response to gentle touch by 6 touch receptor neurons in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Several, otherwise recessive alleles of some of these genes act as dominant enhancer mutations of temperature-sensitive alleles of mec-4, mec-5, mec-6, mec-12, and mec-15. Screens for additional dominant enhancers of mec-4 and mec-5 yielded mutations in previously known genes. In addition, some mec-7 alleles showed allele-specific, dominant suppression of the mec-15 touch-insensitive (Mec) phenotype. The dominant enhancement and suppression exhibited by these mutations suggest that the products of several touch genes interact. These results are consistent with a model, supported by the known sequences of these genes, that almost all of the touch function genes contribute to the mechanosensory apparatus.

Negative electrostatic surface potential of protein sites specific for anionic ligands.

Determination of the crystal structure of an "open" unliganded active mutant (T141D) form of the Escherichia coli phosphate receptor for active transport has allowed calculation of the electrostatic surface potential for it and two other comparably modeled receptor structures (wild type and D137N). A discovery of considerable implication is the intensely negative potential of the phosphate-binding cleft. We report similar findings for a sulfate transport receptor, a DNA-binding protein, and, even more dramatically, redox proteins. Evidently, for proteins such as these, which rely almost exclusively on hydrogen bonding for anion interactions and electrostatic balance, a noncomplementary surface potential is not a barrier to binding. Moreover, experimental results show that the exquisite specificity and high affinity of the phosphate and sulfate receptors for unions are insensitive to modulations of charge potential, but extremely sensitive to conditions that leave a hydrogen bond donor or acceptor unpaired.

NMR studies of muscle glycogen synthesis in insulin-resistant offspring of parents with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus immediately after glycogen-depleting exercise.

To examine the impact of insulin resistance on the insulin-dependent and insulin-independent portions of muscle glycogen synthesis during recovery from exercise, we studied eight young, lean, normoglycemic insulin-resistant (IR) offspring of individuals with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and eight age-weight matched control (CON) subjects after plantar flexion exercise that lowered muscle glycogen to approximately 25% of resting concentration. After approximately 20 min of exercise, intramuscular glucose 6-phosphate and glycogen were simultaneously monitored with 31P and 13C NMR spectroscopies. The postexercise rate of glycogen resynthesis was nonlinear. Glycogen synthesis rates during the initial insulin independent portion (0-1 hr of recovery) were similar in the two groups (IR, 15.5 +/- 1.3 mM/hr and CON, 15.8 +/- 1.7 mM/hr); however, over the next 4 hr, insulin-dependent glycogen synthesis was significantly reduced in the IR group [IR, 0.1 +/- 0.5 mM/hr and CON, 2.9 +/- 0.2 mM/hr; (P < or = 0.001)]. After exercise there was an initial rise in glucose 6-phosphate concentrations that returned to baseline after the first hour of recovery in both groups. In summary, we found that following muscle glycogen-depleting exercise, IR offspring of parents with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus had (i) normal rates of muscle glycogen synthesis during the insulin-independent phase of recovery from exercise and (ii) severely diminished rates of muscle glycogen synthesis during the subsequent recovery period (2-5 hr), which has previously been shown to be insulin-dependent in normal CON subjects. These data provide evidence that exercise and insulin stimulate muscle glycogen synthesis in humans by different mechanisms and that in the IR subjects the early response to stimulation by exercise is normal.

Prevention of diabetic alterations in transgenic mice overexpressing Myc in the liver.

Recent studies have demonstrated that the overexpression of the c-myc gene in the liver of transgenic mice leads to an increase in both utilization and accumulation of glucose in the liver, suggesting that c-Myc transcription factor is involved in the control of liver carbohydrate metabolism in vivo. To determine whether the increase in c-Myc might control glucose homeostasis, an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test was performed. Transgenic mice showed lower levels of blood glucose than control animals, indicating that the overexpression of c-Myc led to an increase of blood glucose disposal by the liver. Thus, the increase in c-Myc might counteract diabetic hyperglycemia. In contrast to control mice, transgenic mice treated with streptozotocin showed normalization of concentrations of blood glucose, ketone bodies, triacylglycerols and free fatty acids in the absence of insulin. These findings resulted from the normalization of liver metabolism in these animals. While low glucokinase activity was detected in the liver of diabetic control mice, high levels of both glucokinase mRNA and enzyme activity were noted in the liver of streptozotocin-treated transgenic mice, which led to an increase in intracellular levels of glucose 6-phosphate and glycogen. The liver of these mice also showed an increase in pyruvate kinase activity and lactate production. Furthermore, normalization of both the expression of genes involved in the control of gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis and the production of glucose and ketone bodies was observed in streptozotocin-treated transgenic mice. Thus, these results suggested that c-Myc counteracted diabetic alterations through its ability to induce hepatic glucose uptake and utilization and to block the activation of gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis.

In vivo regulation of muscle glycogen synthase and the control of glycogen synthesis.

The activity of glycogen synthase (GSase; EC 2.4.1.11) is regulated by covalent phosphorylation. Because of this regulation, GSase has generally been considered to control the rate of glycogen synthesis. This hypothesis is examined in light of recent in vivo NMR experiments on rat and human muscle and is found to be quantitatively inconsistent with the data under conditions of glycogen synthesis. Our first experiments showed that muscle glycogen synthesis was slower in non-insulin-dependent diabetics compared to normals and that their defect was in the glucose transporter/hexokinase (GT/HK) part of the pathway. From these and other in vivo NMR results a quantitative model is proposed in which the GT/HK steps control the rate of glycogen synthesis in normal humans and rat muscle. The flux through GSase is regulated to match the proximal steps by "feed forward" to glucose 6-phosphate, which is a positive allosteric effector of all forms of GSase. Recent in vivo NMR experiments specifically designed to test the model are analyzed by metabolic control theory and it is shown quantitatively that the GT/HK step controls the rate of glycogen synthesis. Preliminary evidence favors the transporter step. Several conclusions are significant: (i) glucose transport/hexokinase controls the glycogen synthesis flux; (ii) the role of covalent phosphorylation of GSase is to adapt the activity of the enzyme to the flux and to control the metabolite levels not the flux; (iii) the quantitative data needed for inferring and testing the present model of flux control depended upon advances of in vivo NMR methods that accurately measured the concentration of glucose 6-phosphate and the rate of glycogen synthesis.

Análise in vitro da expressão de genes de resposta a estresse oxidativo e osmótico da bactéria fastidiosa Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli

Atualmente, o Brasil é o maior produtor de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum ssp.), no qual o estado de São Paulo é responsável por mais de 50% da produção. Esta cultura é hospedeira de diversos patógenos que podem limitar sua produção, dentre os quais se destaca a bactéria Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli (Lxx), agente causal do raquitismo da soqueira (ratoon stunting disease - RSD). Pouco se sabe sobre a fisiologia deste organismo e quais as estratégias utilizadas por este para colonizar seu hospedeiro. No entanto, sabemos que para infectar e colonizar seus hospedeiros, é necessário que bactérias parasíticas superem estresses de diversas naturezas impostas durante estes processos, como os estresses oxidativo e o osmótico. Neste contexto, os objetivos deste trabalho foram identificar in silico e analisar a expressão in vitro, por qPCR, de genes relacionados a estes dois estresses. Uma análise da sequência do genoma de Lxx identificou 35 genes, sendo 8 relacionados ao estresse oxidativo, 9 relacionados ao estresse osmótico e 11 relacionados a estresse gerais, incluindo um cluster de 6 genes envolvidos na síntese de carotenoides. A expressão destes foi avaliada 60 minutos após exposição a 30mM de H2O2 ou 7% (p/v) de polietilenoglicol 6000 (PEG 6000). Sete genes foram avaliados como normalizadores das reações de qPCR. A quantificação do grau de peroxidação lipídica indicou que ambos os tratamentos resultaram em sensível peroxidação, muito embora o efeito do tratamento com PEG 6000 tenha sido maior do que o tratamento com H2O2. A exposição ao H2O2 aumentou a expressão dos genes katA (catalase), sodA (superóxido dismutase), msrA (Sulfóxido de metionina redutase) e msrB (Sulfóxido de metionina redutase) bem como de todos os genes responsáveis pela síntese de carotenoides. Por outro lado, todos os genes relacionados ao estresse osmótico foram menos expressos na presença deste composto. Já quando a bactéria foi exposta a PEG 6000, o oposto ocorreu, ou seja, os genes relacionados ao estresse osmótico, que são otsA (Trealose-6-fosfato sintase), otsB (Trealose fosfatase), treY (Malto-oligosil trealose sintase), treZ (Malto-oligosil trealose trealoidrolase), treS (Trealose sintase), proX (Proteína de ligamento em substrato, tipo ABC glicina betaína transportadora), proW (Proteína permease, tipo ABC glicina betaína transportadora), proZ (Proteína permease, tipo ABC glicina betaína transportadora) e Naggn (Amidotransferase), além dos genes do cluster carotenoide, foram mais expressos, ao passo que alguns dos genes ligados à resposta ao estresse oxidativo foram menos expressos. Verificou-se também, através de PCR convencional utilizando primers para amplificar as regiões entre os genes carotenoides, que estes são expressos como um RNA policistrônico, constituindo assim um operon. Estes resultados validam predições anteriores baseadas na análise in silico da sequência do genoma de Lxx, confirmando que Lxx possui mecanismos responsivos aos estresses osmótico e oxidativo aos quais é submetida durante o processo de infecção de seu hospedeiro.

Mechanisms of B and T lymphocyte accumulation in tumor-draining lymph nodes

Thesis (Master's)--University of Washington, 2016-06

CYP2D6: a global analysis of phenotypic and genotypic variation in search of radical cure of Plasmodium vivax malaria

Thesis (Master's)--University of Washington, 2016-06

Cyclosporine A-induced changes to erythrocyte redox balance is time course-dependent

Cyclosporine A-treated transplant recipients develop pronounced cardiovascular disease and have increased oxidative stress and altered antioxidant capacity in erythrocytes and plasma. These experiments investigated the time-course of cyclosporine A-induced changes to redox balance in plasma and erythrocytes. Rats were randomly assigned to either a control or cyclosporine A-treated group. Treatment animals received 25 mg/kg of cyclosporine A via intraperitoneal injection for either 7 days or a single dose. Control rats were injected with the same volume of the vehicle. Three hours after the final injections, plasma was analysed for total antioxidant status, a-tocopherol, malondialdehyde, and creatinine. Erythrocytes were analysed for reduced glutathione (GSH), alpha-tocopherol, methaemoglobin, malondialdehyde, and the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, GSH peroxidase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD). Cyclosporine A administration for 7 days resulted in a significant increase (P < 0.05) in plasma malondialdehyde, methaemoglobin, and superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. There was a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in erythrocyte GSH concentration and G6PD activity in cyclosporine A animals. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) between groups following a single dose of cyclosporine A in any of the measures. In summary, cyclosporine A alters erythrocyte redox balance after 7 days administration, but not after a single dose.

Cyclosporine A induced changes to plasma and erythrocyte antioxidant defences

Organ transplant recipients develop pronounced cardiovascular disease, and decreased antioxidant capacity in plasma and erythrocytes is associated with the pathogenesis of this disease. These experiments tested the hypothesis that the immunosuppressant cyclosporine A (CsA) alters erythrocyte redox balance and reduces plasma antioxidant capacity. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to a control or CsA treated group. Treatment animals received 25 mg/kg/day of CsA via intraperitoneal injection for 18 days. Control rats were injected with the same volume of the vehicle. Three hours after the final CsA injection, rats were exsanguinated and plasma analysed for total antioxidant status (TAS), alpha-tocopherol, malondialdehyde (MDA), and creatinine. Erythrocytes were analysed for superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activities, alpha-tocopherol, and MDA. CsA administration resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in plasma TAS and significant increases (P < 0.05) in plasma creatinine and MDA. Erythrocyte CAT was significantly (P < 0.05) increased in CsA treated rats compared to controls. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in erythrocyte SOD, GPX, G6PD, alpha-tocopherol or MDA between groups. In summary, CsA alters erythrocyte antioxidant defence and decreases plasma total antioxidant capacity.

alpha-tocopherol and alpha-lipoic acid enhance the erythrocyte antioxidant defence in cyclosporine A-treated rats

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of dietary antioxidant supplementation with alpha-tocopherol and alpha-lipoic acid on cyclosporine A (cyclosporine)-induced alterations to erythrocyte and plasma redox balance. Rats were randomly assigned to either control, antioxidant (alpha-tocopherol 1000 IU/kg diet and alpha-lipoic acid 1.6 g/kg diet), cyclosporine (25 mg/kg/day), or cyclosporine + antioxidant treatments. Cyclosporine was administered for 7 days after an 8 week feeding period. Plasma was analysed for alpha-tocopherol, total antioxidant capacity, malondialdehyde, and creatinine. Erythrocytes were analysed for glutathione, methaemoglobin, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, alpha-tocopherol and malondialdehye. Cyclosporine administration caused a significant decrease in superoxide dismutase activity (P < 0.05 control versus cyclosporine) and this was improved by antioxidant supplementation (P < 0.05 cyclosporine versus cyclosporine + antioxidant; P < 0.05 control versus cyclosporine + antioxidant). Animals receiving cyclosporine and antioxidants showed significantly increased (P < 0.05) catalase activity compared to both groups not receiving cyclosporine. Cyclosporine administration induced significant increases in plasma malondialdehyde and creatinine concentration (P < 0.05 control versus cyclosporine). Antioxidant supplementation prevented the cyclosporine induced increase in plasma creatinine (P < 0.05 cyclosporine versus cyclosporine + antioxidant; P > 0.05 control versus cyclosporine + antioxidant), however, supplementation did not alter the cyclosporine induced increase in plasma malondialdehyde concentration (P > 0.05 cyclosporine versus cyclosporine + antioxidant). Antioxidant supplementation resulted in significant increases (P < 0.05) in plasma and erythrocyte alpha-tocopherol in both of the supplemented groups compared to non-supplemented groups. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with alpha-tocopherol and alpha-lipoic acid enhanced the erythrocyte antioxidant defence and reduced nephrotoxicity in cyclosporine treated animals.

Antioxidant supplementation enhances erythrocyte antioxidant status and attenuates cyclosporine-induced vascular dysfunction

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of dietary antioxidant supplementation with a-tocopherol and a-lipoic acid on cyclosporine-induced alterations to erythrocyte and plasma redox balance, and cyclosporine-induced endothelial and smooth muscle dysfunction. Rats were randomly assigned to either control, antioxidant, cyclosporine or cyclosporine + antioxidant treatments. Cyclosporine A was administered for 10 days after an 8-week feeding period. Plasma was analyzed for alpha-tocopherol, total antioxidant capacity, malondialdehyde and creatinine. Erythrocytes were analyzed for glutathione, methemoglobin, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, alpha-tocopherol and malondialdehye. Vascular endothelial and smooth muscle function was determined in vitro. Antioxidant supplementation resulted in significant increases in erythrocyte a-tocopherol concentration and glutathione peroxidase activity in both of the antioxidant-supplemented groups. Cyclosporine administration caused significant decreases in glutathione concentration, methemoglobin concentration and superoxide dismutase activity. Antioxidant supplementation attenuated the cyclosporine-induced decrease in superoxide dismutase activity. Cyclosporine therapy impaired both endothelium-independent and -dependent relaxation of the thoracic aorta, and this was attenuated by antioxidant supplementation. In summary, dietary supplementation with alpha-tocopherol and alpha-lipoic acid attenuated the cyclosporine-induced decrease in erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity and attenuated cyclosporine-induced vascular dysfunction.